The majority of common bottle glass is "soda-lime glass" which is primarily composed of silica, soda

(aka soda-ash) or potash, and lime - the latter two ingredients often referred to as the
"alkalies" (Hunter 1950; Toulouse 1969; Munsey 1970). The silica (silica dioxide) typically makes up
60-80+% of the glass composition and is primarily derived from sand. The purer the sand (i.e., the
higher the silica concentration and less iron) the better, as it is the other impurities - desired or
undesired - that give glass its color. Low iron means more control over the ultimate color (Hunter 1950;
Tooley 1953).

Glass which is composed of pure silica (99.9%+) would be colorless glass. However, making glass from
pure silica is not practical or commercially viable because of the prohibitive expense of acquiring such in
its pure state and the much higher temperatures needed to properly melt. Soda (sodium dioxide) - aka
"alkali," "soda-ash," or "potash" in the trade (Trowbridge 1870; Toulouse 1969) - is added to the sand
as a "flux" to lower the melting temperature of the silica. Lime (calcium oxide) is added to the batch as
a stabilizer since simple glass made from just sand and soda ("water glass") is water soluble making it
of little use when formed into a bottle (Tooley 1953; Kendrick 1968; Jones & Sullivan 1989). Broken
glass (aka "cullet") on hand from misblown, broken or returned bottles was also often added (Toulouse
1969).

From this point in the glass producing process, the final color of the glass is a matter of both controlling
off-coloring impurities and achieving the desired color. This is done by adding certain types of
compounds to the glass batch in certain quantities. Bottles made from glass with just the basic
ingredients (sand, soda & lime) will usually be different shades of green because of the iron impurities in
the sand, though other colors can also be attained depending on many factors. So called "natural"
colors are those that result "naturally" from the basic ingredients in a glass batch (McKearin & Wilson
1978). In general, with lesser amounts of iron or less oxidation of that iron, shades of bluish to greenish
aqua are achieved. With higher amounts of iron or higher oxidation of the iron, darker greens will
usually occur (Toulouse 1969a; Jones & Sullivan 1989)).

In order to create other colors, the iron needs to be variably neutralized and appropriate colorizing
agents or compounds added to achieve the desired color. For instance, cobalt oxide added in proper
quantities to a properly prepared glass batch results in a distinctly intense blue as shown in the bottle to
the left. In fact, this color is known as "cobalt blue" in the glass manufacturing world (Scholes 1952).

Glass composition formulas were (and probably still are) closely held glassmaker secrets as the
experience of extensive trial and error experimentation in glass making was not readily shared with
others. Variations in glass color resulted from a myriad of different causes including the strata of the
sand source, the mineral in the soil of the of the trees burned to produce "potash" (an "flux" alternative
to soda), and many others known and unknown (Toulouse 1969a). Many colorizing compounds work in
different ways depending on whether the glass pot environment is oxidizing or reducing (Tooley 1953;
Kendrick 1968; Toulouse 1969).

However, discussing the simple addition of chemical additives makes any discussion of glass making
and glass coloring too simplistic. Glass chemistry is a complex science that is beyond the goals of this
website and will not be pursued here. For one who wishes to pursue this subject, Tooley's (editor & one
of the chapter authors) 1953 book "Hand Book of Glass Manufacture Volume 1 - A book of reference for
the plant executive, technologist and engineer" is recommended though possibly hard to find.

There are many types of common glass beverage container coatings available. This information has
been prepared to assist you in understanding the interaction between these coatings and pressure-
sensitive adhesives.
Virtually all glass containers used in the beverage industry have some type of anti scratch or slip
treatment added to their surface. These coating provide slip characteristics or lubricity for easy
passage through a bottling line, plus the anti-scratch capability to resist abrasion during shipping and
handling. The coatings can be either a single layer or a two-part coating where the base coating acts
like a primer. The primer aids in the adhesion of the second functional coating. This helps the
coating remain tightly affixed to the base coat so it does not easily rub off during container
processing.
The base coating or primer is called the Hot End coating. This is due to the high temperature of the glass at
the time of coating. The coating fuses to the glass at this high temperature almost like being part of the
glass itself.
The second coating is called the Cold End coating. This coating is applied at a lower temperature than a hot
end coating, but still at a temperature much too hot to handle. A cold end coating is applied after the
annealing lehr, which is a process that stabilizes the glass formation and adds strength to the glass. Without
annealing, glass containers become very brittle so this process is critical to the manufacture of
glass containers. The following information discusses the types of coatings and their application.

Amber bottler nickel, sulfur

Colorless material medyo mahirap kasi di madaling tanggalin yung impurities milk glass

Manganese decolorize the impurities