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| COVER SHEET i
FRONT MATTER
| FRONT MATTER ii
CONTENTS
| FRONT MATTER iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
proof read the entire paper. Also, my Special thanks are due to G.
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT v
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to identify the risks allocation for “The Employer” according
to the stipulations in the FIDIC 1999 (Red Book), Conditions of Contract for building and
engineering works designed by the Employer. Lack of adequate awareness of the
stipulated risks may result into disputes and losses. It is truly said “a stitch in time saves
nine” or “prevention is better than cure”. Identified risks can be mitigated by
appropriate assessment, analysis and timely actions.
In principle, the FIDIC 1999 (Red Book) allocates the risks in line with the philosophy that
the Employer is held responsible to take on those risks which experienced contractors
could not reasonably be expected to foresee, which are outside the control of the
parties and which are not readily capable of being covered by insurance.
The audiences of this paper are the professionals and organizations associated with
construction industry, working for “The Employer” and / or his Representatives,
Construction Management firms, “The Engineer”, Contract Administration / Project
Management Offices and Engineer’s Representative or A/E (Architect’s Engineer) firms.
The goal of this paper is to clearly identity the risks allocated to the Employer so they
can be managed and ultimately mitigated in a timely manner.
Note: In the text of the paper only the Clause numbers from FIDIC 1999 are
referred, the actual text of the clause as included in the FIDIC 1999 is included in
Appendix A of this paper.
| ABSTRACT vi
BRIEF HISTORY OF FIDIC
English which means “ the International Federation of Consulting Engineers”. FIDIC was
originally founded in 1913 by France, Belgium and Switzerland. FIDIC expanded in 1945
The first edition of the Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering
Internationale des Batiment et des Travaux Publics (FIBTP) which was published in
August 1957. Since then 4 editions of standard Conditions of Contract have been
published as required by the dynamics of the construction industry and considering the
the commercial approach adopted in such procurements and in order to harmonize the
clauses, definitions and wordings wherever found necessary and to make these
conditions more user friendly; the FIDIC Organization published new standard forms of
Engineer
The Red Book FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering
Works Designed by the Employer deals with the Contract between the Employer and
the Contractor.
FIDIC also stipulates the responsibilities of the Engineer, who has a separate direct
Contract with the Employer. According to the FIDIC 1987 Red Book IV edition, the
Employer enters into Contract with the Contractor and hires the Engineer who
administers the Contract, i.e., issues drawings, instructions etc. on behalf of the
impartially.
1
ECV / FIDIC module 1 training course 2007- course material page no. 6
DAB Contract
between Engineer
Employer /
Contractor & 1
or 3 Members The Engineer to Administer Contract
of DAB
Contractor
on behalf of the Employer
Contract between Employer / Contractor
New Red or Traditional Book
According to the FIDIC 1999 Red Book, the Employer enters into Contract with the
FIDIC also stipulates the responsibilities of the Engineer, who is supposed to administer
the Contract, i.e. issue drawings; instructions etc. on behalf of the Employer, monitor
Whereas, in FIDIC 1999 Red Book, there is a further provision of DAB (Dispute
Adjudication Board) for which one or three members are jointly selected by the parties
to the Contract to act pro-actively to resolve potential disputes and claims when they
arise.
2
ECV / FIDIC module 1 training course 2007- course material page no. 6
Quantities representing the works to be measured. The quantities and sums in the
tender bill of quantities are estimates only and actual quantities are to be calculated and
applied during the term of Contract. However, the same Conditions of Contract with
Any efficiently written construction contract should clearly specify who bears the risk of
matters involving delays and additional cost which might or might not occur. FIDIC 1999
(Red Book) allocates the risks in line with the philosophy that the Employer is held
responsible to take on those risks which experienced contractors could not reasonably
be expected to foresee, which are outside the control of the parties (force majeure
consequences), and which are not readily capable of being covered by insurance. The
Employer’s principal duties are to provide the design in a timely manner to the
resolve the disputes and timely discharge of payments, all of which carry risks.
Construction contracts involve a great deal of monies, as any other project the Employer
and Architect/Engineer should take care to ensure that the ideas, concepts and project
requirements are transformed into detailed plans and specifications which will be used
by the Contractor to construct the project. Therefore it is essential that the Employer
and the Architect/Engineer pay adequate attention early in the design stages to make
decisions with due care prior to issuing the tender documents. The Tender Documents
should include the maximum possible details in the Contract Documents to allow for
condition that, if it occurs, has an effect on at least one project objective. Objectives can
include scope, schedule, cost and quality. A risk may have one or more causes, if it
Project risk has its origins in the uncertainty present in all projects. Known risks are
those that have been identified and analyzed making it possible to plan responses for
those risks. Specific unknown risks cannot be managed pro-actively, which suggests that
Management of risk for construction projects should begin from the very early stages of
project planning and continue through construction until completion and hand-over.
Risks should be identified and addressed systematically during the project planning,
contract formation and contract administration phases of the project. If followed, these
techniques will both reduce the risks of major claims on the construction projects and
keep the Employer in a good position to successfully defend against potential claims
3
PMBOK (R) Guide – Fourth Edition Page 275.
4
PMBOK (R) Guide – Fourth Edition Page 275.
strategy which describes how risk management will be approached, structured, and
performed on the project. Please refer to the following page for a quick reference list
Technical Risks:
1) Technical Risks:
a) Requirements
b) Technology
c) Complexity and interfaces
d) Quality.
2) External Risks:
a) Government Laws / Rules / permits
b) Market strategy
c) Financial Impact
d) Force Majeure
3) Organizational Risks:
a) Resource Availability
b) Funding
c) Project Dependencies
d) Environmental Factors.
e) Prioritization.
4) Project Management:
a) Lack of Skills
b) Poor Estimation
c) Poor Communication.
5
PMTI fast-forward PMP ® Exam prep course book Rel. 2006.4 Page 100
The FIDIC 1999 Red Book is based on concept that the engineering works are designed
by the Employer; hence it is the obligation of the Employer to provide the drawings and
instruction in a manner which does not delay the Contractor’s progress of works.
It is prudent that the Employer should perform a thorough review of the complete
and statutory requirements to ensure that all the ambiguities, inconsistencies and
conflicts are eliminated. Proper estimates should be performed with the employer to
requirements.
This Clause put emphasis on the responsibility of the Employer and the Engineer to
provide to the Contractor drawings and instructions in a timely manner. Otherwise, the
| 1 – TECHNICAL RISKS 9
However, at the same time this Clause holds the Contractor responsible to give notice to
the Engineer whenever the works are likely to get delayed or disrupted due to delayed
Therefore the Employer and the Engineer should take the best care possible to deliver
all the essential drawings and instructions in a timely manner, and leave no chance for
**In the FIDIC IV edition 1987 red book, similar conditions were included in its Sub-
This Clause stipulates the responsibility on the part of the Employer to ensure the
correctness of the original points, lines and levels of the references specified in the
Contract or notified by the Engineer. Even though the Contractor is held responsible to
exert his best endeavour to verify the accuracy before their usage, the Contractor
preferably should request the Engineer to confirm the description, nature and location
of datum markers. If the Contractor suffers delays and / or incurs costs from executing
| 1 – TECHNICAL RISKS 10
However, the FIDIC 1999 stipulates the responsibility on the Contractor to serve notice
according to Clause 20.1 and thereafter the Engineer shall proceed with his obligation
according to Clause 3.5 Determination of the extent of the damages suffered by the
**In the FIDIC IV edition 1987 red book, similar conditions were included in its Article
The FIDIC 1999 allocates the responsibility on the Employer to make sure that the
Contract Document clearly and explicitly includes all tests required. However if the
Employer instructs the Contractor to perform additional tests, which are not included in
the Contract Documents, the decision should be taken in a timely manner and only if the
Employer has made certain that there is a high probability of detecting non-compliance
through such tests. The Employer is liable of all consequential cost and time if it is
proved that prior to this additional test the works performed by the Contractor were
compliant with the Contract Specifications and quality requirements. However, if the
tests fail, the Contractor must remedy the works and retest to prove the compliance.
| 1 – TECHNICAL RISKS 11
**In the FIDIC IV edition 1987 red book, similar conditions were included in its Article
The Sub-Clauses 4.10 and 4.11 put considerable onus on the Contractor, but the Sub-
Clause 4.12 may provide some relief. This Sub-Clause provides for the Contractor to
conditions are found. This Clause gives full defense to the Contractor for unlimited risk
However, like all other events of claims the Contractor must submit notice of claims and
detailed substantiation to the Engineer in timely manner as stipulated in the Clause 20.1
and the Engineer shall proceed with his obligation to agree with or issue determination
**In the FIDIC IV edition 1987 red book, similar conditions were included in its Article
| 1 – TECHNICAL RISKS 12
2 - PROJECT MANAGEMENT RISKS
In case of large projects the Employer should ensure that qualified and experienced
the project. The Employer should take all necessary precautions to ensure that all
arrangements are done ahead of time to provide the Contractor with timely access to
site as stipulated in the Contract Documents and mitigate all the events that trigger any
suspensions of works.
This Clause defends the Contractor in case the right of access to site is hindered by the
Employer, FIDIC emphasizes the responsibility of the Employer and the Engineer to
provide the Right of access to site in a timely manner. Otherwise, the Contractor
becomes entitled for extension of time as well as cost and reasonable profit provided
**It is noteworthy to mention that in the FIDIC 1987 old Red Book the provision is for
extension of time and for cost in the event of delay in giving possession of site by the
according to the Engineer and thereby the Engineer must proceed with Determinations
Therefore it is prudent for the employer to ensure that the once the Contract is signed
the Contractor will be provided with the access to site as stipulated in the Contract.
**In the FIDIC IV edition 1987 red book, similar conditions were included in its Article
This Sub-Clause clearly stipulates that if works are suspended by the Employer, which
suspensions could affect the timely completion of works, then the Contractor has the
right to claim for Extension of Time as well of compensation for any damages suffered.
**In the FIDIC IV edition 1987 red book, similar conditions were included in its Article
This Clause provides shelter to the Contractor from the damages / losses the Contractor
would incur due to Omission of works which includes costs which cannot be covered by
the other works in the original scope of Contract which have not been omitted in full or
part for which the Contractor has the rights to submit the claim.
The FIDIC 1999 Red Book allows provision for the Contractor to claim for adjustment of
rates in case of a rise of fall occurs in prices, therefore, the Employer shall be prepared
funds.
The FIDIC 1999 Red Book qualifies the Contractor to be entitled for compensation of
| 3 - FINANCIAL RISKS 15
The Employer is now required to submit under Sub-Clause 2.4, reasonable evidence
within 28 days after receipt of request from the Contractor that financial arrangements
have been made to ensure payment to the Contractor in accordance with the payment
schedule, failing which the Contractor can give 21 days’ notice to suspend the work or
**In the FIDIC IV edition 1987 red book, similar conditions were included in its Article
Engineer verifies
the statement, <28 d
<56 d
Contractor submits
information 14.13 Engineer 14.7 Employer
14.11 Contractor submits draft 14.11 Contractor issues Final makes the
final statement to the Engineer submits Final Payment payment to the
Statement and the Certificate Contractor
14.12 discharge
6
FIDIC 1999 figure
| 3 - FINANCIAL RISKS 16
4 EXTERNAL RISKS
This clause implies that the items of values or interest discovered on the site belong to
the Employer. The Contractor shall take steps to preserve such articles and inform the
Engineer immediately and follow the instruction from the Engineer. Albeit this clause
puts additional responsibility on the Contractor to protect all the fossils, coins, articles
of value or antiquity etc. but at the same time it also defends the Contractor against the
consequences of time or cost implications in dealing with such fossils. Once again, the
Here in such cases, the Employer / the Engineer must take all possible precautions to
prevent any controllable delays in issuing instruction in dealing with the fossils to
**In the FIDIC IV edition 1987 red book, similar conditions were included in its Article
27.1 – Fossils.
| 4 EXTERNAL RISKS 17
Clause 8.4: Exceptionally adverse climate conditions.
The FIDIC allocates the eligibility to the Contractor to submit Extension of Time claims to
the Employer if the Contractor suffers delays from exceptionally adverse climatic
If the Contractor has discharged his due diligence in following the procedures by the
Authorities in a timely maner, but Authorities do not give approvals / permits in a timely
manner, then the Contractor becomes entitled for the corresponding Extension of Time
for Completion according to Clause 8.4 of FIDIC. However, Contractor shall submit
notice according to the Clause 20.1 and seek necessary help from the Employer to liaise
**In the FIDIC IV edition 1987 red book, similar conditions were included in its Article
| 4 EXTERNAL RISKS 18
Clause 17.4: Consequences of Employer’s Risks.
FIDIC relieves the Contractor from the risks arising from war, hostilities, invasion, act of
foreign enemies, rebellion, terrorism etc., which are out of its control and hence the
**In the FIDIC IV edition 1987 red book, similar conditions were included in its Article
The New Red Book FIDIC 1999 relieves the Contractor from the consequences of Force
majeure.
**In the FIDIC IV edition 1987 red book, similar conditions were included in its Article
8.1 20.2 Parties 20.4 A Party 20.4 A Party may 20.6 A Party
Commencement appoint DAB refers a dispute issue a “notice of may initiate
Date to the DAB dissatisfaction” arbitration
Parties present
submissions to
the DAB
| 4 EXTERNAL RISKS 19
5 CONCLUSION
The objectives of project risk management are to increase the probability and impact of
positive events and decrease the probability and impact of events adverse to the project
objectives. Construction risks can be managed with risk management processes with
reasonable adequacy.8
Having identified the technical, project management, financial and external risks
allocated to the Employer, relevant measures can be taken to apply good practices of
Thorough verification of all the reference points, levels and lines before being
Ensure that all the essential tests are included in the Technical Specification in
the Contract.
history of the project site, especially regarding those which are unforeseeable to
the Contractor.
8
Construction extension to the PMBOK 3RD EDITION (Page 95)
| 5 CONCLUSION 20
Make all the necessary arrangements and proper planning in terms of dates of
works.
The Employer should investigate historical data of the project site and
The Employer shall have made all necessary arrangements for obtaining essential
Employer’s Risk.
| 5 CONCLUSION 21
Appendix A
The Contractor shall give notice to the Engineer whenever the Works are likely to be delayed or
disrupted if any necessary drawing or instruction is not issued to the Contractor within a
particular time, which shall be reasonable. The notice shall include details of the necessary
drawing or instruction, details of why and by when it should be issued, and details of the nature
and amount of the delay or disruption likely to be suffered if it is late.
If the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs Cost as a result of a failure of the Engineer to issue
the notified drawing or instruction within a time which is reasonable and is specified in the
notice with supporting details, the Contractor shall give a further notice to the Engineer and
shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.1 [Contractor's Claims] to:
(a) an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under Sub-
Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and
(b) payment of any such Cost plus reasonable profit, which shall be included in the
Contract Price.
After receiving this further notice, the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5
[Determinations] to agree or determine these matters.
However, if and to the extent that the Engineer's failure was caused by any error or delay by the
Contractor, including an error in, or delay in the submission of, any of the Contractor's
Documents, the Contractor shall not be entitled to such extension of time, Cost or profit.
The Employer shall give the Contractor right of access to, and possession of, all parts of the Site
within the time (or times) stated in the Appendix to Tender. The right and possession may not be
exclusive to the Contractor. If, under the Contract, the Employer is required to give (to the
Contractor) possession of any foundation, structure, plant or means of access, the Employer
shall do so in the time and manner stated in the Specification. However, the Employer may
withhold any such right or possession until the Performance Security has been received.
9
FIDIC 1999 page 7
10
FIDIC 1999 page 8
| Appendix A I
If no such time is stated in the Appendix to Tender, the Employer shall give the Contractor right
of access to, and possession of, the Site within such times as may be required to enable the
Contractor to proceed in accordance with the programme submitted under Sub-Clause 8.3
[Programme].
If the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs Cost as a result of a failure by the
Employer to give any such right or possession within such time, the Contractor shall give notice
to the Engineer and shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.1
[Contractor's Claims] to:
(a) an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under
Sub-Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and
(b) payment of any such Cost plus reasonable profit, which shall be included in the
Contract Price.
After receiving this notice, the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5
[Determinations] to agree or determine these matters.
However, if and to the extent that the Employer's failure was caused by any error or delay by
the Contractor, including an error in, or delay in the submission of, any of the
Contractor's Documents, the Contractor shall not be entitled to such extension of time, Cost or
profit.
The Employer shall be responsible for any errors in these specified or notified items of
reference, but the Contractor shall use reasonable efforts to verify their accuracy before
they are used.
If the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs Cost from executing work which was necessitated
by an error in these items of reference, and an experienced contractor could not reasonably
have discovered such error and avoided this delay and/or Cost, the Contractor shall give notice
to the Engineer and shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.1 [Contractor's C/aims] to:
(a) an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under Sub-
Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and
11
FIDIC 1999 page 15
| Appendix A II
(b) payment of any such Cost plus reasonable profit, which shall be included in the
Contract Price.
After receiving this notice, the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub- Clause 3.5
[Determinations] to agree or determine (i) whether and (if so) to what extent the error could not
reasonably have been discovered, and (ii) the matters described in sub-Paragraphs (a) and (b)
above related to this extent.
If and to the extent that the Contractor encounters physical conditions which are Unforeseeable,
gives such a notice, and suffers delay and/or incurs Cost due to these conditions, the Contractor
shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.1 [Contractor's Claims] to:
(a) an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under Sub-
Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and
(b) payment of any such Cost, which shall be included in the Contract Price.
After receiving such notice and inspecting and/or investigating these physical conditions, the
Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5 [Determinations] to agree or
determine (i) whether and (if so) to what extent these physical conditions were Unforeseeable,
and (ii) the matters described in subparagraphs (a) and (b) above related to this extent.
However, before additional Cost is finally agreed or determined under subparagraph (ii), the
Engineer may also review whether other physical conditions in similar parts of the Works (if any)
were more favourable than could reasonably have been foreseen when the Contractor
submitted the Tender. If and to the extent that these more favourable conditions were
encountered, the Engineer may proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5 [Determinations] to
agree or determine the reductions in Cost which were due to these conditions, which may be
included (as deductions) in the Contract Price and Payment Certificates. However, the net effect
of all adjustments under sub-paragraph (b) and all these reductions, for all the physical
conditions encountered in similar parts of the Works, shall not result in a net reduction in the
Contract Price.
The Engineer may take account of any evidence of the physical conditions foreseen by the
Contractor when submitting the Tender, which may be made available by the Contractor, but
shall not be bound, by any such evidence.
12
FIDIC 1999 page 16
| Appendix A III
Clause 4.24: Fossils.13
All fossils, coins, articles of value or antiquity, and structures and other remains or items of
geological or archaeological interest found on the Site shall be placed under the care and
authority of the Employer. The Contractor shall take reasonable precautions to prevent
Contractor's Personnel or other persons from removing or damaging any of these findings.
The Contractor shall, upon discovery of any such finding, promptly give notice to the Engineer,
who shall issue instructions for dealing with it. If the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs Cost
from complying with the instructions, the Contractor shall give a further notice to the Engineer
and shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.1 [Contractor's Claims] to:
(a) an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under Sub-
Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and
(b) payment of any such Cost, which shall be included in the Contract Price.
After receiving this further notice, the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5
[Determinations] to agree or determine these matters.
The Engineer may, under Clause 13 [Variations and Adjustments], vary the location or details of
specified tests, or instruct the Contractor to carry out additional tests. If these varied or
additional tests show that the tested Plant, Materials or workmanship is not in accordance with
the Contract, the cost of carrying out this Variation shall be borne by the Contractor,
notwithstanding other provisions of the Contract.
The Engineer shall give the Contractor not less than 24 hours' notice of the Engineer's intention
to attend the tests. If the Engineer does not attend at the time and place agreed, the Contractor
may proceed with the tests, unless otherwise instructed by the Engineer, and the tests shall then
be deemed to have been made in the Engineer's presence.
If the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs Cost from complying with these instructions or as a
result of a delay for which the Employer is responsible, the Contractor shall give notice to the
Engineer and shall be entitled subject to Sub- Clause 20.1 [Contractor's Claims] to:
(a) an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under Sub-Clause
8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and (b) payment of any such Cost plus reasonable profit,
which shall be included in the Contract Price.
After receiving this notice, the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5
[Determinations] to agree or determine these matters.
The Contractor shall promptly forward to the Engineer duly certified reports of the tests.
13
FIDIC 1999 page 20
14
FIDIC 1999 page 24
| Appendix A IV
When the specified tests have been passed, the Engineer shall endorse the Contractor's test
certificate, or issue a certificate to him, to that effect. If the Engineer has not attended the tests,
he shall be deemed to have accepted the readings as accurate.
Then this delay or disruption will be considered as a cause of delay under subparagraph
(b) of Sub-Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion].
If the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs Cost from complying with the Engineer's
instructions under Sub-Clause 8.8 [Suspension of Work] and/or from resuming the work, the
Contractor shall give notice to the Engineer and shall be entitled subject to
Sub-Clause 20.1 [Contractor's Claims] to:
(a) an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under Sub-
Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and
(b) payment of any such Cost, which shall be included in the Contract Price.
After receiving this notice, the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5
[Determinations] to agree or determine these matters.
The Contractor shall not be entitled to an extension of time for, or to payment of the Cost
incurred in, making good the consequences of the Contractor's faulty design, workmanship or
materials, or of the Contractor's failure to protect, store or secure in accordance with Sub-Clause
8.8 [Suspension of Work].
15
FIDIC 1999 page 24
16
FIDIC 1999 page 28
17
FIDIC 1999 page 29
18
FIDIC 1999 page 36
| Appendix A V
Whenever the omission of any work forms part (or all) of a Variation, the value of which has not
been agreed, if:
(a) the Contractor will incur (or has incurred) cost which, if the work had not been
omitted, would have been deemed to be covered by a sum forming part of the
Accepted Contract Amount;
(b) the omission of the work will result (or has resulted) in this sum not forming part of
the Contract Price; and
(c) this cost is not deemed to be included in the evaluation of any substituted work;
Then the Contractor shall give notice to the Engineer accordingly, with supporting particulars.
Upon receiving this notice, the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5
[Determinations] to agree or determine this cost, which shall be included in the Contract Price.
If this Sub-Clause applies, the amounts payable to the Contractor shall be adjusted for rises or
falls in the cost of labour, Goods and other inputs to the Works, by the addition or deduction of
the amounts determined by the formulae prescribed in this Sub-Clause. To the extent that full
compensation for any rise or fall in Costs is not covered by the provisions of this or other
Clauses, the Accepted Contract Amount shall be deemed to have included amounts to cover the
contingency of other rises and falls in costs.
If the Contractor does not receive payment in accordance with Sub-Clause 14.7 [Payment], the
Contractor shall be entitled to receive financing charges compounded monthly on the amount
unpaid during the period of delay. This period shall be deemed to commence on the date for
payment specified in Sub-Clause 14.7 [Payment], irrespective (in the case of its sub-paragraph
(b)) of the date on which any Interim Payment Certificate is issued.
Unless otherwise stated in the Particular Conditions, these financing charges shall be calculated
at the annual rate of three percentage points above the discount rate of the central bank in the
country of the currency of payment, and shall be paid in such currency.
The Contractor shall be entitled to this payment without formal notice or certification, and
without prejudice to any other right or remedy.
19
FIDIC 1999 page 39
20
FIDIC 1999 page 44
| Appendix A VI
Clause 17.4: Consequences of Employer’s Risks.21
If and to the extent that any of the risks listed in Sub-Clause 17.3 above results in loss or damage
to the Works, Goods or Contractor's Documents, the Contractor shall promptly give notice to the
Engineer and shall rectify this loss or damage to the extent required by the Engineer.
If the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs Cost from rectifying this loss or damage, the
Contractor shall give a further notice to the Engineer and shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause
20.1 [Contractor's Claims] to:
(a) an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under Sub-
Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and
(b) payment of any such Cost, which shall be included in the Contract Price. In the case of
sub-paragraphs (f) and (g) of Sub-Clause 17.3 [Employer's Risks], reasonable profit on
the Cost shall also be included.
After receiving this further notice, the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5
[Determinations] to agree or determine these matters.
If the Contractor is prevented from performing any of his obligations under the Contract by
Force Majeure of which notice has been given under Sub-Clause 19.2 [Notice of Force Majeure],
and suffers delay and/or incurs Cost by reason of such Force Majeure, the Contractor shall be
entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.1 [Contractor's Claims] to:
(a) an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under Sub-Clause
8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and
(b) if the event or circumstance is of the kind described in sub-paragraphs (i) to (iv) of Sub-Clause
19.1 [Definition of Force Majeure] and, in the case of subparagraphs (ii) to (iv), occurs in the
Country, payment of any such Cost.
After receiving this notice, the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub- Clause 3.5
[Determinations] to agree or determine these matters.
21
FIDIC 1999 page 52
22
FIDIC 1999 page 57
23
FIDIC 1999 page 58
| Appendix A VII
If the Contractor considers himself to be entitled to any extension of the Time for Completion
and/or any additional payment, under any Clause of these Conditions or otherwise in connection
with the Contract, the Contractor shall give notice to the Engineer, describing the event or
circumstance giving rise to the claim. The notice shall be given as soon as practicable, and not
later than 28 days after the Contractor became aware, or should have become aware, of the
event or circumstance.
If the Contractor fails to give notice of a claim within such period of 28 days, the Time for
Completion shall not be extended, the Contractor shall not be entitled to additional payment,
and the Employer shall be discharged from all liability in connection with the claim. Otherwise,
the following provisions of this Sub-Clause shall apply.
The Contractor shall also submit any other notices which are required by the Contract, and
supporting particulars for the claim, all as relevant to such event or circumstance.
The Contractor shall keep such contemporary records as may be necessary to substantiate any
claim, either on the Site or at another location acceptable to the Engineer. Without admitting
the Employer's liability, the Engineer may, after receiving any notice under this Sub-Clause,
monitor the record-keeping and/or instruct the Contractor to keep further contemporary
records. The Contractor shall permit the Engineer to inspect all these records, and shall (if
instructed) submit copies to the Engineer.
Within 42 days after the Contractor became aware (or should have become aware) of the event
or circumstance giving rise to the claim, or within such other period as may be proposed by the
Contractor and approved by the Engineer, the Contractor shall send to the Engineer a fully
detailed claim which includes full supporting particulars of the basis of the claim and of the
extension of time and/or additional payment claimed. If the event or circumstance giving rise to
the claim has a continuing effect:
(a) this fully detailed claim shall be considered as interim;
(b) the Contractor shall send further interim claims at monthly intervals, giving the accumulated
delay and/or amount claimed, and such further particulars as the Engineer may reasonably
require; and
(c) the Contractor shall send a final claim within 28 days after the end of the effects resulting
from the event or circumstance, or within such other period as may be proposed by the
Contractor and approved by the Engineer.
Within 42 days after receiving a claim or any further particulars supporting a previous claim, or
within such other period as may be proposed by the Engineer and approved by the Contractor,
the Engineer shall respond with approval, or with disapproval and detailed comments. He may
also request any necessary further particulars, but shall nevertheless give his response on the
principles of the claim within such time.
Each Payment Certificate shall include such amounts for any claim as have been reasonably
substantiated as due under the relevant provision of the Contract. Unless and until the
| Appendix A VIII
particulars supplied are sufficient to substantiate the whole of the claim, the Contractor shall
only be entitled to payment for such part of the claim as he has been able to substantiate.
The Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5 [Determinations] to agree or
determine (I) the extension (if any) of the Time for Completion (before or after its expiry) in
accordance with Sub-Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion], and/or (ii) the additional
payment (if any) to which the Contractor is entitled under the Contract.
The requirements of this Sub-Clause are in addition to those of any other Sub-Clause which may
apply to a claim. If the Contractor fails to comply with this or another Sub-Clause in relation to
any claim, any extension of time and/or additional payment shall take account of the extent (if
any) to which the failure has prevented or prejudiced proper investigation of the claim, unless
the claim is excluded under the second paragraph of this Sub-Clause.
| Appendix A IX
Bibliography
FIDIC’s New Suite of Contracts – Clause 17 to 19, Risk, Responsibility, Liability, Insurance,
and Force Majeure by Nael G. Bunni. This paper was printed in the International
Construction Law Review “ICLR” Vol 18, Part 3, July 2001.
Contractor’s claims under the FIDIC contracts for major works, by R.Seppala.
Construction law journal, London, printed in 2005.
FIDIC: An overview, the latest developments, comparisons, claims and force majeure by
Jeremy Glover, printed on 11th September 2007.
Introduction to FIDIC form of contract for construction 1999, by K.S. Kharb (Fellow
Emeritus & past President of Institution of Surveyors and CASLE (Asia region).
| Bibliography X