Index

abiogenic odors, 224, 226 ammonia, 26, 35, 41, 42, 51, 54, 59, 105,
absorption, 126, 147 135, 220, 267
accessibility, 97 ammonia-N, 52
acoustics, 116 loss, 51, 52, 54
actinomycetes, 30, 41, 123, 152, 206, 210 volatilization, 41, 51, 52, 54
active odor sources, 228, 268 amorphous waste, 5759
administration building, 96, 100103, anaerobiosis, 57, 61, 77, 164, 166
114, 115 Anamox, 41
advanced fluidized composting, 172 anoxic conditions, 38
aerated static pile (ASP), 17, 71 antibiotics, 34, 210
aerated windrow composting, 244, 260264 application
aeration, 1017, 5361, 6874, 8085, container-grown crops, 208, 209
166171, 242249, 267, 269271, field soils, 209
284, 326, See ventilation horticulture, 208, 209
air function ratio, 55 archaea, 38
gas displacement, 68 oligotrophic, 38
mechanized reactor, 56, 63 Archimedean screw, 82
passive, 167, 169 Ascaris suum, 190, 197
physical, 68 Aspergillus, 30, 31
static pile, 17, 56, 7072, 74, 167, 169171 Aspergillus fumigatus, 182
windrow system, 56, 61, 7079, 86, asphalt-concrete, 78, 97
167170 assimilation, 38
Agaricus, 35 ATP, 51, 53
agitated bed reactor, 171 auger, 12, 169
agitation, 18, 68, 168, 171 automatic turning system, 113, 114
stirring, 17, 68, 171 autotrophic nitrification, 41
tumbling, 68, 171
turning, 68, 77, 168, 169 Bacillus anthracis, 185
agronomic utilization, 136141 bacteria, 123, 180, 181
air classification, 87 actinobacteria, 3035, 43
amino acid form, 50 firefang period, 35

357
358 Index

bacteria (continued ) bunker, 99, 107, 109, 226, 247, 248,

Clostridia, 180 251, 270, 275, 276, 286
fungi, 26, 27, 3032, 34, 35, 38, 39,
43, 50, 54, 123, 152, 179, C/N, 31, 38, 41, 5153, 5961, 126, 155,
182, 186, 194, 204, 207 204, 328, 338, 339, 343
Listeria, 180 caliciviruses, 181
non-mycelial bacteria, 35 Campylobacter spp.,190, 195, 196
obligate anaerobic bacteria, 35 Candida albicans, 182
Salmonella spp., 180, 350 carbohydrates, 31, 63, 205
Thermus/Deinococcus group, 36 carbon and nitrogen balance, 38, 41, 51
autotrophic, 36, 41 cationic exchange capacity (CEC), 122, 124
bacteriophages, 194 cells, 84, 85, 120, 131, 217, 218
Bangalore process, 9 biocell, 84, 85
batteries, 129, 130 cellulose, 2730, 34, 38, 50, 51, 63, 207
Beccari, 10, 11 -d-glucose, 27
Beltsville approach/method, 7173, 169, 170 Beta-glucosidases, 27
Endo--1,4-Glucanases, 27
bioavailability, 131, 134
Exo--1,4-Glucanases, 27
biodegradation, 26, 31, 139, 140, 159171
mycelial structure, 30
biofilter, 71, 73, 82, 84, 85, 95, 99, 101,
myxomycetes, 30
170, 172, 220, 228, 245, 247249,
cellulose-C, 50
253255, 269, 271, 272, 287, 292,
cellulose decomposers, 207
293, 295
Streptomyces aureofaciens, 207
biogenic odors, 224, 226
Trichoderma viride, 207
biological
channel/tunnel composting, 242, 257, 258
fertility, 120, 123, 137, 152, 349
channels/trenches, 8184
organic matter, stabilization of, 127129
chemical fertility, 122, 123
soil treatment
chickens, 193
ex situ, 140 chimney effect, 169
in situ, 140 chitin, 30, 31, 50, 51
bioreactors, 79, 80 Circoviruses, 191
horizontal, 79 Clostridia, 30, 41, 180, 195, 196
cells, 79 comminution, 242
channels, 79 community-level physiological profiling
containers, 80 (CLPP), 44, 209
tunnels, 80 complexes, 34, 124126, 131
vertical, 79 compost
bioremediation, 135, 136, 140, 141, active stage, 60, 78, 79, 164, 168
159173, 331 applications, 136139
bio-stabilizer, 15 characteristics, 343
biotunnels, 85 compost stage, 60, 69
black area, 114 incubation, 44, 63, 164, 211
Bordas, 11 limitations, 332, 333, 336
box, 113, 114, 241, 242, 255258, 276, 296 maturation stage, 60, 69, 164, 206
box/container composting, 241, 242, 255257 maturity, 41, 205
buffer, 50, 54 quality, 42, 119, 126129, 202, 205, 328,
bulk density, 122, 328330 351, 352
bulking agent, 57, 58, 7173, 135, 136, 170 stability, 41, 205
 Index 359

compost quality, 126129 corrosion, 104107, 114

composting COST 68, 19
benefits, 4 curing, 60, 70, 71, 80, 164, 205
history, 719 Cytophaga, 30, 31
role of, 3, 4
Composting Corporation of America, 17 Dano process, 13
composting in stacked bricks, 245 Darwin, Charles, 152
composting process, 2638, 56, 57, 60, 61, decomposition drum, 242, 244, 259, 260
67, 164 degree of stability, 56, 6163, 327
aesthetic changes, 59 delivery/bunker, 247
cooling phase, 34 denitrification, 41
indicators, 60, 61 de-stoning, 87
odor/appearance, 60 Dewar vessel/flask, 43, 62
temperature, 60 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),
texture, 60 127129
volatile solids, 60 diffuse sources, 247
molecular/chemical changes, 60 digestion, 10, 54, 152
dimensioning sheets, 272280, 301324
microorganisms, 34
direct process validation, 192, 193
archaea, 38
disease suppression, 202204, 210, 211
temperature, 5860
disease-suppressive compost, 202207, 209212
tunnel, 80, 85, 108, 109, 113, 114, 242,
disease-suppressive microorganisms, 207
257, 258, 295
dispersion, 139, 228230, 233235
composting systems, 6770
dispersion calculation, 228, 232, 234236, 285
in-vessel, 79
DNA analysis, 34, 45
windrow systems, 70
dust, 91, 94, 95, 110, 222, 267, 268
aerated, 244, 260264
dynamic sampling, 222
box, 113, 114, 241, 242, 255258,
276281, 296 Earp-Thomas digester, 12
channel, 7984, 242, 257, 258, 278 earthworm castings, 152154, 156
container, 80, 85, 113, 203, 241, 242, ecological architecture/aspects, 116, 117
255258, 276281, 296 eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS),
discontinuous, 31 350, 351
forced air, 38, 70, 244 Egsetor, 15
stationary, 70 Eisenia foetida, 154, 156
turned, 70, 74, 78, 79 emission, 81, 91, 116, 135, 168, 170, 172,
unaerated, 245, 246, 264266 215296
composting technology, 159, 216, 283 enclosed static pile reactor, 171
concrete, 17, 80, 85, 97, 99, 107109, 112, end product monitoring, 193
115, 280 advantages, 193
condensate, 105, 106, 111, 114, 222 disadvantages, 193
conduction, 53 Enterococcus faecalis, 190, 191
congestion, 94 environmental factors, 53, 55
container, 85, 113 limiting factor, 53
contaminants, 130, 134136, 139141, moisture content, 5658
168, 190, 191, 195, 326328, temperature, 53, 54
333, 343 enzymatic cleavage, 27
controlled microbial composting (CMC), 204 beta-glucosidases, 27
360 Index

enzymatic cleavage (continued ) growing medium

endo--1,4-glucanases, 27 greenhouse, 137, 138
exo--1,4-glucanases, 27 nursery, 137, 138
enzymatic hydrolysis, 126 growth regulators, 152
enzyme activity tests, 44, 45
evaporative cooling, 53, 57, 96
exhaust air purification, 260, 268272, Hardy digester, 12
283287, 292295 heat evolution, 43
exothermic process, 26, 53 Dewar flasks/vessels, 43, 62
expected additional load (IZ), 230, 232, 233 heavy metals, 124134, 146150, 331
exposure, 120, 184186 hedonic tone, 218, 223, See odor quality
extended aerated pile, 73 hemicelluloses, 30
extensive green roof, 102, 103, 110 amylase, 30
extractability, 134, 146 amylopectine, 30
bagasse, 30
faades, 111113 hexoses, 30
False Turkey Tail, 27 hydrolysis, 30
fat solubility, 218 pectin, 30
Federal Compost Quality Organization, 352 pectinase, 30
fine preparation, 247 pentoses, 30
fire brigade, 99, 100, 115 phosphorylases, 30
fire prevention, 115 starch, 30
fire protection, 106 straw, 30
flame ionization detector (FID), 219, xylan, 30
220, 228 xylanases, 30
Flavobacterium, 31 hepatitis A, 181
flooring, 107109 heterotrophic microorganisms, 126
composting tunnels, 108 heterotrophic nitrification, 41
delivery area, 107
high rate, 53, 57, 69, 76, 132
processing building, 107
horizontal reactors, 8085
fluorescein diacetate (FDA), 206
Howard, Sir Albert, 8
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), 181
humic-like acids (HA), 128
forced aeration, 53, 68, 169
humification, 26, 38, 155157
Frazer process, 12
index (HI), 127, 128
fresh material preparation, 247
fulvic-like acids (FA), 128 rate (HR), 127, 128
fungi, 2632, 34, 35, 38, 39, 43, 50, 54, hydraulic conductivity, 122
123, 152, 179, 182, 186, 194, hydraulic piston, 85
201, 204, 207 hydrocarbons, 135, 136, 139141, 162, 163,
Fusarium oxysporum, 207, 209 172, 173
chlorinated, 136, 173
gas transport, 229 non-chlorinated, 136
Gauss models, 228 hydrogen ion level (pH), 54
generally valid process steps, 248255 acidification phase, 54
genius loci, 113 lime, 54, 61, 197
German Biowaste Ordinance, 186, 196 Hydrogenobacter, 36
greenhouse, 96, 137, 138, 147, 156, hydrolysis, 30, 125, 126, 206, 210
345348 hygienization, 34, 184194, 242
 Index 361

immission, 217, 223, 224, 227238, 268272, limonia,225

280296 Listeria, 180, 195, 196
inclined reactor, 80, 86, See rotating drum longitudinal channels, 84
incubation, 63, 164, 211
indicator organisms, 193, 195, 197, 336, 349 macronutrients, 5053
indicators, 194198 magnetic separation, 13, 251
parameters, 195 manifold, 73, 80
requirements, 195 manual separation, 251
Indore process, 9 market analysis, 339, 340
inoculum, 12, 161, 172 marketing plan, 344
insect larvae, 34, 78, 195 markets for compost, 326332
integrated waste management, 2 maturation, 43, 70, 84, 127, 164, 247
intensity, 56, 60, 79, 116, 126, 166, 218223, maturation phase, 34, 60, 69, 205, 206, 224,
229, 230, 232, 242, 268, 269, 272, 226, 227
286, 292, 296 maturity determination analyses, 4145
in-vessel, 70, 167, 185, 248 community level physiological profiling
in-vessel bioreactors, 80 (CLPP), 44, 209
dynamic, 80 enzyme activity test, 44
static, 80 germination tests, 42
systems, 79, 170, 171 heat evolution, 43
in-vessel systems, 79, 87, 170172
maturity, 41
bioreactors, 79
microorganisms, isolation of, 42, 43
cells, 79
phytotoxicity, 42
channels, 79
plant growth, 42
containers, 80
prerequisites, 42
dynamic, 80
respiration, 43, 44
horizontal, 79
stability, 41
inclined, 80
maturity index, 43
static, 80
mechanical turning, 57, 75, 76, 78, 81, 167
tunnels, 80
mesophilic, 26, 30, 32, 34, 41, 42, 205,
vertical, 79
224, 226
isoelectric focusing (IEF), 127, 128
metabolic pathways, 38
Kjeldahl method, 52 humification, 38
Knights Templar, 8 mineralization, 38
Knossos, Crete, 7 partial degradation, 38
metro waste conversion system, 17
lag period, 59 micronutrients, 50
Langmuir mineralization, 38, 41
equation, 133 mixing, 250
parameters, 134 moisture content, 56, 327
lateral movement channels, 84 permissible, 57, 58, 162
lighting, 116 moving floor, 85
lignin, 27 murein, 30
decomposition, 27
fungi, 27 N-acetylglucosamine, 30, 31
white-rot fungi, 27 n-butanol, 237
limiting factor, 53, 56 natural attenuation, 139, 140
362 Index

negative pressure, 55, 81, 82, 85, 169, 260, odorant

263, 269271, 293 concentration, 222, 223
nematodes, 184, 209 flow rate, 235
nitrification, 38 olfactometer, 222, 223, 228, 236, 237, 239
nitrogen fixation, 41 olfactometry, 221
nitrogenase, 41 olfactory
noise, 85, 91, 94, 99, 100, 116, 227 cells, 217, 218
North Carolina Agricultural Experiment epithelium, 217
Station, 9 sense, 61
NPK content, 42, 328, 330, 339, 340, strength, 219
342, 343 oligosaccharides, 34
nursery, 136138, 156, 326, 331, 332, 339, open bay system, 113
341, 345348 open field amendment, 136138
organic contaminants, 134
odor, 10, 11, 13, 51, 5961, 71, 72, 74, oxygen uptake, 55, 56, 62, 63
7779, 94, 96, 113, 114, 166,
170, 215296, 326, 327, 343 parasites, 182184
characteristics, 221 Ascaris, 182
definition, 216 Cryptosporidium parvum, 182
emissions, 215296 partial degradation, 38
flow rates, 227237 particle size, 8, 38, 49, 59, 74, 75, 78, 138,
frequencies, 236 162, 166, 170, 184, 185, 295,
generation, 224227 326, 327, 343
immission, 227, 230, 280295 passive aeration, 167, 169
determination, 231 passive odor sources, 268
intensity, 223 pasteurization, 336
measurement, 216, 219224 pathogens, 178, 336
perception, 216, 217, 218 peat, 137, 203, 207, 271
quality, 223, 224, See hedonic tone peat moss, 332
quality assurance (QA), 222, 241 peptide, 50
sensation, 216218, 220222 perlite, 138, 332
sensitivity, 217219, 232 permeability, 122, 327
sources, 216 phases
active, 228, 268 maturation, 226
defined, 228 mesophilic, 224, 226
diffuse, 228 self-heating, 226
passive, 228, 268 thermophilic, 226
substances, 225 phthalates, 160
load, 233 physical fertility, 122
threshold, 218, 219, 221224, 226, 230, phytohygienic risks, 178, 197
232, 235, 237, 239 phytohygienic safety, 197
odor measurement methods, 219 Phytophthora cinnamomi, 203, 206
chemical-physical, 219 phytotoxicity, 26, 42, 129136, 138, 209
capillary gas-chromatography Plasmodiophora brassicae, 182
method, 219 plume inspection, 233, 234
wet-chemical methods, 219 polarity, 218
flame ionization detector (FID), 219 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 171, 333,
sensory, 219 343, 351
 Index 363

polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 34, 205, refining, 160, 253, 284, 286, 295
209211 regrowth prevention, 194
pond, 100102, 115 respiration, 38, 43, 44, 55, 59, 126, 138,
pore space, 137, 138, 170 206, 210
porosity, 72, 122, 135, 138, 141, 162, 167, Solvita test, 44
170, 173, 327 respiration index (RI), 127
post-processing, 67, 87 Rhizoctonia, 206, 209
potential fungal antagonists, 207 roof, 109111
Acremonium, 207 rotating drum, 86, See inclined reactor
Chaetomium, 207 rotaviruses, 181, 195, 197
Gliocladium, 207 rototiller, 77
Trichoderma, 207 rDNA, 35
Verticillium biguttatum, 207 rRNA, 34, 35
Zygorrhynus sp., 207 rubble shadow (Trmmerschatten), 115
potential markets, 328331
precipitation/adsorption reactions, 126 salinity, 137, 138
pre-processing, 67 Salmonella, 180, 190, 193197, 350
primary decomposers, 32 Salmonella senftenberg, 186, 190, 191, 349
product quality sampling techniques
color, 327 dynamic, 222
consistency, 326 static, 222
contaminants, 327 saprophytic microorganisms, 123
importance, 326, 327 screening, 12, 71, 73, 87, 241, 250, 253, 266
prophylactic, 227 seagulls, 193, 194
proportionality factor, 235 self-heating, 31, 34, 43, 63, 205, 224, 226, 286
proteinaceous, 50 self-heating capacity, 62
proteins, 32, 34, 59 sense of smell, 216218, 222, 239
protoplasm, 51 silo reactor, 171
Pseudomonas, 30, 31, 36, 41, 43 silo-type digester, 13
Pseudomonas fluorescens, 160 single strand conformation polymorphism
psychrotolerant, 33 (SSCP), 35
purification efficiency, 283, 287, 293 sites
Pythium, 209 centralized, 94, 95
P. graminicola, 206 decentralized, 94, 95
P. ultimum, 206, 207 siting, 94
size reduction, 15, 67, 80, 86, 87, 95, 241
quality assurance (QA), 241, 343 soil
field inspection, 238 amendment, 7, 17, 103, 120, 126, 136138,
quality certification and assurance, 350352 152, 207, 326, 327, 331, 332,
quality certification and labeling, 348, 349 339, 343
queuing area, 97 conditioner, 27, 121, 180, 331
fertility, 8, 95, 120141, 152, 153, 326
RAL, 352, 353 reclamation, 139141
Ralstonia solanacearum, 211 structure, 122, 153, 201, 209
reactor, 51, 5456, 58, 59, 63, 69, 70, 7986, solubility, 123, 124, 126, 131, 148150, 218
113, 114, 154, 171, 172, 185, 191, stability, 41, 56, 6063, 70, 75, 76, 120, 122,
242, 246, 257, 258, 295 124, 127, 137, 166, 205, 327, 328
redox potential, 62, 125, 126 starch, 30, 34, 51, 59, 63
364 Index

starch degradation enzymes turned windrow system

-amylase, 30 arrangement, 75, 76
amylo-1,6-glucosidase, 30 economics, 78
phosphorylases, 30 limitations, 78, 79
starch test, 62, 63 piles construction, 75
static site preparation, 78
pile, 70, 71 turning
sampling, 222 equipment, 77, 78
system, 71 frequency, 76, 77
storage, 247 methods, 76
storage area, 99, 100, 107, 114, 253, 284, 286
sugar, 32, 34, 39, 51, 59, 63, 205 unaerated windrow composting, 245, 264266
suppression, 201212 unpleasant odors, 94, 96, 327, 343
suppressive compost, 202211
sustainable agriculture, 121123 VAM, 16
sustainable market, 342343 vectors, 182, 193, 194
system selection guidelines, 69, 70 vegetal soil, 152
ventilation, See aeration
tailored compost, 204
Verdier process, 11
temperature
vermicompost/vermicomposting, 32, 152157
final drop, 62, 164, 165
vertical reactors, 80
rise and fall, 58, 60, 62, 164
viruses, 180182
terpene, 225
Vitruvius, 90
thermal techniques, 128, 129
volatile matter, 60
THERMIE Program, 19
volatility, 218, 239
thermogravimetry (TG), 127129
thermophilic, 13, 15, 26, 30, 3235, 3841,
51, 53, 113, 114, 136, 163, 172, waste smell, 224
180, 186, 191, 196, 205, 207, wastewater, 107, 218
208, 224, 226, 349 water-holding capacity, 56, 122, 137, 328, 340
thermophilic organisms, 32, 33, 42 water potential, 38
total odor load, 233, 271 water solubility, 218
tower composting, 245, 246, 267 WeberFechner coefficient, 219
toxic substances, 333, 336 weed seeds, 34, 181, 327, 350
trace metals, 131 white area, 114
traffic, 94, 96, 97, 99, 100, 116, 230, 254, Wijster, 16
286, 292 windrow systems, 56, 61, 7079, 167
Trametes versicolor, 27, See Turkey Tail forced air, 70, 169
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies static pile, 7074
(TSE), 185 turned, 70, 7479
transmission, 105, 180182, 185, 193195, 217
Trichoderma, 206 xenobiotic compounds, 135
T. hamatum, 207, 382
tunnel reactor, 171 Yersinia, 195, 196
tunnels, 85, 108
Turkey Tail, 27, See Trametes versicolor zoonotic organisms, 336