CEB40503

REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL

INFORMATION SYSTEM

ASSIGNMENT 01

NAME: UMMI SYAHIRAH BINTI AZHAR

ID: 55214114101

LECTURERS NAME: SIR TENGKU FAZLI TG JAYA @ TG YAHYA

DATE: 3 NOVEMBER 2017

QUESTION 1

Discuss

1) RADAR (SLAR, SAR)

RADAR is known as Radio Detection and Ranging. It refers to the technique of using
radio waves to detect the presence of objects in the atmosphere. One of the purposes
is to detect the presence of aircraft.

2) LIDAR

LIDAR is also known as Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method
that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measured range (variable distance) to
the earth. These light pulses, combined with other data recorded by the airborne
system-generate precise, 3D information about the shape of Earth and its surface
characteristics.

Comparison between RIDAR and LIDAR

RADAR LIDAR
using radio waves to detect presence using light in the form if pulsed laser
of objects
can easily operate in cloudy weather limited usage in nighttimes/cloudy
conditions and at night weather
uses an antenna to emit radio signals has specialized optics and lasers for
receiving and transmission

QUESTION 2

a) Elaborate on multispectral scanner

Multispectral scanner- is a device carried on satellites and aircraft that records energy from
multiple portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

b) 2 types of scanners to collect data from earth

1) Across-track scanning (Whiskbroom)

2) Along-track scanning (Pushbroom)
Comparison both

Across-track scanning Along-track scanning

Scanning the earth in a series of lines.
The lines are oriented perpendicular to
the direction of motion of the sensor
platform
Has oscillating mirror sweeps along a
line that is long (km) and narrow (m)
Use the forward motion of the platform
to record successive scan lines and build
up a two dimensional image,
perpendicular to the flight direction.
Has line of detectors stacked side by side

QUESTION 3

1. What is the electromagnetic spectrum, what is the major wavelength ranges used for
remote sensing?

A range of energy according to different frequency and wavelength

Wavelength regions Wavelength ranges

1) Visible and Reflective Infrared Remote 0.7 to 3.0 m
Sensing
2) Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing 3 to 5 m
3) Microwave Remote Sensing 0.1 to 30 cm

QUESTION 4

1. What is a polar orbit? What is an equatorial orbit (or non-sun-synchronous)? What

is a geostationary orbit?
Polar orbit
- This orbit has an inclination near 90 degrees. This allows the satellite to see virtually
every part of Earth as the Earth rotates underneath it.
- Pass over the Earths polar region from north to south. The orbital track of the
satellites does not have to cross the poles exactly for an orbit to be called polar
- These satellites have many uses such as measuring ozone concentrations in the
stratosphere or measuring temperatures in the atmosphere.

Equatorial orbit (or non sun synchronous)

- Tropics, mid altitudes, or high altitudes coverage varying sampling.
- Typical altitudes: 200-2000 km
- Example: TRMM, ICEsat

Geostationary orbit
- A circular orbit positioned approximately 35900 km (22585 mil) above the Earths
equator and having a period of the same duration and direction as the rotation of the
Earth.
- Allow the satellites to observe almost a full hemisphere of the earth.
- These satellites are used to study large scale phenomenon such as hurricanes, or
cyclones.

Disadvantages:
1) Poor resolution because the location of satellites are far away from earth.
2) Have trouble monitoring activities near the poles.

Regional coverage, continuous sampling

Over low-middle latitudes, altitude 35000 km
Example: GOES
QUESTION 5

Definitions of ifov, fov, swath and pixel in remote sensing

IFOV (Instantaneous Field of View)

 - The angular cone of the visibility of the sensor, or the area on the Earths surface that
is seen at one particular moment of time
- Dependent on the altitude of the sensor above the ground level and the viewing angle
of sensor

FOV:

- The maximum angle of view which a sensor can effectively detect the
electromagnetic energy.

QUESTION 6

Describe the path and interactions between emr and atmosphere if using the sun as energy
source for satellite-based remote sensing.

- Before radiation used for remote sensing reaches the Earths surface it has to travel
through some distance of the Earths atmosphere. Particle and gases in the atmosphere
 can affect the incoming light and radiation. These effects are caused by the
mechanisms of scattering and absorption.

1) Scattering

- Occurs when the particles or large gas molecules present in the atmosphere interact
with and cause the electromagnetic radiation to be redirected from its original path.
How much scattering takes place depends on several factors including the wavelength
of the radiation, the abundance of particles or gases, and the distance the radiation
travels through the atmosphere. There are 3 types of scattering which take place.

a) Rayleigh scattering - occurs when particles are very small compare to the
wavelength of the radiation (emr). These could be particles such as small specks
of dust or nitrogen and oxygen molecules.

b) Mie scattering occurs when the particles are just about the same size as the
wavelength of the radiation. Dust, pollen, smoke and water vapour are common
causes of Mie scattering which tends to affect longer wavelength than those
affected by Rayleigh scattering.

c) Non-selective scattering - this occurs when the particles are much larger than
the wavelength of the radiation. Water droplets and large dust particles can cause
this type of scattering

2) Absorption

- Is the other main mechanism at work when electromagnetic radiation interacts with
the atmosphere. This phenomenon causes molecules in the atmosphere to absorb
energy at various wavelengths. Ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapour are the main
atmospheric constituents which absorb radiation.

QUESTION 7

The figure below shows the landsat-d mapping geometry. The background image is the
earth surface. A landsat track from north to south is shown on the earth surface. Scan
width, swath width, spatial resolution, the altitude of the satellite are all shown in the
figure. Answer the following questions
1. Based on the figure 1, what is the scanning configuration of the system?
- multispectral whiskbroom scanner.

2. What is the type of orbit of the satellite?

- near polar orbit

3. How many pixels each scan line has?

- 7