Beruflich Dokumente
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In recent years, increased demand for transport and transit has led to greater congestion,
delays, accidents, and environmental problems in these large cities. Traffic congestion has
become a scourge of particular severity, manifesting itself in both industrialized and developing
countries. It affects both motorists and users of public transport and entails loss of economic
efficiency and other adverse effects on society. It is worrying that this phenomenon characteristic
of the industrial age has been accentuated, without having the prospect of reaching a certain
limit, turning into a nightmare that threatens the quality of urban life.
In the last decades, there has been an explosive increase in the number of motorized
vehicles in developing countries, due to several factors, such as the growth in the purchasing
sales prices and a greater supply of used vehicles. The increasing availability of cars has allowed
for greater individual mobility, which together with the growth of the population of the cities, the
smaller number of inhabitants per household and the scarce application of structured policies of
Although the greater individual mobility facilitated by the car can be considered positive,
it has as a counterpart a more intensive use of the space destined to the circulation. The most
obvious consequence of congestion is the increase in travel times, especially at peak times,
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which in some cities reaches levels well above those considered acceptable. Also, the slowness
of displacement exacerbates the spirits and encourages the aggressive behavior of the drivers.
Another result is the exacerbation of environmental pollution. Its relationship with congestion is
an aspect that still needs to be studied in greater depth, although there is a valuable record
Pollution affects everyone's health, so it should be kept below stringent limits. However,
not only must local pollution be thought of, as vehicles also emit greenhouse gasses, giving the
issue a global dimension that cannot be ignored. Other significant adverse effects, such as
increased accidents, increased fuel consumption in transportation and, in general, the operational
costs of vehicles should be added to this. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that congestion
harms not only motorists but also users of mass transit, which in developing countries are people
with lower incomes. In addition to magnifying its travel times, has a possibly even more
regretted result, which is to raise the value of the passages, as will be explained later.
However, not necessarily any degree of congestion is undesirable, note that it will be
preferable to tolerate a certain level, rather than adopt measures that represent a greater cost to
society. It is necessary to develop a concept of the city that is desired, in which economic
efficiency, mobility, a tolerable degree of congestion, a clean environment and a better quality of
life coexist harmoniously, all in a sustainable way. It is clear that congestion of uncontrolled
traffic is against such aspirations and may generate an uncertain future. It is, therefore, necessary
to combat it in the short and medium term by means of actions based on technical know-how, in
addition to learning about useful and sustainable measures, which must be accompanied by new
citizens' attitudes towards mobility, the transport system, Public space, and transit.
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However, congestion is not a problem to be tackled only from the technical point of view,
but as part of efforts to develop cities for people. In designing concrete measures, the various
impacts on the harmonious development of the city must also be considered and to prevent
negative effects. For this reason, an integral approach to a systemic character is required, that
allows to reach cities with greater quality of life and sustainable in the time. The cause of
congestion is the friction or interference between vehicles in the traffic flow. Up to a certain
intensity of that flow, the vehicles can circulate at a relatively free speed, determined by the
However, at larger volumes, each additional vehicle affects the displacement of others,
that is, the phenomenon of congestion begins. As traffic increases, traffic speeds are increasingly
reduced. There is a level of traffic in which the change in the travel time of all vehicles is simply
the time spent by the one who is incorporated because others can continue to circulate at the
same speed as before. On the contrary, from then on every vehicle entering it experiences its
delay, but simultaneously increases the delay of all others that are already circulating (Akpnar
28).
Consequently, the individual user perceives only part of the congestion he causes, with
the remainder falling on the other vehicles that are part of the flow of that moment. Strictly, users
also have no specific notion of private average costs, since, for example, few motorists have a
clear idea of how much it costs them to undertake an additional trip, regarding maintenance, tire
wear, the value of their time and others. On the other hand, they do perceive the costs imposed
on them by the government - particularly the fuel tax and also the tax on the ring or right to
circulate - which are mere transfers from the motorist to the state, all of which distorts the way
which circulate in areas or periods of high traffic, use public transport or change their travel
schedule. One option to reduce congestion is to discourage car travel to the central areas of cities
at peak times. The provision of car parks or their absence, as well as their cost, condition the car
access if it must be parked. It should be noted that more than half of the trips in the peak periods
are intended to go to work and that a large number of jobs is located in downtown areas. Hence,
there is an impressive potential to attack congestion through actions that discourage long-term
Semaphores and their adequate design of cycles are necessary in numerous intersections,
and their coordination is one of the most efficient ways to improve the speed of movement and
A practical way to increase people's carrying capacity is by using vehicles that carry more
passengers per unit. This allows using fewer vehicles with a more effective use of the road space,
being in the motorized transport the buses that allow better results. Priorities for public
transportation are justified because they cause less congestion per passenger carried, and are
regulatory measures that correct the distortion by not perceiving the congestion costs imposed by
the car. Apart from giving buses certain advantages in the programming of traffic lights, the
main preference is to reserve lanes for their use. However, it may be necessary to incorporate
actions on the demand that allow solving misalignments in the use of the infrastructure looking
for a balance acceptable to the community. The aim is to improve vehicular and pedestrian traffic
behavior, to modify the type of vehicle used at peak times, preferring the one with the highest
capacity, and to transfer part of the trips to hours of lower traffic levels. That is to say; it is
maintain the usefulness of society and its economy. Improving the behavior of drivers and
pedestrians is essential. The traffic rules define rights and restrictions of the use of the roads, to
improve the fluency and to avoid accidents. Unruly driving or disrespect for others reduces the
essential condition in any road transport system. By controlling parking lots in congested areas,
targets such as increased traffic space or disincentive to individual car trips can be achieved, all
of which reduce congestion. There are various control modalities, such as the prohibition of
parking in certain areas. On the overall, it is pertinent that the cause of congestion is friction or
interference between vehicles in the traffic flow. Up to a certain level of traffic, vehicles can
travel at a relatively free speed, determined by speed limits, the frequency of intersections, and
other conditions.
traffic rules define rights and restrictions of the use of the streets and thus, to improve the fluency
and to avoid accidents. Unruly driving or disrespect towards others, in fact, reduces the capacity
of the road network to a fraction of its potential. Attempting to gain a few seconds at the cost of
transgressing traffic rules at intersections or streets is a serious disruption to other users, resulting
Works Cited
Akpnar, Muhammet Enes, et al. "Simulation Optimization for Transportation System: A Real
Kiefer, Alexander, Michael Schilde, and Karl F. Doerner. "Replacement services for planned