90 Chapter 1 Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts

Chapter 1 SUMMARY

Section 1.1 Sets of Numbers and Interval Notation

Key Concepts Examples
Natural numbers: 51, 2, 3, . . .6
Whole numbers: 50, 1, 2, 3, . . .6
Integers: 5. . . , 23, 22, 21, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .6
Example 1
Rational numbers: e 0 p and q are integers and q
p
Some rational numbers are:
q
1
does not equal 0 f 7, 0.5, 0.3, 12, 27

Irrational numbers: {x u x is a real number that is not Some irrational numbers are:
rational}
217, 12, p

Real numbers: 5x 0 x is rational or x is irrational6

a , b a is less than b
a . b a is greater than b
a # b a is less than or equal to b Example 2
a $ b a is greater than or equal to b Set-Builder Notation Interval Notation Graph
a , x,b x is between a and b 5x 0 x 7 36 13, `2 (
3
5x 0 x $ 36 33, `2
3

5x 0 x 6 36 12`, 32 (
3
5x 0 x # 36 12`, 3 4
3
Example 3
Union Intersection
A B is the union of A and B and is the set of elements
that belong to set A or set B or both sets A and B.
A B A B
A B is the intersection of A and B and is the set of
elements common to both A and B.

A<B AB
 Summary 91

Section 1.2 Operations on Real Numbers

Key Concepts Examples
1
The reciprocal of a number a 0 is a. Example 1
The opposite of a number a is 2a.
The absolute value of a, denoted 0a 0 , is its distance
Given: 25
from zero on the number line. The reciprocal is 215. The opposite is 5.
The absolute value is 5.

Addition of Real Numbers Example 2

Same Signs: Add the absolute values of the numbers, 23 1 1242 5 27
and apply the common sign to the sum.
Unlike Signs: Subtract the smaller absolute value from 25 1 7 5 2
the larger absolute value. Then apply the sign of the
number having the larger absolute value.
Subtraction of Real Numbers Example 3
Add the opposite of the second number to the first 7 2 1252 5 7 1 152 5 12
number.
Multiplication and Division of Real Numbers Example 4
Same Signs: Product or quotient is positive.
12321242 5 12
215
Opposite Signs: Product or quotient is negative. 55
23

1222 152 5 210

The product of any real number and 0 is 0. 6 1
52
The quotient of 0 and a nonzero number is 0. 212 2
1272 102 5 0
The quotient of a nonzero number and 0 is undefined.
04950
23 4 0 is undefined

Exponents and Radicals Example 5

4
b 5 b ? b ? b ? b (b is the base, 4 is the exponent) 63 5 6 ? 6 ? 6 5 216
1b is the principal square root of b (b is the radi-
cand, 1 is the radical sign). 1100 5 10

Order of Operations Example 6

1. Simplify expressions within parentheses and other 10 2 513 2 12 2 1 116
grouping symbols first.
2. Evaluate expressions involving exponents, 5 10 2 5122 2 1 116
radicals and absolute values. 5 10 2 5142 1 4
3. Perform multiplication or division in order from
left to right. 5 10 2 20 1 4
4. Perform addition or subtraction in order from 5 210 1 4
left to right.
5 26
92 Chapter 1 Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts

Section 1.3 Simplifying Expressions

Key Concepts Examples
A term is a constant or the product of a constant and Example 1
one or more variables.
22x Variable term has coefficient 22.
A variable term contains at least one variable.
A constant term has no variable. x2y Variable term has coefficient 1.
The coefficient of a term is the numerical factor of the
6 Constant term has coefficient 6.
term.
Like terms have the same variables, and the corre- Example 2
sponding variables are raised to the same powers.
4ab3 and 2ab3 are like terms.
Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition Example 3
a1b 1 c2 5 ab 1 ac 21x 1 4y2 5 2x 1 8y
21a 1 6b 2 5c2 5 2a 2 6b 1 5c

Two terms can be added or subtracted if they are like Example 4

terms. Sometimes it is necessary to clear parentheses
24d 1 12d 1 d
before adding or subtracting like terms.
5 9d

Example 5
223w 2 41w 2 22 4 1 3
5 22 3 w 2 4w 1 84 1 3
5 22 323w 1 84 1 3
5 6w 2 16 1 3
5 6w 2 13
 Summary 93

Section 1.4 Linear Equations in One Variable

Key Concepts Examples
A linear equation in one variable can be written in
the form ax 1 b 5 0 1a 02.

Steps to Solve a Linear Equation in One Variable Example 1

1. Simplify both sides of the equation.
1x 2 42 2 1x 1 22 5
1 3 1
Clear parentheses. 2 4 4
Consider clearing fractions or decimals (if any
are present) by multiplying both sides of the 1 3 3 1
x222 x2 5
equation by a common denominator of all 2 4 2 4
terms.
4a x 2 2 2 x 2 b 5 4a b
1 3 3 1
Combine like terms.
2. Use the addition or subtraction property of 2 4 2 4
equality to collect the variable terms on one side 2x 2 8 2 3x 2 6 5 1
of the equation.
3. Use the addition or subtraction property of 2x 2 14 5 1
equality to collect the constant terms on the 2x 5 15
other side.
4. Use the multiplication or division property of x 5 215
equality to make the coefficient on the variable
term equal to 1.
5. Check your answer.
An equation that has no solution is called a Example 2
contradiction.
3x 1 6 5 31x 2 52
3x 1 6 5 3x 2 15
6 5 215 Contradiction
There is no solution.
An equation that has all real numbers as its solu- Example 3
tions is called an identity.
215x 1 122 2 3 5 512x 2 32
25x 2 12 2 3 5 25x 2 15
25x 2 15 5 25x 2 15
215 5 215 Identity
All real numbers are solutions.
94 Chapter 1 Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts

Section 1.5 Applications of Linear Equations in

One Variable
Key Concepts Examples
Problem-Solving Steps for Word Problems Example 1
1. Read the problem carefully. 1. Estella has $8500 to invest between two
2. Assign labels to unknown quantities. accounts, one bearing 6% simple interest and the
3. Develop a verbal model. other bearing 10% simple interest. At the end of
4. Write a mathematical equation. 1 year, she has earned $750 in interest. Find the
5. Solve the equation. amount Estella has invested in each account.
6. Interpret the results and write the final answer in
words. 2. Let x represent the amount invested at 6%.
Then 8500 2 x is the amount invested at 10%.
Sales tax: (Cost of merchandise)(tax rate)
Commission: (Dollars in sales)(commission rate) 6% Account 10% Account Total
Simple interest: I 5 Prt Principal x 8500 2 x 8500
Distance 5 (rate)(time) d 5 rt
Interest 0.06x 0.10(8500 2 x) 750

interest from b 5 a total b

3. a b1a
Interest from
6% account 10% account interest

4. 0.06x 1 0.1018500 2 x2 5 750

5. 6x 1 1018500 2 x2 5 75,000
6x 1 85,000 2 10x 5 75,000
24x 5 210,000
x 5 2500

6. x 5 2500
8500 2 x 5 6000
$2500 was invested at 6% and $6000 was invested
at 10%.
 Summary 95

Section 1.6 Literal Equations and Applications to Geometry

Key Concepts Examples
Some useful formulas for word problems: Example 1
Perimeter A border of marigolds is to enclose a rectangular flower
garden. If the length is twice the width and the perimeter
Rectangle: P 5 2l 1 2w is 25.5 ft, what are the dimensions of the garden?
Area
Rectangle: A 5 lw
x
Square: A 5 x2
1 2x
Triangle: A 5 bh
2
P 5 2l 1 2w
A 5 1b1 1 b2 2h
1
Trapezoid: 25.5 5 212x2 1 21x2
2
25.5 5 4x 1 2x
Angles
25.5 5 6x
Two angles whose measures total 908 are comple-
mentary angles. 4.25 5 x
The width is 4.25 ft, and the length is 2(4.25) ft
Two angles whose measures total 1808 are supple- or 8.5 ft.
mentary angles.

Vertical angles have equal measure.

m1/a2 5 m1/c2 a

m1/b2 5 m1/d2 d b
c

The sum of the angles of a triangle is 1808.

x x 1 y 1 z 5 1808

y z

Literal equations (or formulas) are equations with Example 2

several variables. To solve for a specific variable, fol- Solve for y.
low the steps to solve a linear equation.
4x 2 5y 5 20

25y 5 24x 1 20
25y 24x 1 20
5
25 25
24x 1 20 4
y5 or y 5 x 2 4
25 5
96 Chapter 1 Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts

Section 1.7 Linear Inequalities in One Variable

Key Concepts Examples
A linear inequality in one variable can be written in Example 1
the form
Solve.
ax 1 b 6 0, ax 1 b 7 0 , ax 1 b # 0, or
14 2 x
ax 1 b $ 0 6 23x
22
Properties of Inequalities
22 a b 7 22123x2
14 2 x
(Reverse the
1. If a 6 b, then a 1 c 6 b 1 c. 22
inequality sign.)
2. If a 6 b, then a 2 c 6 b 2 c.
14 2 x 7 6x
3. If c is positive and a 6 b, then ac 6 bc and
27x 7 214
1c 02.
a b
6
c c 27x 214
6 (Reverse the
27 27
4. If c is negative and a 6 b, then ac 7 bc and inequality sign.)
1c 02.
a b
7 x 6 2
c c
Properties 3 and 4 indicate that if we multiply or di- (
2
vide an inequality by a negative value, the direction
of the inequality sign must be reversed. Interval notation: 12`, 22

The inequality a 6 x 6 b is represented by Example 2

( ( or, in interval notation, (a, b).
a b
213 # 3x 2 1 6 5
213 1 1 # 3x 2 1 1 1 6 5 1 1
212 # 3x 6 6
212 3x 6
# 6
3 3 3
24 # x 6 2
(
24 2

324, 22
 Review Exercises 97

Section 1.8 Properties of Integer Exponents and

Scientific Notation
Key Concepts Examples
Let a and b 1b 02 represent real numbers and m and Example 1
n represent positive integers.
2x2y 23

bm a b 1x24y0 2
bm ? bn 5 bm1n 5 bm2n z21
bn
223x26y23
1b 2 5 b
m n mn
1ab2 5 a b
m m m 5a b1x 24 ? 12
z3
a m am
a b 5 m b0 5 1 223x210y23
b b 5
z3
1 n
b2n 5 a b 1 1
b 5 3 10 3 3
or 10 3 3
2x yz 8x y z
A number expressed in the form a 3 10n, where
1 # 0a 0 6 10 and n is an integer, is written in scientific Example 2
notation. 0.0000002 3 35,000
5 12.0 3 1027 213.5 3 104 2
5 7.0 3 1023 or 0.007

Chapter 1 Review Exercises

Section 1.1
1. Find a number that is a whole number but not a
natural number.
For Exercises 23, answers may vary.
2. List three rational numbers that are not integers.
10. Explain the difference between the union and
intersection of two sets. You may use the sets C
and D in the following diagram to provide an
example.

3. List five integers, two of which are not whole

numbers.
C D

For Exercises 49, write an expression in words that Let A 5 5x 0 x 6 26, B 5 5x 0 x $ 06, and
describes the set of numbers given by each interval. C 5 5x 0 21 6 x 6 56. For Exercises 1116, graph
(Answers may vary.) each set and write the set in interval notation.
4. (7, 16) 5. 10, 2.6 4 11. A

6. 326, 234 7. 18, ` 2

12. B
8. 12`, 13 4 9. 12`, `2

13. C
98 Chapter 1 Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts

14. A B Section 1.3

For Exercises 3538, apply the distributive property
15. B C and simplify.

1x 1 8y 2 52
1
35. 31x 1 5y2 36.
2
16. A B
37. 2124x 1 10y 2 z2 38. 2113a 2 b 2 5c2

17. True or false? x 6 3 is equivalent to 3 7 x

For Exercises 3942, clear parentheses if necessary, and
combine like terms.
18. True or false? 22 # x 6 5 is equivalent to
5 7 x $ 22 39. 5 2 6q 1 13q 2 19 40. 18p 1 3 2 17p 1 8p

41. 7 2 31y 1 42 2 3y
Section 1.2
18x 2 42 1 16x 1 42
For Exercises 1920, find the opposite, reciprocal, and 3 1
42.
absolute value. 4 2
4
19. 28 20. For Exercises 4344, answers may vary.
9
43. Write an example of the commutative property
For Exercises 2122, simplify the exponents and the of addition.
radicals.
44. Write an example of the associative property of
21. 42, 14 22. 252, 125 multiplication.

For Exercises 2332, perform the indicated operations. Section 1.4

23. 6 1 1282 24. 1222 1 1252 45. Describe the solution set for a contradiction.
25. 8122.72 26. 121.1217.412 46. Describe the solution set for an identity.

4 a2 b 28. a2 b 4 a2 b
5 13 1 11
27. For Exercises 4756, solve the equations and identify
8 40 4 16
each as a conditional equation, a contradiction, or an
2 2 413 2 72 12122 2 8 identity.
29. 30.
24 2 511 2 32 41232 1 2152 7
47. x 2 27 5 232 48. y 1 51
8
31. 32 1 21 0210 1 5 0 4 52
49. 7.23 1 0.6x 5 0.2x 50. 0.1y 1 1.122 5 5.2y
32. 291 1 141 125 2 132 2
51. 214 1 3m2 5 913 2 m2
33. Given h 5 12gt 2 1 v0 t 1 h 0, find h if
g 5 232 ft/sec2, v0 5 64 ft/sec, h 0 5 256 ft, 52. 2215n 2 62 5 312n 2 32
and t 5 4 sec.
x23 2x 1 1
34. Find the area of a parallelogram with base 53. 2 51
5 2
42 in. and height 18 in.
54. 31x 1 32 2 2 5 3x 1 2

18 in.

42 in.
 Review Exercises 99

10 7 3 68. a. Cory made $30,403 in taxable income in 2007.

55. m 1 18 2 m 5 m 1 25
8 8 8 If he pays 28% in federal income tax, deter-
mine the amount of tax he must pay.

m 1 1m 2 12 5 2 m 1 14m 2 12
2 1 1 1 b. What is his net income (after taxes)?
56.
3 3 3 3

Section 1.6
Section 1.5
69. The length of a rectangle is 2 ft more than the
57. Explain how you would label three consecutive width. Find the dimensions if the perimeter is 40 ft.
integers.

58. Explain how you would label two consecutive odd For Exercises 7071, solve for x, and then find the mea-
integers. sure of each angle.
70.
59. Explain what the formula d 5 rt means.

a 1 1b 8
x
60. Explain what the formula I 5 Prt means.
2

61. To do a rope trick, a magician needs to cut a (x 2 25)8

piece of rope so that one piece is one-third the
length of the other piece. If she begins with a 223-ft
rope, what lengths will the two pieces of rope be?

62. Of three consecutive even integers, the sum of 71.

the smallest two integers is equal to 6 less than
the largest. Find the integers.
(x 2 1)8
63. Pat averages a rate of 11 mph on his bike. One
day he rode for 45 min (34 hr) and then got a flat
tire and had to walk back home. He walked the (2x 1 1)8
same path that he rode and it took him 2 hr.
What was his average rate walking?
For Exercises 7275, solve for the indicated variable.
64. How much 10% acid solution should be mixed
with a 25% acid solution to produce 3 L of a 72. 3x 2 2y 5 4 for y
solution that is 15% acid?
73. 26x 1 y 5 12 for y
65. Sharyn invests $2000 more in an account that
earns 9% simple interest than she invests in an 74. S 5 2pr 1 pr2h for h
account that earns 6% simple interest. How much
did she invest in each account if her total interest 1
75. A 5 bh for b
is $405 after 1 year? 2

66. In 2003, approximately 7.2 million men were in 76. a. The circumference of a circle is given by
college in the United States.This represents an 8% C 5 2pr. Solve this equation for p.
increase over the number of men in college in 2000. b. Tom measures the radius of a circle to be
Approximately how many men were in college in 6 cm and the circumference to be 37.7 cm.
2000? (Round to the nearest tenth of a million.) Use these values to approximate p. (Round
to 2 decimal places.)
67. In 2002, there were 17,430 deaths due to alcohol-
related accidents in the United States. This was a
5% increase over the number of alcohol-related
deaths in 1999. How many such deaths were there
in 1999?
100 Chapter 1 Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts

Section 1.7 91. 122a2b25 2 23 92. 124a22b3 2 22

For Exercises 7785, solve the inequality. Graph the
24x4y22 25x2y23
93. a b 94. a b
24 25
solution and write the solution set in interval notation.
4 22
5x21y4 5x y
77. 26x 2 2 7 6
95. Write the numbers in scientific notation.
78. 210x # 15
a. The population of Asia was 3,686,600,000 in
79. 22 # 3x 2 9 # 15 2000.
b. A nanometer is 0.000001 of a millimeter.
80. 5 2 71x 1 32 7 19x
96. Write the numbers in scientific notation.
81. 4 2 3x $ 1012x 1 52
a. A millimeter is 0.001 of a meter.
5 2 4x b. The population of Asia is predicted to be
82. $9
8 5,155,700,000 by 2040.

3 1 2x 97. Write the numbers in standard form.

83. #8
4 a. A micrometer is 1 3 1023 of a millimeter.
42q 1 b. A nanometer is 1 3 1029 of a meter.
84. 3 7 $2
2 2
85. 211 6 25z 2 2 # 0
86. One method to approximate your maximum
heart rate is to subtract your age from 220. To
maintain an aerobic workout, it is recommended
that you sustain a heart rate of between 60%
and 75% of your maximum heart rate.
a. If the maximum heart rate h is given by the
formula h 5 220 2 A, where A is a persons
age, find your own maximum heart rate.
(Answers will vary.)
b. Find the interval for your own heart rate that
will sustain an aerobic workout. (Answers will
vary.)
98. Write the numbers in standard form.
a. The total square footage of shopping centers in
the United States is approximately 5.23 3 109 ft2.
b. The total sales of those shopping centers is
$1.091 3 1012. (Source: International Council of
Shopping Centers.)
For Exercises 99102, perform the indicated operations.
Write the answer in scientific notation.
2,500,000
99.
0.0004
0.0005
100.
25,000

101. 13.6 3 108 219.0 3 1022 2

Section 1.8
For Exercises 8794, simplify the expression and write 102. 17.0 3 10212 215.2 3 103 2
the answer with positive exponents.
87. 13x2 3 13x2 2 88. 126x 24 213x 28 2

24x5y3 218x22y3
89. 90.
28x4y 212x25y5
 Test 101

Chapter 1 Test
1. a. List the integers between 25 and 2, inclusive. For Exercises 1013, solve the equations.

b. List three rational numbers between 1 and 2. x

10. 1 1 5 20
(Answers may vary.) 7

2. Explain the difference between the intervals 11. 8 2 514 2 3z2 5 214 2 z2 2 8z
123, 42 and 323, 44 .
12. 0.121x2 1 0.08160,000 2 x2 5 10,500
3. Graph the sets and write each set in interval
notation. 52x 2x 2 3 x
13. 2 5
a. All real numbers less than 6 6 2 3

14. Label each equation as a conditional equation,

b. All real numbers at least 23 an identity, or a contradiction.
a. 15x 2 92 1 19 5 51x 1 22
4. Given sets A 5 5x 0 x 6 226 and b. 2a 2 211 1 a2 5 5
B 5 5x 0 x $ 256, graph A B and write
c. 14w 2 32 1 4 5 315 2 w2
the set in interval notation.
15. The difference between two numbers is 72. If
the larger is 5 times the smaller, find the two
5. Write the opposite, reciprocal, and absolute
numbers.
value for each of the numbers.
1 16. Jolle is determined to get some exercise and
a. 2 b. 4 c. 0 walks to the store at a brisk rate of 4.5 mph. She
2
meets her friend Yun Ling at the store, and to-
6. Simplify. 028 0 2 412 2 32 2 4 14 gether they walk back at a slower rate of 3 mph.
Jolles total walking time was 1 hr.
x2m
7. Given z 5 , find z when n 5 16, x 5 18, a. How long did it take her to walk to the store?
s/ 2n
s 5 1.8, and m 5 17.5. (Round the answer to b. What is the distance to the store?
1 decimal place.)
17. Shawnna banks at a credit union. Her money is
8. True or false? distributed between two accounts: a certificate of
a. 1x 1 y2 1 2 5 2 1 1x 1 y2 is an example of deposit (CD) that earns 5% simple interest and
the associative property of addition. a savings account that earns 3.5% simple inter-
est. Shawnna has $100 less in her savings ac-
b. 12 ? 32 ? 5 5 13 ? 22 ? 5 is an example of the count than in the CD. If after 1 year her total
commutative property of multiplication. interest is $81.50, how much did she invest in the
c. 1x 1 324 5 4x 1 12 is an example of the dis- CD?
tributive property.
18. A yield sign is in the shape of an equilateral tri-
d. 110 1 y2 1 z 5 10 1 1y 1 z2 is an example of angle (all sides have equal length). Its perimeter
the associative property of addition. is 81 in. Find the length of the sides.

9. Simplify the expressions.

For Exercises 1920, solve the equations for the indi-
a. 5b 1 2 2 7b 1 6 2 14 cated variable.

12x 2 12 2 a3x 2 b
1 3 19. 4x 1 2y 5 6 for y 20. x 5 m 1 zs for z
b.
2 2
102 Chapter 1 Review of Basic Algebraic Concepts

For Exercises 2123, solve the inequalities. Graph the For Exercises 2528, simplify the expression, and write
solution and write the solution set in interval notation. the answer with positive exponents only.
3 20a7 x6x3
21. x 1 8 7 42 22. 2 x 1 6 $ x 2 3 25. 26.
2 4a26 x22

23x6 2 12 21xy22 2 23 1x24y2

23. 22 6 3x 2 1 # 5 27. a b
1x0y5 2 21
28.
5y7

24. An elevator can accommodate a maximum 29. Multiply. 18.0 3 1026 217.1 3 105 2
weight of 2000 lb. If four passengers on the
elevator have an average weight of 180 lb each, 30. Divide. (Write the answer in scientific notation.)
how many additional passengers of the same 19,200,0002 4 10.0042
average weight can the elevator carry before the
maximum weight capacity is exceeded?