2010 International Conference on Power System Technology

Optimum Operation Scheduling Model of

Domestic Electric Appliances for Balancing
Power Supply and Demand
Takashi lkegami, Yumiko lwafune and Kazuhiko Ogimoto

In this study, we propose the Home Energy Management

Abstract--High penetration of variable renewable generations System (HEMS) which realizes the activation of power
such as Photovoltaic (PV) systems will cause the issue of supply demand to control the supply-demand balance and
demand imbalance in a whole power system. Activation of
collaborates with centralized energy management such as the
residential power usage, storage and generation by sophisticated
optimum load dispatching in the whole power system. Under
scheduling and control using the Home Energy Management
System (HEMS) will be needed to balance power supply and the proposed scheme, in order to evaluate the applicability of
demand in the near future. In order to evaluate the applicability the HEMS as a distributed controller for local and system
of the HEMS as a distributed controller for local and system wide supply-demand balance, we developed an optimum
wide supply and demand balances, we developed an optimum operation scheduling model of domestic electric appliances
operation scheduling model of domestic electric appliances using
using mixed integer linear programming (MILP). In this
mixed integer linear programming. Applying this model to one
house with dynamic electricity prices reflecting the power
paper, the details of the model and its calculation results are
balance of the total power system, it was found that the described.
adequate changes in electricity prices bring about the shift of
residential power usages to control the amount of the reverse II. STUDY OUTLINE AND PROCEDURE
power flow due to excess PV generation.
A. Centralized and Decentralized Energy Management
Index Terms--Distributed control, Energy management, Heat
In this study, we assumed the system for balancing supply
pumps, Linear programming, Photovoltaic power systems,
Power demand, Solar heating, Water heating
and demand where centralized energy management treating a
whole power system and decentralized energy management
I. INTRODUCTION treating one building or community operate harmoniously
(see Fig.I).
L ow-carbon energy supply systems have become essential
to realize the sustainable society. High penetration of
renewable energy generation,especially photovoltaics (PV), is
expected all over the world [1]. In Japan, the aggressive target
of installed capacity of PV system, 28GW in 2020, 53GW in
2030, was announced [21. However, the PV generation has the
characteristics of the seasonal and hourly variation as well as
the irregular fluctuation caused by the change of weather.
Therefore, we have to solve various technical problems, such
as voltage rise in local distribution system and difficulty of
the supply-demand balance control or frequency change in a
whole system, to maintain stable power supply at the present
level [31.
It is imperative for achieving a supply-demand balance in
the future power system that we apply not only the pumped
storage power generation or the large-scale battery on the Fig.l. Harmonization of Centralized and Decentralized Energy
supply side but also the activation of residential power usage, Management System

storage and generation on the demand side.

The centralized energy management by electric utility
This work was supported by the Global Environment Research Fund (E- predicts the amount of PV generation and electricity demand
0903) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan (MOEJ). in the dispatch area with consideration of smoothing effects [4
The authors are with the Institute of Industrial Science, the University of
61 and calculates the optimum load dispatch for the power
Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (e-mail: ikegami@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp).
978-1-4244-5940-7/1O/$26.002010 IEEE
 2

plants. If their own power plants could not have sufficient III. OPTIMUM OPERATION SCHEDULING MODEL
capability of balancing supply and demand, the utility sends
some incentive information such as changing electricity A. Domestic Appliances, Equipments and Energy Flow

prices to control the home electricity demand in advance. We developed an optimum operation scheduling model of
On the other hand, the decentralized energy management domestic electric appliances for balancing supply and demand
calculates the most economical operation schedule of balance in total power system. This model used MILP to
domestic electric appliances by using energy demand and PV minimize the home electric bill. With the time resolution of
generation forecasting and electricity prices sent from the one hour, our model includes the domestic appliances,
utility. equipments and energy flow shown in Fig.2.
The change of electricity prices brings new electricity
demand patterns in an individual house and eventually in a
HHT tf .tHO
whole area. Therefore, the electric utility needs to predict the PholDvoltaics(S) .
'
Hot Water ".
new total electricity demand pattern to determine the
ESH

ESB

'

adequate electricity prices.
We assumed the above system that the local optimization . ,,
:;PUmp(H) GH HoWater-
in a house or a office building and the comprehensive
optimization in a whole area control the power balance
Demand(D)
Battery(B) Power Grid(G)
harmoniously. In this study, we developed the optimum
operation scheduling model of domestic electric appliances
for decentralized energy management.
Demand(D
EBO EG O --H 8:tricity Row
. ..... Thermal Flow
B. Method ofApplying Our Model
Ericity )
We would like to know the extent of adjustable potential of Fig.2. Domestic Appliances, Equipments and Energy Flow

operating schedules of the domestic appliances by changing

electricity prices and the extent of price incentives we need to
activate residential electricity demands.
In this paper, we analyzed the changes of the amount of
sold electricity and maximum reverse power flow by changing
electricity prices. In terms of keeping a comfortable living
space,target appliances for controlling the operation schedule
were a heat pump water heater (HPWH), a battery, and a hot
water storage tank.
Calculation target period is 2 weeks, 336 hours in each
season,and we used the measured data on 1-14 May 2003, on
1-14 Aug 2003,on 1-14 Jan 2004.
Three analyses of different electricity prices and target
appliances were run as follows.
(A) Operation of the HPWH with current electricity prices
First, we optimized the HPWH operation in the current
system. Recently, the PV systems and the HPWHs have been
becoming popular and widely used, but batteries have not yet
as a domestic appliance. Here, only the operation of the
HPWH was optimized with current electricity prices. And the
effects of forecasting the hot water demand were analyzed.
(8) Operation of the HPWH with changing electricity prices
Next, we optimized the operation of only the HPWH with
changing electricity prices without batteries. The effects of
the changing electricity prices were analyzed by comparing
with the results of (A).
(C) Operation of the battery with changing electricity prices
Lastly, to analyze the effects of the battery, we optimized
the operation of the HPWH and the battery with changing
electricity prices and compared with the results of (8).
B. Formulations using Mixed Integer Linear Programs
Here, we describe an objective function and constraints in
our MILP model. As the input data,we used the hourly values
of electricity and hot water demand, PV generation, air
temperature, feed-water temperature and electricity prices,
and the performance data of appliances and equipments.
Objective Function
minimize: Ltpr q . (EG +EGHt +EG4 )
-L tprst .(ESq +EBq ) ................ (1)
Subject To
ES +ES +ES4 +ESq = gpVt ......................... (2)
ES4 +EB4 +EG4 =dm ................................... (3)
HTDt dmf+ ............................................................ (4)
=
EG +EGHt +EG4 cpg;o ................................. (5)
ES +E G cpb;o ................................................(6)
EBHt +EB4 +EBq cpb;o .................................. (7)
0.2 cpben STEtcpben .......................................... (8)
(
STEt -STEt_1 = l -ls b . ES +EG )( )
( )(
-l/ l-ls b . EBHt +EB4 +EBq ............ (9) )
0.0 1667cpf+o OPltHHI;cph;o OPlt ............. (10)
OPlt -OPft-l = OPNt -OPF; ................................(11)
OP OPlt .......................................................... (12)
OPF;l -OPft ...................................................... (13)
HHI; -HHI;_l = OHUt -OH4 ........................... (14)
OHUt cph;o OPft .............................................. (15)
 3

OH4 cPo OPF( .............................................. (16)

= consumption assuming the gas water heater efficiency of 80%.
OHUt +OHUr-l ?cPo OPNr-l .......................... (17) To analyze seasonal difference, we used the data for 14 days
in May 2003 (spring), Aug 2003 (summer), and Jan 2004
HH/fr =0.05cp o OPNr ..................................... (18)
(winter) (see Table I).
0.1cptenSTEt cpten ......................................... (19)
STHt -(I-1st) . STHt_1 = HHT( -HTDt.................. (20) TABLE!
SEASONAL ENERGY DEMAND IN 2 WEEKS
STHt_1 ? HTDt ..................................................... (21)
3.6COPt .(ES/fr +EB/fr +EG/fr - xhp .OPIr) Season
Spring
(MAY 2003)
Swnmer
(AUG 2003)
Wmler
(JAN 2004)
= HHT( +HH/fr ...................................... (22) Eelectricity Demand [kWh] 148 192 SOl

STEhr ............................................ . ........... (23)

Hot Water Demand [MI] 335 130 468
STEo =

STH o = STHhr ....................................................... (24) For PV generation data, we used the data of target days in
HHTo = HH'Ihr ...................................................... (25) Tokyo estimated based on the observations of solar radiation
O PIo = OPIhr ........................................................ (26) by Japan Meteorological Agency [8].
OHUo = OHUhr .................................................... (27) We assumed the house with a 3 kW PV system and a 6
kWh battery with the charge and discharge capacity of 1.5
OPNo = OPNhr ...................................................... (28)
kW, the loss of 15%, and the operation between 20 and 80%
(t = 1,2, ... , hr) (All variables are? 0)
of the storage capacity.
Exogenous Variables As for a HPWH,we set the thermal output of 3 kW and the
prb : power buying price [/kWh], electricity consumption of its auxiliaries of 13W. And the
prs : power selling price [/kWh], coefficient of performance (COP) was calculated in (29) using
gpv: PV generation [kWh], air temperature, hot water temperature, and feed water
dme: electricity demand [kWh], temperature [9].
dmh: hot water demand [MJ], COPt = 0.175tmPair - 0.0394 tmPhot
cpgio : upper limit of purchased electric energy [kWh], -0. 1 32 2tmp jeed + 6.637 ..............................(29)
cpb io: charge/discharge capacity [kWh],
tmPair: air temperature[deg C],
cpben: battery storage capacity [kWh],
cp ten : hot water tank capacity [MJ],
tmPhot: hot water temperature [deg C],
tmpjeed : feed water temperature [deg C].
cPo: rated thermal output of the HPWH [MJ],
Is b: battery loss factor of charge and discharge, The air temperature data were the hourly AMeDAS data of
1st: hot water tank loss factor, Japan Meteorological Agency [10]. The hot water temperature
cop: COP of the HPWH, was set at 65 deg C in spring and summer,and at 90 deg C in
xhp : electricity consumption of HPWH's auxiliaries [kWh]. winter. The data of feed water temperature were from AU's
database [7].
Endogenous Variables
With the assumption of the hot water storage tank of 370
EXY: electricity flow from X* to y* [kWh],
liters, we set that the heat capacity of the tank is 70 MJ in
HXY: thermal flow from X* to y* [MJ],
spring,60 MJ in summer,120 MJ in winter.
* (X, Y); G = power grid, S = PV system, D = demand,
B = battery, H = HPWH, T = hot water tank D. Electricity Pricing Approach
(Symbols of these variables are the same in Fig.2) In this study, we used the two types of electricity pricing,
HHH: energy loss at start-up of the HPWH [MJ], the current electricity prices and the changing electricity
STE: stored electricity [kWh], STH: stored heat [MJ], prices reflecting the power balance of the total power system.
OPI: operation index of the HPWH (on = lor ofl'= 0), The current electricity prices ("CP") are 9.17 yenlkWh at
OPN / OPF: ON/OFF index of the HPWH, night (23-7 o'clock), 33.37 yenlkWh in summer and 28.28
oHU : increment of produced heat [MJ], yen/kWh in other seasons around noon (10-17 o'clock),23.13
OHD: decrement of produced heat[MJ]. yenlkWh in the morning and the evening (7-10, 17-23
o'clock). In the case using these prices, we assumed 48
C. Data and Setup Conditions in Our Model yenlkWh as the selling prices of excess electricity from PV
One energy demand data set of a typical Japanese house system according to the existing renewable energy purchasing
from the database of Architectural Institute of Japan (AU) policy in Japan.
"Energy consumption for residential buildings in Japan" [7] The changing electricity prices were determined based on
was used. This house is in Kanto region, a central part of the the marginal fuel costs calculated by the power system model
main island of Japan, and the data are hourly electricity and in Kanto region [11]. That marginal fuel costs corresponding to
gas consumption. Hot water demand was calculated from gas the system load are shown in Fig.3.
 4

The base price "VO" was set the hourly marginal fuel costs
based on the factual system loads during the target periods
plus the tentative fixed charge 10 yenlkWh.
And next, we assumed the PV systems of 15 GW were
installed in Kanto region. The distributed PV generation
reduced the total power system loads and also reduced the
marginal fuel costs. The price "VI" was set based on this
marginal fuel costs. The differences between "VO" and "VI"
become large when PV systems generate much power and
become small or zero at night or in bad weather day. We set
the price "V2" and "V3" by increasing these differences by
two and three times based on the price "VO". In FigA, the
example of calculated changing electricity prices is shown.
-40 .,-----,
;30
t--------------.oI'"- /
/ __i
20 +-------/.c---__l
Calculation results of electric power consumption, system
COP, COP of the HPWH, thermal loss from the storage heat
tank, PV power generation, sold electricity, ratio of sold
electricity to PV generation, maximum hourly reverse power
flow for 14 days in each season are shown in Table II. In May,
about 62% of PV generation was sold to the power grid due to
low electricity demand and high PV generation. And, it was
found that 43-45% was sold in summer and winter.
As for the results of Case II, thermal loss from the hot
water tank reduced about 53% in spring, 70% in summer,
58% in winter compared with Case I, and electricity
consumption of the HPWH reduced about 24% in spring,
42% in summer, 34% in winter. It was found that significant
energy savings could be expected throughout the year by
utilizing the hot water demand forecast. From the results, we
could reconfirm the importance of accurate prediction of
domestic hot water demands.

i 10 t-----/ -/ '----
- ---__i TABLE II
CALCULATION RESULTS WITH PRICE "CP" W/O BATTERY
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
o
Electric Power System Load [GW] Case
EPCnsm.
ofHPWH
System
COP of
HPWH
Thermal
Loss
COP[-]
[kWh] [-I [MJ]
Fig.3. Electric Power System Loads and Marginal Fuel Costs Spring I 34.S 2.6S 4.32 205.1
Uv[AY) II 26.5 3.51 4.53 97.0

35 ,-----, Summer I 17.S 2.02 4.S0 17S.5

3 0 +-
(AUG) II 10.4 3.46 4.S7 52.9
---o-cox--j-__1110.--i
Winter I 122.0 1.07 2.22 50S.7
25 t-
'" --r_ (JAN) II SO.2 1.62 2.36 214.0
. :c 20 -t-+:-I'f--JI-Il-=l'l-+--.Ih::J'--J-----1
PVPower Sold Sold Max

,.. 15 +--1b-1'1----1t<--'l--1 Case Generation Electricity IGeneration RPF
[kWh]

'0
[kWh] Ratio [kWblhl
1 0 +-+-I'------v--1
Spring I 147.0 91.1 62.0% 1.752
w 5 +-'-------1 (MAY) II 147.0 91.3 62.1% 1.752

o +---.---,-- Summer I 116.9 52.1 44.5% 1.566

5/5 00:005/6 00:005/7 00:005/8 00:005/9 00:00 (AUG) II 116.9 52.2 44.6% 1.566

Winter I 91.9 39.5 43.0% 1.115

Fig.4. Electricity Buying Prices (JAN) II 91.9 40.1 43.6% 1.115

IV. RESULTS B. Operation of the HPWHwith Changing Electricity Prices

A. Operation of the HPWHwith Current Electricity Prices

We calculated the optimum operation schedules of the
same HPWH with changing electricity price "VO"-"V3".
With demand data of one house and price "CP", the
Fig.5 shows the calculation results of four days from May 5 in
optimum operation schedules of a HPWH were calculated.
the case of price "V2". The upper graph in this figure shows
Recent HPWHs have a learning function which can predict
hourly electricity prices and these prices are the same as the
hot water demand of the next day from historical usage data
prices in FigA. The middle graph shows the electricity
to prevent excessive operation for storage of hot water. Here,
balance,and the hourly values of electricity demand (bar),PV
in addition to determining the optimum operation in the
generation (thick solid line), purchased electricity (solid line
current system for comparison, the effects of hot water
with cross), and sold electricity (solid line with circle) are
demand prediction was evaluated by calculating two cases as
indicated. PV generation is high for first two days because of
follows. In Case I, hot water storage tank is filled up
good weather, and low for next two days because of
completely at 7 a.m. by heating up using cheap electricity
cloudiness. The bottom graph shows the thermal energy
during the night everyday. And in Case II, we assumed that
balance. The hourly values of hot water demand (bar), heat
the demand prediction is available and only required amount
generated by the HPWH (solid line), and storage heat (dashed
of water is heated up and stored. In Case I, we added (30) to
line,right axis) are indicated.
the constrained condition in the model.
For the first three days in this figure, the HPWH operated
STH24d-1 7 cpten (d 1, 2, ... , hrl24 ) .......................... (30)
= =
during the daytime with the electricity generated by PV
 5

system, and the amount of sold electricity decreased. In tank,sold electricity and maximum hourly reverse power flow
particular, the operation of the HPWH was during the are shown in Table III. Fig.7 shows the changes in the total
daytime on the third day (May 7) even though the electricity sold electricity. In all seasons, when the daytime electricity
prices in the daytime were 4-6 yenlkWh higher than the price was set at lower than the night, operation time of the
prices in the nighttime. That was because COPs of the HPWH HPWH moved from nighttime to daytime.
were improved significantly by air temperature rising 5-8 In the case of price "V3", sold electricity was reduced
degrees Celsius during the daytime. about 77% compared with the case of price "CP(II)" in winter
when hot water demand is high and operation time of the
HPWH is long. Even in spring, it was found that about 23%
35
! 30

i
25
20
of sold electricity could be reduced. The quantity of hot water
demand is the most important factor in the adjustability with
5
2.0
the HPWH. We could reduce about 6 kWh of sold electricity
per 100 MJ of hot water demand in winter and spring in the
1.5
'"
case of "V3". In addition, we could reduce about 49% of
r 1.0 maximum reverse power flow in winter and 9% in spring. In
0.5
, summer when electric power system load is much higher and
ili
(.I

0.0 .....w..
. _...\,\__""'_..M__...-:;.;__"""IIAoo_
there was little needs for reduction of sold electricity,only 9%
35 70 of sold electricity could be reduced and maximum reverse
30 60

25 50 power flow did not decrease because of little hot water

demand.
l 15 30

1 10 20

!
5 W
TABLE III
5/5 5 5 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/6 5 6 5/6 517 517 517 5/7 5/8 5 8 5/8 5 8 CALCULATION RESULTS WITH PRICE "VO"-"V3" wlo BATTERY
00:00 06.00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06.00 12:00 18:00 QI);OO 06:00 12.00 18:00

EPCnsm. COP of Thermal Sold Max

FigS Optimum Operation Schedule with Price "V2" wlo Battery System
Price ofHPWH HPWH Loss Electricity RPF
COP[-J
IkWhl [-J [MJJ IkWhl 1kWh/hl

The operation time for the HPWH by price setting are ''VO'' 24.5 3.80 4.78 86.0 84.1 1.752
"VI"
compared in Fig.6. In the case of price "VO", the HPWH Spring 21.6 4.31 5.25 73.9 77.6 1.710
(MAY) 'V2" 21.0 4.44 5.47 77.5 72.6 1.649
operated late at night or early in the morning using cheaper ''V3'' 22.5 4.14 5.45 105.5 70.6 1.589
electricity everyday. In contrast, in the case of price "VI" "VO" 10.8 3.33 4.70 53.5 52.2 1.566
"V3",the HPWH operated during the day on the fine weather Summer "VI" 10.7 3.38 4.75 53.0 51.4 1.566
(AUG) ''V2''
first and second days. On the cloudy fourth day, the HPWH 10.0 3.61 5.07 52.7 49.8 1.566
''V3'' 10.0 3.61 5.30 60.9 47.8 1.566
operated early in the morning even in the case of price "VI"
''VO'' 64.0 2.03 2.72 158.6 35.0 1.115
"V3" because the daytime electricity prices did not come Winter ''VI'' 56.5 2.30 3.05 152.9 20.2 1.052
down. And,on the third day,the operation time of the HPWH (JAN) ''V2'' 52.0 2.50 3.31 152.0 11.4 0.744
t 'V3t!
was during the daytime in "V2", "V3", and in the early 50.9 2.55 3.37 149.7 9.1 0.570

morning in "VO", "VI". Thus, we found that we can adjust

the time when electricity demand of the HPWH occurred by 120%
the adequate change of electricity prices. 100%
--
80% .......
1 5 ,-
----r--,---.-- 60% "
10 t-.nr----------rr_--_+r_--
40%
MAY I

"vO"
AUG
1 I
5

0 L_ L-________J_ ____L_ ____

20% JAN

5 r-----,--,---.--
" 10 t--- -I"lI---t----I\---j-,'1--I'I:--j "VI" 0%
5 t----f-JI----t--I l-----+- --f--JI-----f- H-----j
___ L-____ ____L-____ "CP(Ii)" "VO" "ViII "V2" "V3"

1
0
,5

1 i=Df--+-f\L.
-
--n- ...- ---l----J'I
\r---
[-L...-I=n==1
Fig.7. Changes in Total Sold Electric Power ("CP" Case 11=100%)

+-...-
....l. "V2"

1
(/) 15 ,-----,--,
0
5
1--- ...,..,I---t---- F\------ -&---_+-,'\----1
+---+-I----t---I--lr---j-----Il----_++_----___1
"V3" C. Operation of the Battery with Changing Electricity Prices

Finally, we calculated the optimum operation schedules of

5/5 5/5 5/6 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/8 <Price>
the HPWH and the battery with changing electricity price
00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00
"VO"-"V3" to evaluate the effects of using battery. We
Fig.6. Differences in Optimum Operation of the HPWH
assumed that capacity of the battery is 6 kWh. The calculation
results of four days from May 5 in the case of price "V2" are
For 14 days in each season, electric power consumption, shown for a detailed analysis in Fig.8. In the middle graph of
COP of the HPWH, system COP, thermal loss from storage Fig.8, the amount of stored electricity in the battery (dashed
 6

line,right axis) was added. benefits of daytime operation of the HPWH are not only the
For the first two days,May 5 and May 6,surplus electricity use of cheaper electricity, but also the improvement of COP
from PV system was charged from morning until afternoon by the operation under higher air temperature and the
and stored electricity was discharged at night to satisfY decrease of thermal loss from the hot water tank by
electricity demand and to sell some of it. That is because the shortening the time lag between operation and usage.
electricity prices during the daytime were lower than during
the night. On the third and fourth days, surplus electricity t\1.5 ",.------,- ----- --...----.-...--,
2
from PV system was not charged and cheap electricity +-"-- -, ..-+ ---..,,...,_+.-- -
o
0.0 ...... -...--f_ .."--T....-_i
._ " V
O
"

perchased from the power grid was charged in the early 1 1.5
15
L-_ --''__---'-__ --'-''_--'---__
_ --'-''_'__
_ __ __----'

morning. Furthermore, due to the high electricity prices

around noon on the fourth day,stored electricity in the battery f it . +-JL.L_-....--+
0.0 -..,....+.
..- ___ ____...-"-..-.--_
-- __j " VI "

] 1.5
was discharged for own consumption and for selling to grid.
1
L-___ LL-.L___' ---'-___
-- .'__'__ _____'
In addition, the operation schedules of the HPWH were the
same as the results of the previous section. It was found i .5
()
2
'6 0.0 +------_....-+-icLJ'"--....--j- ------...--f-'''---.---y_i
0
"V2"
whether the batteries are used or not did not affect the
:5-.s 1.
operation schedules of the HPWH.
t\1.55
L-__ -LL...___
.O. ._--'---__--''"-'___ -'__----'
o
-.-------,--..- -----.----,
iii
2

35
30 t\ -l---
0.0 ... t---
....--",...-t---""--.,.,--j--""'-----,....,- - '-----.--I "V3"
.' p
...::
<!;
20
5
1.5 --
L-.Li- --JL- -'-----'D-L--

" 15 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/8

w
10 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00 00:00 12:00

3.0
5
---,-
PVGeoereto; -F'UfCEJeclftClty ElectllClty--"&(J'898ofElecI"C"Y1
6.0 l _tromttOGrid _tromPV.toHP,toDemand I

___
2.5
: \ u Fig.9. Differences in Optimum Operation of the Battery
I 2.0 , l:

j 1.5
\,

3.0
]

j'
iii
. 10 o Next, calculation results for 14 days in each season are
1.5
ifl 0 .5
shown in Table IV. In comparison with Table III, the results
_""""'__oIoojlo.l!l""'''''_
' _'''';ooOl
' _____'''''''
0.0
35
0 .0
70
about the operation of the HPWH were almost the same. It
30 60 S
was found that the operation schedules of the battery and the
25 50
20 40 HPWH did not affect each other and they were almost
l 15 30 ;
independent.
1 '
20 e
2
10 V>

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 516 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 7 5 7 5 7 517 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 TABLE IV

00;00 0600 1200 18W 0000 0600 12'00 1800 0000 0600 1200 1800 OIJOO 06'00 1200 1800
CALCULATION RESULTS WITH PRICE "VO"-"V3" WITH BATTERY
Fig.8. Optimum Operation with Price "V2" with the 6 kWh Battery
EPCnsm. COP of Thermal Sold Max
System
Price ofHPWH HPWH Loss Electricity RPF
COP[-J
!kWh] [-J [MJl !kWh] [kWhlhl
Differences of the optimum operation schedules of the
''VO'' 24.3 3.83 4.81 85.4 124.7 3.210
battery by the price fluctuation intensity are shown in Fig.9. ''VI ''
Spring 21.6 4.31 5.25 73.6 99.7 1.711
The bars of upper part in each graph show the amount of (MAY) ''V2 '' 20.8 4.47 5.48 75.5 66.1 1.698

charge, and downside ones show the amount of discharge. nV3" 22.1 4.21 5.46 100.1 63.3 1.348

"VO" 10.8 3.33 4.70 53.5 92.7 2.739

Dark bars indicate the electricity from/to the power grid, and
Summer ''VI'' 10.7 3.38 4.75 53.0 79.1 2.739
light bars indicate the electricity from the PV system, to the (AUG) "V2" 10.0 3.61 5.10 53.3 71.9 1.738
HPWH, or to other electricity demand. ''V3'' 9.9 3.63 5.33 60.7 59.1 1.566

Excess electricity from PV generation of fine weather days ''VO'' 63.3 2.05 2.74 156.1 77.6 2.412

was charged in the case of "V2" and "V3". But in the case of Winter "VI" 56.5 2.30 3 05 152.9 38.2 1.522
(JAN) ''V2 '' 51.7 2.51 3.29 145.3 28.2 1.240
"VO" and "VI", surplus electricity was not charged and sold
"V3" 50.9 2.55 3.37 149.7 22.3 1.240
to the grid in all weather. In other words, it indicates that the
price "VO" and "VI" are insufficient for reducing sold
The amount of sold electricity, in all cases except for the
electricity or reverse power flow.
case of price "V2" and "V3" in spring,increased compared to
On the second day, operation schedule of the battery was
the no battery cases in previous section. In spring, only in the
different between the case of "V2" and "V3" because of
case which daytime electricity prices were lower than night
electricity prices in the morning. On the third and fourth days,
prices, the battery was charged by excess electricity from PV
the surplus electricity from PV was hardly used for charge
system. In the other cases, the battery was charged mainly
even in the case of price "V3". In the case of the battery,
using cheap grid electricity in the morning and discharged
bigger incentive is necessary to use the electricity during the
during the daytime and night when the electricity prices were
daytime than in the case of the HPWH. This is because the
high. The frequency of charge and discharge of the battery
 7

was one cycle a day every cases. The charged electricity was prices were slightly higher than the night prices, it remained
about 72-79 kWh for 14 days and about 5.2-5.7 kWh per day. possible that the operation schedule of the HPWH moved in
This indicated that the utilization rates of the battery were 92- the day from the night.
100%. The utilization rates of the battery are shown in Fig.l O. (4) When the price incentives for the daytime operation are
The charge by excess electricity from PV system was largest increased,about 6 kWh of the reverse power flow per 100 MJ
in the case of "V3" in spring, about 64% of the capacity. The of hot water demand is reduced by utilization of the HPWH in
battery was used not only for absorbing excess electricity from the interim period. The reduction is about 23% of the reverse
the PV system, but for accumulating cheap electricity from power flow compared with the case of current electricity
the power grid. With using dynamic electricity prices prices.
corresponding to the load of the whole power system, the ( 5) The frequency of charge and discharge of the battery is
battery was charged during the periods of low load and one cycle a day, and utilization rates of the battery are very
discharged during the periods of high load. The battery high, 92-100%. The battery is not for absorbing surplus
worked very effectively in balancing supply and demand. electricity from PV system. By effectual pricing based on the
power system load, the battery can provide high adjusting
100%
capability of power supply-demand balance all year long.
Q)
...
...
'"
CD
80% I

I I I
From these results by our model, the local optimum
operation schedules of the domestic electric appliances under
....
0
Q) 60% I from Grid 1
from PV I- the adequate electricity prices could create new electricity
...
'"
c::
<:
40% demand around noon, when the PV systems produced
..,
0
20% excessive electricity. It was confirmed that decentralized
.
'"

., energy management could contribute to balance power supply
0%
I '"v2"l. v3" '"v2'1' V3' + +'V2'1' V3'
::l

"VO' "V1
and demand in the whole power system by harmonizing with
"VO" "V1 "V0 V1
the centralized energy management.
MAY AUG JAN The further improvement of our model is needed for
Fig.10. Utilization Rate of Battery calculating various houses installed any other kinds of
equipments or appliances in the expected future, for instance,
electric vehicle or solar heat collector etc. And it is necessary
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK to expand applicable scope of this model from a house to a
whole area, to evaluate the adjusting capability of power
In this study, we developed the optimum operation
balance in the whole power dispatch area, and to analyze the
scheduling model of domestic electric appliances to determine
effectiveness of the newly generated demand pattern in the
the most economical operation schedules of the HPWH and
area.
the battery depending on the hourly electricity prices. We
Furthermore,the optimum operation schedule provided by
performed quantitative analysis about responsiveness of
this model is ideal one, because all predicted values such as
power demand by the change of the electricity prices and
PV generation, electricity and hot water demand, air
improvement of COP of the HPWH by the change of the
temperature etc. are treated as known values in this model.
operation time. First,we applied this model to one house only
For the construction of the practical and useful distributed
installed the HPWH with current electricity price set. It was
energy management system, it is necessary to include the
found as follows.
expected prediction precision and prediction period by
(1) In the case of the operation of the HPWH corresponding
inspecting the effects of using its prediction. And, the
to the amount of hot water demand, electricity consumption
operation scheduling method under the uncertainty of the
of the HPWH was reduced about 24% in spring, 42% in
prediction is absolutely essential. These are the challenges for
summer, 34% in winter compared with the case of filling up
the heat storage tank everyday. The importance of accurate the future.
prediction of domestic hot water demand was confirmed.
VI. REFERENCES
Secondly, we applied our model to the same house
[I] K. Kurokawa: "The State-of-the Art of Solar PhotovoItaics and its Future
installed the HPWH and the battery with changing electricity Direction", The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ), Trans.
prices. It was found as follows. Power and Energy, VoI.I28-B, No.7, pp.904-907, 2008

(2) The operation schedule of the battery is mostly [2] Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry: "Outlook of long-term energy
demand [Recalculation}", August 2009
independent of that of the HPWH.
[3] K. Ogimoto : "Power System in Low-Carbon Society", Journal of the
(3) The operation of the HPWH and the charge of the battery Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ), Vo1.129, No.1, pp.16-19,
carried out during the day by lowering daytime electricity 2009

prices than the night prices. For the HPWH, the COP [4] T. Oozeki, K. Otani, T. Takashima, Y. Hishikawa, G. Koshimizu, Y.
Uchida, K. Ogimoto : "A Method to Evaluate the Output Fluctuation of
improvement and the heat loss reduction advantaged the PhotovoItaic Systems Dispersed in a Large Area", Proc. of the 2009
daytime operation. Therefore, even if the daytime electricity
 8

Annual Meeting of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ),

No.7, pp.107-108, 2009
[5] K. Ogimoto, T. Oozeki, Y. Ueda : "PV Generation Characteristics
including Smoothing Effect", Proc. of the 28th Annual Meeting of Japan
Society of Energy and Resources (JSER), 10-3, pp.I-4, 2009
[6] T. Oozeki, K. Otani, T. Takashima, Y. Hishikawa, G. Koshimizu, Y.
Uchida, K. Ogimoto: "An Evaluate the Output Fluctuation of PhotovoItaic
Systems Dispersed in a Large Area", Proc. of the 2009 Annual Conference
of Power and Energy Society, the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan
(lEEJ), No.5, pp.19-20, 2009
[7] Architectural Institute of Japan (AlJ): "Energy consumption for residential
buildings in Japan", 2006
[8] National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST),
Japan: "Research on Availableness of Grouped PV System as Dispersed
Power Supply in the Large Area", New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO), Research report, 2008.
[9] K. Tokoro, T. Ikeya, Y. Mita : "Development of an Optimizing Unit
Configuration Tool for Heat Pump Water Heater Systems with a Storage
Battery and Marginal Cost Estimation of Battery", CRIEPI Research
Report, No.R08026, pp.I-16, 2008
[10] Japan Meteorological Agency : "Meteorological Statistics Information",
AMeDAS, 2003-2004
[II] K. Ogimoto, T. Oozeki, Y. Ueda "PV Penetration Impact on Power
System Operation Cost", Proc. of the 26th Conference on Energy, Economy,
and Environment, 17-4, pp.I-4, 2010

VII. BIOGRAPHIES

Takashi Ikegami was born in Ishikawa, Japan on April 26,

1978. He received the B.S. degree and M.S. degree in
Chemical System Engineering and the Ph.D. degree in
Urban Engineering from the University of Tokyo in 2001,
2003, 2007, respectively. From 2007 to 2009 he worked
for the National Institute for Environmental Studies
(NIES), Japan. Since July of 2009 he has been a project
researcher at Collaborative Research Center for Energy
Engineering (CEE) in Institute of Industrial Science (liS) in the University of
Tokyo. His current research interests include energy management, renewable
energy technology, and energy system.

Yumiko Iwafune received the B.A. degree and M. S.

degree in Electrical Engineering from the Hokkaido
University, Japan, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical
Engineering from the University of Tokyo, Japan in 2001.
From 2008 to 2010 she was a Lecturer at Collaborative
Research Center for Energy Engineering (CEE) in Institute
of [ndustrial Science (liS) in the University of Tokyo and
since July of 2010 she has been an Associate Professor.
Her main interests include energy system analysis, energy demand survey, and
energy service level for customers.

Kazuhiko Ogimoto was graduated from the University of

Tokyo in 1979. From 1979 to 2007, he worked for a
Japanese power utility, JPOWER in the fields of
transmission system and generation mix analysis and
planning and others. [n parallel, he continually participated
in government committees of energy technology strategy
and energy planning. Since January of 2008, he has been a
professor of the University of Tokyo. He researches for
energy integration including energy technology strategy, energy system analysis
and planning, power system analysis and planning, harmonization of centralized
and decentralized energy management, and asset management.