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 :   t| e% 1 :] = 1000 4E| p 4E  12000 " !-, o 1 " !- = 360 ", ag
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 >n  %n| B (-E7E  tt    %n| 1    (10 | 11) 1 B s} , %  kB %: |
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50.6 E "2  k  g% 360 !-  12 -  k Y|  E   a 1  ep 60000 Y :: 12 -  k n|
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  "  a7E - S  % 4 i#-B" v %  Bu1v sE- :  _sT-n-47 2- e!  , 4 |
 % __" g 2- sE- : 7 Eg , v u1g !^ 7  !-! (4 b h, 18/3/7) B" v u1v 1E- : 
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N k n < t  47 n   MY, 1 1p!k  kt| e% p kt (13 20)  ? E  100 !-    | 5 M
0

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 E Me  ! 4E ( i:  100 !-? 4E %Y| 19x 5 + 5 = 100 !- |e%  #nd 2- kt  # :4Y|
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(E) 120 $-g%  7 "( #k :  !  120 !-  % e|
(3) $ 6
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-  % 4 i#| bh U   (1/2/29/19)  26,000 !-  4E o 1%   (1/2/9/36-37)    71 E 
>n  % 4 i#| ep 1 4E = 360 !-
! 7( 1%s  !-    !   | !-  7 4E7 j47.. (bh U  , 1/2/29/19)
1D1p 4E7 >n% # (bh U  ,1/ 2/9/36,37)
71 x 360 = 25, 560  p g 26,000 !-|
(4) 9s 6
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 "U 1000 !-  -n %, 1% 1000 !-  1t| (F  3000 !-  k "  S     g 1m "
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t? !- 1%s    ! p g | t7("C    g 1p!k tg |
(bh U  , 1/2/29/16,  4
 , 57/17)
1p7( 4-n < ts kt U: | 1p!-4s n 4- 4 (7 (9 |
(bh U  , 2/3/74/231,  4  , 99/419)
ep, 2700 " !- = 2700 x 365.25 " | 3030   ! #!- = 3030x 327 "| u 1 |
(E)  dn  2850 !-  E, 4 % 19 !-? E
 150 E |
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a 1  9844 i1 2-  S-p: %i: | BT a   a 1  10,000 i1 2-  p g 1000 !-  i7 S-pS
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(6) a 6
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a 1  % e| e% ut? E : T-  % % e| ut? T) 4S 12 -  ? "(  Y o 1% 1  " 12 - n c
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? "(  Y, "S %-4E %Y| e% 1923 O.  : 7  (Milancovich) 1d n a 1  " c #k
(100000 !-) o ? E  T)-#k (26000 !-)   21600 !-  %Y-
1/26000 + 1/100000 = 1/21600
n n c o T) E s  %Y  e%  s  24000 !- #k  % e| e% bhEp  b h-s M-1d n,  C  (60-61)
o  s # - -2  1d n-( , 2-C (7-8) a 1  Y?-17s   #k 4 % BE  : p  B1#| #k  p=  E
12000 !-  a1k? E| ep 4, 3, 2, 1  E  1, t , d , S e% k  B1n| 12000 !-  d? aT-  E 
? k   E B1n|
(7)  6
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3, 2, 1  E  1, t , d , S 4E B1Y| e%  3 a=--(1) 12 - =  #k 12 - p  1000  1  -n| e%  (
 -n g%  7 174k #k 43,20,000 !-  % e ( s # --2  YE t)| (2) <? k  nd  #k| (3)
#>? T)  "( t-| e% 2 M #k p= #k u % -|
4. 6
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a | e% p  5 M E d  "  T-  % e-,  , kt,  E, | ag  ?  S-E  7# 7E  %n| 5
p   4E  " T-   a  -(1) ",  1, !-  a p    ! | (2) 12 ,- <?, #nd E  1S 1>n
 %7 o e 7 "?|-<t? k  1M? E   1 C B  -n  %7| (3) g% k  nd , <? ak   ,
n c  "( B"  "?|- : t- % e| (4) "?|- S t-  a    a(d| (5) 1d 7E  |!-   <?
 |2
- -E  4 u#, o 3000 i1 2-  E  28-64 |  -n 2: % e| 5 p   E d  a(d  "2   %Y|
-   !? 4E S  Bm 17-2-3102 i( 2,- ujD   t  %i: | e% % 1 4E  a1k? k  S
Bm|  2-  1, t , d    : 4800 + 3600 + 2400 = 10800 !- : , a=- Q13902i1 2- p  t- 
 E#k Bm %: | a1k? S  1200 !-  (1902 i1 2)- utk? : (1200 !-) d  (2400 !-) 1: |
eY t # : #, o  1 E
B1Y| 13902 i1 2-  -  4E < ? a6,  2-  24-24000 !-  2 M #k :
4 % 61902 i1 2-  Bm %: |
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p , o S 51,102 p  49902 i1 2-  -n| BT 2E- ( st  a   a 1  69200 i1 2- (2-  :  utk?
t ) %-4E o e% t  58100 i1 2-  S-pS %i: | e% 4E        E  % 4 i#| 7
"?  = # :M ( st?  "- S-- (inF, 1925) a 1  Dt ? 17% B"   12k e%  S | e% #  (<?
ak   ) a 1  E |
(E) ut? k-: 49102, d  48702 , t 46302 , o 1 4E 42702 i1 2-  Bm %i 37902
 -n # :: | e% t  31200 i1 2-  %-4E %i: |
(2) J  sm 6
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%: | e% t  31200 i1 2-  S-pS %i: | e% 4E  1 , %  , < pn o  !- 4 p   E :,
t-   S  b h, kt , D(, (2d  |   p= d   29102 i1 2-  1   7  s m  %:|
  B" t   % 4 i#, % 6 2-  1: | S-pS  Bm %Y      %-   %n| s m  p=
 ! bh :| 1 1Y 2- j   17# o  N  "  -  :| %  , ( n -, a 356 a 1  7 M  !
bh %i:|
(E) ut? k-: 25102, d  24702, t 22302, o 1 4E 18702  Bm %i 13902 i1 2-  1: |
s m   pFt #kt-?  T) %i:|  7 "% n  t-  T)   (Polaris) "(  <?  ut T) : |
1 S 27376 i1 2-  T) 17t  Bm %: | e%  t  % 4E 20000 i1 2-  %: | %4E
1:  19276 i1 2-  p= T) 17t 1: |   kF-d? (ut a )    :  a1   ptt 
:, ag  u kF-17t   % 4 i#|
(3) t$ Ns 6
-() a? k-1 4E 13902, t 9102, d  5502, o S 3102 i1 2-  Bm %i
1902  1: | " !- NU a 1  13102  Ds    S Bm %: | 1  S  B #Dt  1 p  !- Bm
%u# 4S 12 -  ! 17k n % e| 11176 i1 2-  d? T) #k 1:  p g 9500 i1 2-  t 4E
 S-p: %i: |   s n 12 -- 1d n  17( T  a1 d  9233 i1 2-  %: 4S ! "?
( 1 :| 1 s m  1"< ( 1   Bam Y    m   7(| < ? T)  p= 1p!k #k 8476
 2- %: ,  %  100 !- 2- 8576 i1 2-  ik>   ( 1 Bm %i: | d? 1p!k #k 5776  1: | < ?
1p!k #k  T)-#k 3076 i1 2-  2- %: , 1S  C  "% n %: o (?  :F !- Bm %: |
E  < 7 "% n  e% S 3102 i1 2-  Bm %i: |  %  36 !- 2- 16-10-3139 i1 2- 
%   4d Bm %: ,  %  68 "  22-12-3139 i1 2-  | (J a^?  u  Bm  ?!  %
"% E :|  %  5 " 2- 4C  a! o 4C-(  Bm %: (17-12-3139 i1 2)- | E  < 7
"% n (17-2-3102 i1 2)-  6  1 11 "  ?k  a! 22-8-3102 i1 2-  %:, 1 " E !-
Bm %: o 4C a"  i7 E:, ag 1 " p  4C- " -( Bm %: | 25 !-  4C  "% n
%:  :F !- Bm %: | a1k? k 1Y  3 !- 2- 11-3-1905 i1 2-  E  % ?7  %: |
(E) ut? k- S 1902 p  702 i1 2-  -n, d  1699 i1?  -n %: |   3600 !-  t # : #
4 %  1n  S 300 !- 1999  2- %: | t 4E 4999  1Y  4800 !-  1 4E # :Y| d  Bm 
6  : 2-  (2d ak  756 i1 2-  4 ag7(?   7 17| BY2 -  %: - , p% , # % ,
# : | e   a1 (a1? ) Bk  p  : o 612 i1 2-  "l?  # %  d  a1?  T ?   2-
i71 %: -e% Y iY:    s   k
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612 i1 2-  a1  (  ( Bm %: 4 %  p E  %% d  %i# (Y< %t7% , 13/3)| d  4E  :k
%: "  ud , e% 509-477 i1 2-  (7 # - d  %: |   ? %!- d  456 i1 2-  ( Bm  "l?
  -i %: 4 %  E s? % :1 sm :# o  1% a=-   Y-?  %:| (d p  ?%!-  -n  S 
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1  327 i1 2-  Ep- S Bm %: |  57 i1 2-  uj ?     k " d  k 17
Bm %: ,  7  S (82 i1 2- p  19 i1?  -n)   , nt, B -" B" gn  7  1m " %: |  7
"% n    u # "k "(? Bk %: , 1 7 k "  Ft ( : % 78 i1?      
( Bm :|  248 i1?  :#  o 319 i1?  :? 7E ( Bm %: | t E  :k a6 j    1,
 %  1n  S  ao E k n %: o   eY 12# -4E # : #|
5. 6
EO-bh U   (1/2/6/6-8)  -  :] (24000 !-  bh b)   %-:]  % 4 i#| 4E NU  E e% :]
 O7| 28  1  7 12#?  p 4E NU  -  % 4 #|
1 - = 360 !- (C  3600   , -- S), 1 t = 3600 !- = 10 - 4E|
t  Bm 22,302 o 9102 i1 2-  %i: | pt 4E  10+ 10= 20 - %Y| d? t 5502 i1 2- 
1:      S  - e% 4E-NU  E %: | B1  Y: < ? t  :| 4E s Ds  p 
13902 i1 2-  Bm, n Y:  7 2-  :, ag 10 M 4E NU (3600 !- )  7 2-  E 4Y,
a=- Q13902 + 3600 = 17502 i1 2|- 1 10 4E  a1  7 p2t : | ag Y:   S %: 2 t 
17502-2x 360 = 16,822 p  16462 i1 2|-  7  S  %  tk a1  7   :| 1 S
ut? T) a kt p  "2  # S 4 i: o T kt  ( -  p( p  !-  Bm %: -p g 16000 i1 2- 
(%  , u" E - 230/8-10)| 1S 1% a !-  Bm %u: ,  17t  !- % :|
"t t "( t  :| e% t 10000 i1 2-  S-pS   Bm  S-9102 i1 2|-
 n  15( t  :| e% 9102-4 x 360 = 7662 i1 2- p  360 !-  7302 i1 2-  -n|  7 p  18
!   Y % %i: 4 4 Bk  % %: (bh U   2/3/63/119-120)| E s, 1 :,ea
B" g? :N   e%  6177 i1 2- apD:  1   11  Bk :cn|
(  19( t  :| e% 5502+2 x 360 = 6222 i1 2- p  360 !- # S: |  7 "% n  6177 i1
2-  :> ( l) 1> Bm %: , 4 % B  S  p#S|  7  S  120 !- p nt : (E s) 4 %
 21 = kt  7  (  % 4 i#| sS 1 v 30 !-  Y, ag  7  6177+120+30 = 6227 i1
2-  %Y| 1 ( a  2  % :1)  11 (6777 i1 2-) p  15 !  :, e% E  1 550
!-  an B1#|
  24 t  :, e% 5502+3 360= 4422 i1 2-  Bm|  :?     - S? g%-s a 1 ,  7
 11-2-4433 i1 2-  %i: ,  7 11 !-  1  24( t  Bm|
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