220015 Termodinmica

Problems Theme 2
1. Indicate in what state water exists under the following conditions of temperature and
pressure, and determine its specific volume:
a. 0.2 MPa and 100C
b. 15 bar and 250C
c. 1 bar and 110C
d. 23 bar and 50C
e. 2 MPa and 215C
f. 550 kPa and 200C
g. 5 bar and 120C
h. 1.6 MPa and x = 0.80

Solution: a) compressed liquid, v=0.001044 m3/kg; b) superheated vapour, v=0.15271 m3/kg;

c) superheated vapour, v=1.744014 m3/kg; d) subcooled or compressed liquid, v=0.001011
m3/kg; e) superheated vapour, v=0.10040 m3/kg; f) superheated vapour, v=0.38850 m3/kg; g)
subcooled or compressed liquid, v=0.001061 m3/kg; h) liquid-vapour mixture, v=0.099181
m3/kg.

2. In a rigid container of 4 L capacity there are 15.5 g of water at a pressure of 0.15 bar. It is
heated until the pressure reaches a value of 10 bar. Indicate which of the following is the final
state of the water:
a. liquid-vapour equilibrium with x = 0.026
b. saturated liquid at 300C
c. superheated vapour at 100C
d. compressed liquid at 300C
e. superheated vapour at 300C

Solution: e)

3. A deposit of 1 m3 capacity contains 4 kg of water at the temperature of 250C and is cooled at

constant volume until the temperature reaches 150C. Determine a) the initial pressure and
the initial state of the water, as well as b) the final pressure and the final state.

Solution: a) superheated vapour, P1 = 0.943 MPa; b) equilibrium liquid-vapour mixture, x =

0.636, P2 = 0.48 MPa.

4. A deposit of 0.05 m3 capacity contains an equilibrium liquid-vapour mixture with a quality of

0.75 at a temperature of 300C. Determine the total mass of water contained in the deposit as
well as the mass and volume of each of the phases which coexist in the deposit.

Solution: mtot = 3.008 kg; mv = 2.256 kg; ml = 0.752 kg; Vv = 0.049 m3; Vl = 0.001 m3.
5. In a piston-in-cylinder system there is 1 kg of water at 70 bar and 50C. The system is heated
very slowly at constant pressure until reaching a state of saturated liquid.
a. Determine the final temperature and the change of volume of the system.
b. If, from the same initial conditions, the system is cooled at constant volume until a
state of saturated liquid is reached, determine the final pressure and temperature.

Solution: a) T2 = 285.79C, V = 0.342 L; b) T3 = 43.08C, P3 = 0.00875 MPa (pressure

table) o T3 = 42.5C, P3 = 0.0085 MPa (temperature table).

6. In a piston-in-cylinder system there is water at 200C with a quality of x = 0.5. The system
expands at constant temperature until the volume is 4.675 times the original volume.
Determine the final pressure.

Solution: P = 0.714 MPa.

7. A rigid deposit contains 60 kg of water vapour at 200C and 8 bar.

a. Determine the volume of the deposit.
b. The deposit is cooled until the pressure in the interior is 2 bar. Determine the final
temperature. If there are two phases in equilibrium, determine the mass and volume of
each phase.
c. Determine the mass of water that would have to be extracted or added such that the
deposit would contain only saturated vapour at 2 bar.

Solution: a) V = 15.6474 m3; b) T = 120.23C, mv = 17.621 kg, ml = 42.379 kg, Vv = 15.602

m3, Vl = 0.0450 m3; c) mass extracted = 42.328 kg.

8. 400 g of water are introduced into a container of 1 m3 capacity, previously evacuated, and are
heated to a temperature of 80C. Determine the following.
a. The pressure inside the container when equilibrium is achieved at 80C. If there are
two phases, determine the mass and volume of saturated vapour and saturated liquid.
b. The container is heated until all the liquid has been vaporised and there is only
saturated vapour. Determine the temperature and pressure.
c. Determine the pressure inside the container when the temperature is 300C.

Solution: a) P = 0.047 MPa, mv = 0.2933 kg, ml = 0.1067 kg, Vv = 0.9999 m3, Vl = 0.0001
m3; b) T = 88.52C, P = 0.0664 MPa; c) P = 0.1105 MPa.
9. In a boiler of 10 m3 capacity there is water at the saturation pressure of 40 bar. 60% of the
volume is occupied by saturated vapour.
a. Determine the temperature of the water in the boiler and the masses of saturated
vapour and saturated liquid that it contains.
b. By means of a valve in the lower part of the boiler, some liquid is extracted until the
boiler contains only saturated vapour at 40 bar. Determine the mass of liquid that
must be extracted and the mass of water that vaporises.
c. Repeat the above calculations if, instead, it is saturated vapour that is extracted, by
means of a valve in the upper part of the boiler, until the boiler contains only saturated
vapour at 40 bar.
d. If liquid is added at the same pressure and temperature as the boiler, what mass must
be added such that the boiler is filled only with saturated liquid at the same pressure
of 40 bar?

Solution: a) T = 250.33C, mv = 120.6 kg, ml = 3194.9 kg, mtot = 3315.5 kg; b) m (extracted)
= 3114.5 kg, m (vaporised) = 80.4 kg; c) m (extracted) = 3114.5 kg, m (vaporised) = 3194.9
kg; d) m (added) = 4671.7 kg.

10. In a deposit of 10 m3 capacity there are 3316 kg of H2O at a pressure of 40 bar.

a. Determine the temperature of the deposit. If there is an equilibrium liquid-vapour
mixture, determine the mass and volume of each phase.
b. If 3150 kg are extracted, maintaining the pressure constant, determine the final
temperature to which the deposit would have to be heated or cooled.

Solution: a) T = 250.33C, mv = 120.6 kg, ml = 3195.4 kg, Vv = 6.0 m3, Vl = 4.0 m3; b) T =
309.0C.

11. In a piston-in-cylinder system there is a mass of 5 g of water occupying a volume of 2 L, the

temperature being 150C.
a. Determine the pressure.
b. If the system is compressed, maintaining the temperature constant, some vapour is
condensed. Determine the volume of the cylinder and the specific volume of the fluid
when the mass of liquid is 4.995 g.
c. If the system in the previous state is heated, determine the temperature and pressure
when the state of the fluid is saturated liquid.

Solution: a) P = 0.472 MPa; b) V = 7.412 cm3, v = 0.001482 m3/kg; c) P = 10.8 MPa, T =

316.5C.
12. A deposit of 1 m3 capacity contains 37.75 kg of refrigerant R-134a at a pressure of 10 bar.
a. Determine whether the refrigerant is in the form of superheated or saturated vapour.
Determine the temperature of the refrigerant.
b. The deposit is cooled until all the R-134a is in the form of saturated vapour.
Determine the temperature and pressure.
c. Following this, the deposit is cooled further to 0C. Determine the saturation pressure
and the mass and volume of each of the phases.

Solution: a) T = 90.0C, superheated vapour; b) T = 30.27C, P = 0.777 MPa; c) P = 0.2928

MPa, mv = 14.17 kg, ml = 23.58 kg, Vv = 0.98184 m3, Vl = 0.01816 m3.

13. In what state is water under the following conditions?

a. 150C and 6 bar. Give the specific volume.
b. 8 MPa and 0.009 m3/kg. Give the temperature; give the quality, if appropriate.
c. 5 MPa and 0.0593 m3/kg. Give the temperature; give the quality, if appropriate.
d. 4 MPa and 0.06 m3/kg. Give the temperature.

Solution: a) Compressed liquid, v = 0.001091 m3/kg; b) T = 294.97C, liquid-vapour mixture,

x = 0.344; c) T = 375C, superheated vapour; d) T = 307.44C, superheated vapour.

14. Consider the P-v diagram below, which corresponds to that of water. You will need to obtain
critical values of pressure, temperature and volume to answer the questions below.

a. What is the value of the temperature of the critical isotherm?

b. To which isotherms shown in the P-v diagram do the temperatures of 100C, 300C
and 600C correspond?
c. Give the values of the specific volume of the saturated liquid and saturated vapour for
all the isotherms of the previous part, i fit is possible.
d. Indicate the following states in the P-v diagram above, and specify the state in each
case: (100C, 1 MPa), (300C, 10 MPa), (300C, 6 MPa), (100C, 2 m3/kg), (100C, 1
m3/kg).
e. If any of the states in the previous part is a liquid-vapour equilibrium mixture,
calculate the quality of the mixture.
f. Is it possible to indicate exactly the state (100C, 0.1 MPa) in the P-v diagram above?
g. Indicate the state (600C, 10 MPa) and give its specific volume.
15. 4 kg of water are introduced into a deposit of 500 L capacity, which has previously been
evacuated. The deposit is heated until the pressure inside reaches 10 bar. Use the steam tables
to answer the following:
a. Ascertain the state of the water inside the deposit (saturated liquid, superheated
vapour, etc);
b. Ascertain the temperature inside the deposit;
c. If there is an equilibrium mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapour, calculate
the mass and volume of each phase.

Solution: a) liquid-vapour equilibrium; b) 179.9C; c) liquid-vapour equilibrium with x =

0.641, mv = 2.57 kg, ml = 1.43 kg, Vv = 498.4 L, Vl = 1.6 L.

16. A piston-in-cylinder system contains 13.59 g of refrigerant R-134a in the form of a saturated
liquid at 20C. Answer the following:
a. determine the volume and pressure of the system.
The system is heated maintaining the pressure constant until the following conditions are
reached:
b. liquid-vapour equilibrium with a quality of 0.6 and a temperature of 20C;
c. saturated vapour at 20C;
d. superheated vapour at 40C.
Determine the volume occupied by the refrigerant in each case.

Solution: a) 0.010103 m3, 0.1327 MPa; b) 1.206103 m3; c) 2.003103 m3; d) 2.599103
m3 .

17. For water, present a graph of pressure versus specific volume for the isotherm at 300C, for
values of pressure between 0.1 bar and 300 bar. Show clearly the points corresponding to
saturated liquid and saturated vapour. In a first graph, use a semi-logarithmic scale (pressure
linear on y-axis, volume logarithmic on x-axis), and then in a second graph use linear axes for
both pressure and volume. Make whatever comments you think appropriate.