Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DELTASCOPE FMP10
ISOSCOPE FMP10
DUALSCOPE FMP20
DELTASCOPE FMP10
ISOSCOPE FMP10
DUALSCOPE FMP20
Operators Manual
Non-destructive measurement on
magnetic and non-magnetic
metallic base materials
2008 Copyright by
Helmut Fischer GmbH
Institut fr Elektronik und Messtechnik, Sindelfingen.
All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced by any
means (print, photocopy, microfilm, or any other method) or processed,
multiplied or distributed by electronic means without the written consent
of Helmut Fischer GmbH Institut fr Elektronik und Messtechnik.
1 Important Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1 Trademarks and Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Symbols and Conventions Used in the Manual . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Intended Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Requirements on the Operating Personnel . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7 Probe Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.8 Handling, Storage and Transport of Calibration
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.9 Instrument Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.10 Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5 Probe Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.1 Handling During Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2 Assigning a New Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.3 Setting Up the Dual Mode for DUAL Probes . . . . . . . 39
7 Measuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.1 Preparing for a Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.2 Influencing Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.3 Making a Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.3.1 Measurement Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.3.2 Measurements With External Start Enabled . . . . . . . 70
7.3.3 Audible signals After the Measurement Acquisition . 71
7.3.4 Display of the measurement method in use
when making measurements with dual probes . . . . 71
7.4 Erroneous Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.4.1 Deleting Erroneous Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.5 Measurements in the Free-Running Display Mode . . 72
7.5.1 Turning the Free-Running Display Mode On/Off . . . . 73
7.5.2 Procedure For Making Measurements in the
Free-Running Display Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.5.3 Measurements In the Free-Running Display Mode
Using Dual Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
12 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Important Information
1.1 Trademarks and Liabilities
DUALSCOPE, DELTASCOPE and ISOSCOPE are registered trade-
marks of Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology.
The fact that the trademark characters and may be missing
does not indicate that a name is a free trademark.
Great care has been exercised in creating this operator's manual. The Helmut Fis-
cher GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology assumes no liability for po-
tentially remaining erroneous or incomplete statements and their results. We
would, however, appreciate if you can make us aware of potentially existing er-
rors or incomplete information.
z Listing.
ENTER Writing convention for instrument keys and command buttons on the
display.
The instrument is to be used for coating thickness measurements on steel and iron
base materials as well as on non-ferromagnetic, electrically conducting base ma-
terials.
Only accessories recommended and approved by Helmut Fischer GmbH ( be-
ginning on Page 19) may be connected to this instrument.
The values shown for the measured coating thicknesses and the texts of
the information lines of the LCD display serve as examples for possible
displays. It is entirely possible that different values appear on the LCD
display or in the printout without having made any mistakes.
Important Information
EMC
The instrument complies with the laws concerning electromagnetic compatibility
of instruments (2004/108/EC). The measured coating thickness values are not in-
fluenced by the highest level of interference mentioned in the EN 61000-6-2
Standard (which references the Standards EN 61000-4-2, EN 61000-4-3 and EN
61000-4-4).
In particular, the instrument is shielded effectively from strong electromagnetic
fields (e.g., motors, power lines, radio transmission towers).
Low Voltage
The instrument adheres to the Low Voltage Directive 2006/95/EC.
Probe-
connector ca-
ble
R 50 mm !
During the measurement, the magnetic poles of the probes are placed directly
onto the specimen. Observe the following to keep wear of the magnetic poles dur-
ing the contacting measurement to a minimum:
Important Information
Standards
The instrument is calibrated using calibration standards in the form of foils or
hard paper with various thicknesses.
Proper condition of the calibration standards is an important prerequisite for a
correct calibration, and thus for a correct measurement.
Observe the following to ensure the proper condition of the calibration standards:
To keep wear of the calibration standards during the contacting mea-
surements to a minimum, use the calibration standards for the calibration
only and not for test measurements!
The Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology will assume
no warranties in the following instances:
z Use of instrument or accessories for purposes other than the intended use.
7 9 Battery compartment,
Page 28
The LCD display consists of several display elements. When powering up the in-
strument using ON/OFF ( Page 33), all display elements will appear briefly at
the same time.
Padlock:
is enabled, i.e., the keys ZERO and CAL are not active,
the service functions cannot be retrieved, applications
cannot be deleted
( beginning on Page 92).
Arrow circle:
Free-running display is enabled, measurements are
displayed continuously when the probe is placed on the
specimen
( beginning on Page 72).
Alternatively:
Display for area measurement
Display for automatic measurement
Battery:
The battery must be replaced or the rechargeable bat-
tery must be charged because the voltage dropped be-
low a minimum value ( beginning on Page 27).
Hourglass:
Measurements are currently not possible because an in-
strument-internal routine is running.
Information lines:
...SCOPE ... Instrument type:
FKA... Instrument-internal software version
The overview on the following pages provides a brief description of the functions
of the individual control panel keys:
Key Function
.. during normalization:
1x DEL - Deletes the last reading,
2x DEL - Deletes the measurement series of the base material
.. during calibration:
1x DEL - Deletes the last reading,
2x DEL - Deletes the measurement series of the current cali-
bration standard.
Repeated pressing of DEL: Deletes the measurement series
of the previous calibration standards ( beginning on
Page 72).
.. in all menus:
DEL - Returns to the previous menu or cancels the procedure.
.. and then :
Ends the display of the final result (return to the measurement
screen) without deleting the stored values.
With the calibration: Sets the target value of the used calibra-
tion standard that will be displayed after the CAL Target noti-
fication.
With parameter selection: Selects the desired parameters.
With the calibration: Sets the target value of the used calibra-
tion standard that will be displayed after the CAL Target indi-
cator.
With parameter selection: Selects the desired parameters.
5 x ENTER:
Calls the service functions
The instrument settings in the Service Functions menu are
password-protected. 157 will be displayed after pressing EN-
TER 5 times. Press , 2 times to increase this value to the fac-
tory-default password 159 and confirm the entry with
ENTER.
Various probe models are available for measurements on objects with different
shapes and different surface properties. Special probes with different measure-
ment ranges are available for the following areas of application, for example:
z particularly rough or abrasive surfaces
z Particularly soft surfaces
z damp, acidic contamination on the surface
z particularly thick or thin coatings
z hot surfaces
z Coatings in pipes and bore holes
For available probe models and the probe model best suited for your application,
see the respective probe data sheets of the brochure Measurement Probes and
Measurement Aids - Optimized Probes - The Key to Successful Coating Thick-
ness Measurements. You can obtain this brochure from Helmut Fischer GmbH
Institute for Electronics and Metrology or from your authorized supplier.
A probe-specific calibration standard set for the master calibration (can be or-
dered as an option) and a probe-specific calibration standard set for the corrective
calibration (included with the probe) are available for each probe model and have
been compiled specifically for this probe model.
You can obtain additional calibration standards of various thicknesses on request
from Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology or from your
authorized supplier.
Reference area
Order
number
of the cali
bration foil
Foil thick- 75.0
Guaranteed Masterfolie 2
error limit
Fig. 2-4 Calibration foil (example) and master foil (example)
At Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology, the foil thick-
nesses of the calibration standards are determined using a mechanical axial cali-
per. The function of the axial caliper has been verified using gauge blocks of the
accuracy class I, which have been verified according to national standards.
The guaranteed error limits stated on the calibration standards refer only to the
identified reference area.
Also verify that all components of the standard contents of the shipment and all
ordered options are present. Notify your authorized supplier or the Helmut Fis-
cher GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology if this is not the case.
2.5.2 Options
Available options are:
z Various measurement probes
z Foils - also with certificate - for the calibration and for verifying the
calibration
z Probe-specific calibration standard set for the master calibration -
also with certificate
z Charger for NiMh battery
z Support stand V12 for reproducible positioning of measurement
probes on the specimen
z Jig for angle probes for use in the support stand V12 (e.g., for probe
FGABW 1.3)
plastic coatings.
Determination of the thickness of Amplitude-Sensitive Eddy
electrically non-conducting, non- Current Method According to
magnetic coatings on non-ferro- DIN EN ISO 2360.
magnetic electrically conducting
base materials. Paint, lacquer or
plastic coatings on, for example,
aluminum, copper, zinc, etc as
well as anodized coatings on alu-
minum.
1. Use ON/OFF ( Page 33) to switch the instrument off (if not yet done).
2. Place the instrument with its back pointing up on the table. Open and
remove the battery compartment cover on the rear of the instrument as
depicted below.
3. If old batteries are in the instrument, remove them from the unit. Other-
wise, install new batteries directly; observe the correct polarity of the bat-
teries
Disposal: Do not dispose of batteries with regular household waste!
Place damaged or used batteries / rechargeable batteries in designated
collection containers! Please observe the guidelines in your region con-
cerning proper handling of waste electrical and electronic equipment and
accessories.
- - -
-
LR6 1.5V
LR6 1.5V
+
LR6 1.5V
LR6 1.5V
+ + +
Fig. 4-2 Inserting the batteries and closing the battery compartment cover
1. Use ON/OFF ( Page 33) to switch the instrument off (if not yet done).
3. Plug the probe plug of the new probe into the probe connector socket of
the instrument.
1. 2.
Probe connector plug
Connector socket
Instrument
Exception: A flashing symbol for the measurement method on the LCD display
indicates that the instrument does not recognize the connected probe. In such a
case:
z The probe must be assigned to the instrument ( 5.2 Assigning a New
Probe, beginning on Page 38)
A new corrective calibration must be performed after the probe has been
assigned ( Page 47)!
Display Explanation
z a normalized countrate Xn
z a countrate X
z Xn and Xs
.
Wipe off dirt immediately to avoid it from drying onto the surface!
Probe Handling
5.1 Handling During Measurements
Example:
Probe
FGAB1.3
z Always hold the probe at its grip sleeve (right fig- Grip sleeve
ure).
Specimen
z Always place the probe gently and at a right angle
on the specimen surface.
z Slide the grip sleeve to the specimen surface such
that the sleeve rests on the specimen (center and bot-
tom Figure, right).
z With the default setting, a beep will signal the mea-
surement capture.
z Lift the probe off the specimen before making the
next measurement.
The instrument recognizes if the probe connected to the unit is different than the
one expected according to the probe identification in the current Application.
Reason: Each individual probe has a name consisting of the identification num-
ber and the model designation (e.g., FGAB 1.3). The probe must be registered
in the instrument under this name.
z If a user has more than one probe of the same probe model, a problem occurs
if a not yet assigned probe is connected to the instrument. In such a case, it is
advisable to identify the probes and/or instruments with numbers.
If the instrument is powered up and a probe other than the one used last is con-
nected, the following display will appear:
The dual method can be set up separately for each Application. The
dual method settings of the other Applications will not be affected.
If the dual method is set to both, both measurement methods can be used to make
measurements. When the probe is placed on the specimen, the correct measure-
ment method will be selected automatically.
If the dual method is set to NC/NF or NF/Fe, only the respective selected mea-
surement method can be used to make measurements. This can ensure, for exam-
ple, that only the coating of interest of a multi-coating system is determined.
For example, to measure the thickness of the Iso coating from Fig. 5-1, the NF
coating must have a certain minimum thickness (e.g., for zinc
about 60 m) and the dual method must be set to NC/NF:
If the setting is NF/Fe, the ferromagnetic base material will be taken into account
and the thickness of the Iso coating plus the NF coating will be determined.
However, if the setting is both, either the Iso coating alone (for relative thick NF
coatings) or the thickness of the Iso coating plus the NF coating (for relatively
thin NF coatings) will be determined depending on the thickness and electrical
conductivity of the NF coating.
Required materials
Reference part: Uncoated part from the production.
z If the mean value is not within the guaranteed error limits, perform a correc-
tive calibration.
With a corrective calibration, a new zero point and one additional point (one-
point calibration with one calibration standard) or two additional points (two-
point calibration with two calibration standards) are established for the calibra-
tion curve and are stored in the instrument.
Required materials
z Reference part (uncoated part from the production)
z Calibration foils
Required materials
z Reference part (coated part from the production)
The following error message appears if a normalization has not yet been per-
formed:
The EEPROM in the probe plug contains memories for the coefficients of two
master calibrations. These two master calibrations differ from each other in the
following manner:
During the user master calibration, the master characteristic can be determined
only if suitable calibration standards are used. The calibration standards are suit-
ed for the user master calibration only if their normalized countrates Xn are with-
in pre-established probe-specific Xn ranges. The Xn values can be displayed after
the 1st step of the user master calibration (normalization) (Query of the probe-
specific limits of the Xn ranges for the connected probe during the master cali-
bration: Page 63.)
Required materials
z Uncoated specimen with base material and shape that correspond to those of
the actual parts to be measured
z Probe-specific calibration standard set (master foils)
If you press DEL again after deleting the master calibration in order to
exit the menu, subsequent measurements will be made with the factory
master calibration - without a corrective calibration.
Pressing FINAL-RES:
Determination of the Normalized Countrate
Xn of a Calibration Standard During a Mas-
ter Calibration Page 65.
Pressing ZERO:
Displaying Xn Ranges for Calibration Stan-
dards for the Master
Calibration Page 63.
Measuring
To make a measurement, place the probe at a right angle on the specimen surface
( Page 37). The probe can be lifted off after measurement acquisition, i.e., af-
ter the reading appears on the display. The instrument is ready to make measure-
ments.
z To avoid erroneous readings, do not allow the probe to hover above the spec-
imen.
z How high the probe should be lifted off depends on the measurement range
of the probe. To obtain a correct air value, the distance to the specimen
should be at least 3 to 4 times the max. measurable coating thickness.
z To allow sufficient time for a measurement acquisition, the time between
individual measurements must be greater than 0.5 seconds.
1. Place the probe: 2. Lift the probe off:
Measurement Object
Fig. 7-1 Measurement using an axial probe
Measurement Object
90
6. Rotate the probe
90
Measuring
Measurement acquisition occurs automatically immediately after the probe is
placed on the specimen.
An audible signal will sound after the measurement acquisition (unless it has
been disabled) ( 7.3.3 Audible signals After the Measurement Acquisition,
beginning on Page 71).
With the free-running display mode on, measurement acquisition can be trig-
gered in the following manner ( 7.5 Measurements in the Free-Running Dis-
play Mode, beginning on Page 72):
z Pressing the ENTER key
z Transmitting the control character ESC? via the USB port (ESC =
ASCII27)
( 9.4.2 Control Commands, beginning on Page 81)
Regardless of how the measurement acquisition occurred, the reading will appear
on the LCD display following the measurement acquisition.
With external start enabled, the measurement acquisition can be triggered manu-
ally in the following ways once the probe is positioned on the measurement loca-
tion:
z Press the key
(not with a normalization or calibration)
z Press the FINAL-RES key
(only during a normalization or calibration)
z Transmitting the ES command via the USB port
( 9.4.2 Control Commands, beginning on Page 81)
Measuring
An audible signal will sound after the measurement acquisition (unless it has
been disabled). The measurement acquisition signal indicates that a signal arriv-
ing from the probe has been recognized and that the probe can be lifted off the
specimen.
As an option, the measurement acquisition signal can be disabled
( 10.5.1 Audible Signal, beginning on Page 94).
The other audible signals cannot be disabled!
Display Explanation
[NF/Fe NC/NF] The magnetic induction method was used for the mea-
surement with the dual probe.
[NF/Fe NC/NF] The eddy current method was used for the measurement
with the dual probe.
z the data are output continuously via the USB port only if [Free-running
transmit on] has been selected from the Service functions.
Measurements that are outside the measurement range, e.g., when the
probe is lifted off the surface, are also output to the USB port.
Measuring
To enable the free-running display mode: Press the arrow key.
z The free-running display mode remains enabled until it is disabled; i.e., it
does not need to be enabled every time the instrument is powered up.
To disable the free-running display mode: Press the arrow key again.
The magnetic poles are subject to increased wear when moving the
probe across a surface.
Measuring
Dual Probes
The last measurement that has been made with a dual probe prior to turning on
the free-running display mode determines the measurement method that will be
used for the measurement in the free-running display mode.
The last used measurement method is shown on the LCD display
( 7.3.4 Display of the measurement method in use when making measure-
ments with dual probes, beginning on Page 71).
Automatic base material detection and selection of the correct measure-
ment method is not enabled for measurements in the free-running dis-
play mode.
If the magnetic induction method was used before the free-running display
mode was turned on, the measurements in the free-running mode will be made
according to the magnetic induction method as well. The dual probe will then
measure only on ferromagnetic base materials. The probe will not measure on
other base materials, i.e., [- - - -] will remain on the LCD display.
If the eddy current method was used before the free-running display mode was
turned on, the measurements in the free-running mode will be made according to
the eddy current method as well. The dual probe will make correct measurements
only on non-ferromagnetic base materials; erroneous measurements will be taken
on ferromagnetic base materials.
If no measurements were made before the free-running display mode is turned
on, the measurements in the free-running mode will be made according to the
magnetic induction method.
The following parameters will be determined from the readings during the eval-
uation and can be displayed:
z Number of evaluated readings
z Standard deviation s ,
z Lowest reading,
z Range.
The USB port for the instrument is on the unit's rear side. Bi-directional data ex-
change occurs via the USB interface.
The following operations are possible when the USB port is connected to a com-
puter (PC):
z Transfer of the readings and the characteristic statistical data from the instru-
ment to the PC.
z Remote control of the instrument by sending commands from the PC to the
instrument.
z Requesting measurement data and other data (e.g., the name of the current
Application) by sending commands from the PC to the instrument.
z Transfer of data (e.g., designations for Applications) from the PC to the
instrument by sending commands from the PC to the instrument.
Both commercial or one's own data processing programs can be used to process
the data exported by the instrument. Information regarding import and processing
of the data using such programs may be obtained from the respective manuals for
these programs.
Fig. 9-1 Side view of the instrument with the USB port
1. Connect the instrument to the USB port of your PC. The Found New
Hardware Wizard opens.
2. Follow the instructions of the Windows wizard. If the driver is not found
automatically, select or enter the source to search for the USB driver (e.g.,
CD-ROM drive. removable media (CD, diskettes, ...) or local path).
Windows XP:
Ignore the message for the Windows Logo Test (Window Hardware
Installation). Click the Continue Installation button and continue the
installation.
The successful installation of the USB driver can be verified in the Windows De-
vice Manager.
z Open the Device Manager: Start/Control Panel/System, Hardware tab,
Device Manager button.
2. Select the data for online export: 10.4 Instrument Mode, beginning
on Page 92.
Command Function
Start on
Service menu Functions
Page
System Language 85
Contrast 86
Lighting 87
Autom. off 89
Initialization 90
USB Send free-running mode 91
Instrument mode Limited mode 92
Do not select a language for which you do not understand the charac-
ters, e.g., Cyrillic! You might have difficulty returning to a language that is
familiar to you!
or always off
Enter After confirming the selection always off
with ENTER you are immediately returned
to the menu in order to enter additional set-
tings.
or always on
Enter After confirming the selection always on
with ENTER, you are immediately returned
to the menu in order to enter additional set-
tings.
z all settings in the service functions are reset to the default settings (i.e., to the
factory settings) (exception: language); thus, if necessary the settings will
have to be made again.
z the coefficients of the master characteristic that is stored in the EEPROM of
the probe plug are not changed because the re-initialization concerns only
the memory of the instrument.
ENTER
Select the desired free-running mode by
pressing the arrow key or and confirm
the selection with ENTER.
The restricted operating mode will remain enabled even after the instrument is
switched off and on.
Resolution 0.0 ...999 1.0 ...9.99 10 ...99.99 100 ...999.9 1000 ...9999
11.1 Malfunctions
The error messages (E***) and warning messages (W***) that may occur during
instrument operation are contained in the overview on the following pages.
Instrument corrected -- --
W 003 faulty settings autono-
mously.
Options
corrected !
Glossary
Terms and Formulas
Adjustments Calibration
Application
Measurement Application of the User.
The instrument memory, where the coefficients from the corrective cali-
bration/normalization (adjustment of the measurement system to the spec-
imen / coating/base material adjustment, system adjustment), the param-
eter settings and the measurement data for a certain measuring application
of the user are stored is called an application.
Application Selection
Menu page(s) in the instrument, where all Applications are listed that have
been set up thus far. Use the command button APPL or use
File/Open to select an Application.
Application Memory
The instrument memory contains all data and measurements that are rele-
vant to a measuring application.
Outliers
Readings that are significantly lower or higher than the other readings of
a measurement series and that can, therefore, be considered unexpected
and not acceptable.
Outlier Rejection
Is used to prevent the distortion of measurement results by Outliers. Out-
lier rejection can be carried out using the Grubbs-Test or Sigma- Outlier
Rejection (specification of a known spread). Measurements that are rec-
ognized as outliers during outlier rejection are not included in the statisti-
cal evaluations.
Evaluation
Computation of statistical parameters such as mean value, standard devi-
ation, etc. as well as the graphical presentation of the measurements, e.g.,
in a sum frequency chart.
Baud
Unit of the speed for transferring information (data). 1 Baud corresponds
to a transfer rate of one bit per second.
Baud Rate
Data transfer rate. Used mainly in connection with terminal programs for
data transfer. Since data are transferred via a serial port, the transfer rate
is calculated in bits per second.
Bit
(Binary Digit), binary number. 1 bit is the smallest unit in the binary num-
ber system. The value of a bit is 0 or 1. Being the smallest unit of infor-
mation in a computer, a bit forms the basis of every computer system. 8
bits are combined to a byte and several bytes to a word.
Block
Grouping of single readings. Several measurements are combined into a
block. A key symbol on the display indicates the end of each block (con-
clusion of a block).
End of Block
Mark after n single readings. As a rule, a key symbol on the display indi-
cates the end of a block.
Block Result
Statistical evaluation of the measurement data of a block. E.g., mean val-
ue, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, range, minimum value,
maximum value, number of single readings per block.
Glossary
Number of single readings that are combined to form a block.
Block, open
Group of single readings for which the block has not yet been ended.
Chi-Squared-Test
Statistical mathematical test method to determine an existing normal dis-
tribution of the measurements (for more than 30 measurements).
Cu
Copper
S1
d..
Mean value of the block mean values of selected blocks. Analogous to the
arithmetic mean value (d.), the block mean values are added up and divid-
ed by the number of evaluated blocks nBl.
n Bl
d.i
1
d.. = -------
n Bl d.. Mean value of the block mean values
i=1
nBl Number of blocks
d.i Block mean values
DUALSCOPE
Protected brand name of Helmut Fischer GmbH for the measuring instru-
ment.
Single Reading
Measurement result that is displayed or printed after a single measurement
at the measurement location.
Final Result
Evaluation of all measurements or selected blocks of an Application (mea-
surement application memory).
External Start
A setting in the menu function File/Properties/Measurement Accep-
tance.
Measurement Acceptance can be initiated by tapping the menu function
Meas/Initiate External Start, the command button Ext, by transmitting
commands from a connected PC.
Excess Curvature
Glossary
The process capability is evaluated using the factors Cp and Cpk.
The capability index Cp is a measure for the spread of a process and its
ability for continuously producing parts according to specifications.
The capability index Cpk takes the position of the mean value in relation
to set specification limits into account.
OGW UGW OGW d.. d.. UGW
Cp = ----------------------------------- and Cpk = --------------------------- ; ---------------------------
6 3 3
si
1 2
: Estimated value for the theoretical standard deviation = -------
nBl: Number of blocks n Bl
i=1
si: Standard deviation of the individual blocks
USL: Upper specification limit
LSL: Lower specification limit
FDD Evaluation
Graphical presentation of the mean values of the measurement blocks (=
Features) in an ascending rank order.
Application:
By using the FDD, existing systematic differences of coatings can be
shown quickly and clearly in a graphical format
Example 1:
When painting car bodies, the desired homogeneous coating distribution
is not achieved if the settings of one or more spray robots is wrong or dis-
turbed. If the readings of one feature (e.g, the hood) are combined into one
measurement block, then the systematic differences between various fea-
tures (hood, roof, doors, trunk lid, etc.) can be recognized quickly using
FDD, and corrective measures can be initiated promptly.
Example 2:
When electroplating racks, parts may be coated inadequately due to erro-
neous current contacting or shadowing of flux lines. If the readings of ad-
jacent parts of the rack are combined into one measurement block, then
the groups, which statistically do not fit together with the other groups,
i.e., which exhibit systematic differences, are identified clearly in the
FDD evaluation. This allows for easy localization of the source of the
error.
Fe
Magnetizable material made of steel or iron.
Accuracy
Qualitative designation for the degree of approximation of a measurement
result to the true value. Usually, the accuracy is divided into Trueness
and Precision.
Specification Limits
The upper specification limit (USL) is the highest reading and the lower
specification limit (LSL) is the lowest reading allowed at the measurement
location.
Maximum Value
Maximum value measured in a test series.
Grubbs Test
Test method for outlier rejection. A method developed by Grubbs to test,
whether the highest or lowest single reading should be considered an out-
lier.
Population
All pieces or specimens to be measured. In practical applications, for ex-
ample, all parts of a production unit, batch, etc.
Group Separator
Mark for the end of a block that can be transferred together with the mea-
surement data to the PC. Default setting ASCII character 29.
Glossary
Graphical presentation of all readings of an Application (measuring appli-
cation memory) according to their portions in classes (e.g., coating thick-
ness ranges), where the class frequencies are illustrated by the contents of
rectangles. The class widths should be of equal size. Among other criteria,
the informational value of statistical results depends on the shape of this
distribution curve.
Interface Interface,
Iso
Insulating material, electrically non-conducting, non-magnetizable.
Calibration Curve
(Characteristic, master characteristic) Quantitative relationship between
the signal of the probe and a scale for the coating thickness as represented
by the calibration standards.
log d
The coating thickness d is presented as a
calibration curve as a function of the nor-
malized count rate Xn. The mid portion of
the calibration curve approaches a
straight line and constitutes the range
with the lowest relative measurement er-
ror.
Xn
0 1
Calibration
In this manual, the term calibration is used as a comprehensive term for
the adjustment and the calibration: Adjustment of the instrument using
calibration standards to adapt the measuring system (instrument and
probe) to the measuring application.
Class
Range between a lower and an upper class boundary (limit values). The
readings of a measurement series can be sorted according to such classes
if they cover the entire measurement range without gaps. The class con-
tents (frequency or number of measurements per class) plotted over the
classes is called a histogram.
Minimum Value
Minimum value measured in a test series.
System Check
A significant part of monitoring the measurement devices. Calibration
standards or better yet, reference samples are used to check the calibra-
tion and to ensure the measurement stability.
Corrective calibration
One-point or two-point calibration. Adjustment of the instrument using 1
or 2 calibration standards. The corrective calibration includes calibration
and adjustment.
During the corrective calibration, the master characteristic (calibration
curve) is adjusted to the individual measuring application. The obtained
coefficients are stored in the active Application (measuring application
memory). The master characteristic itself remains unchanged.
Kurtosis Curvature
LF Line Feed
Glossary
LF line feed. Advances the printer paper by one line. Is usually used to-
gether with the CR (carriage return) character to start the next line at the
beginning.
Unit of Measurement
Unit for displaying measurement data. In coating thickness measurement,
the common units are m and mils. 100 m = 3.9 mils.
Master characteristic
(Characteristic probe output function) Original characteristic of the mea-
surement system. The master characteristic is the basis for determining
the measurements because it represents the relationship between the probe
signal and the coating thickness. The coefficients of the master character-
istic are stored in the probe plug.
Max
Highest measured value of a test series.
Maximum Max
Measuring Application
Properties of the test specimen with regard to measurement quantity, ge-
ometry, geometric dimensions, permeability, etc. The test method, the
measurement display mode, the probe and the type of instrument are all
determined by the measurement application.
Measurement Range
The range between two limit values within which a measurement is pos-
sible at a specified trueness and precision. In a narrower sense, it refers to
the range of the scale of an analog instrument. The measurement range de-
pends on the measurement method, the design of the probe and the mea-
suring application.
Measurement Error
The difference between the actual and the measured value of a measured
quantity. For measuring instruments, there is a distinction between ran-
dom (unpredictable) and systematic (correctable) measurement errors.
Random errors determine the repeatability precision. Systematic errors
affect the trueness and the reproducibility. Systematic measurement er-
rors are far more prevalent in practical applications. Systematic measure-
ment errors can be traced back to 1. faulty calibration, 2. operating or per-
sonal errors and 3. deviations in the test conditions (inhomogeneities,
instabilities, material aging, etc.). They tend to lean in one direction. With
appropriate care, the influences 1. and 2. can usually be avoided or cor-
rected or taken into account in the result.
Glossary
A quality assurance task. It consists of ensuring at specified intervals that
the test equipment (instrument, probe) is still operating properly and cal-
ibrated correctly, and to take corrective measures, if necessary (recalibra-
tion or repair of the instrument). System Check
Measuring Mode
This is the condition in which the instrument can capture and display mea-
surement data. The display mode is determined by the respective mea-
surement display settings.
Measurement Object
Object on whose surface the measurements are performed to determine
the coating thickness.
Measurement Series
A series of single readings between two block or final results.
Measurement Location
A limited and clearly defined location within a reference area of the spec-
imen, where the coating thickness is to be determined.
Measurement Uncertainty u
Measurement Method
A procedure and process for obtaining information from the specimen
concerning its properties. The measurement method is based on scientific
knowledge and is determined by the measuring application.
Reading
Numeric reading of an instrument supplemented by the unit of measure-
ment. The measurement can be obtained from the result of a single read-
ing or from the arithmetic mean of several single readings (for example
for the averaged display value (i individual values)).
Min
Lowest measured value of a test series.
Mean Value d. or
Mean Range R.
NF Metals
Non-ferrous, non-magnetizable metals.
NF
Non-magnetizable material.
Ni
Nickel
Normal Distribution
Gaussian normal distribution, Gaussian distribution, bell curve.
Probability distribution discovered by C. F. Gau in 1794.
If a quantity X is classified as having normal distribution, 68.3 % of the
observed values X are within the -interval of the spread, around the
mean value of the quantity X. I.e., the following applies to 68.3 % of the
observed values: X + . In the following figure, this interval is
identified by the gray areas underneath the curve.
Probability distribution
P(X) of a quantity X
with a normal distribu-
Probability P(X)
tion.
- + X
Glossary
of the quantity X with normal distribution. Skewness and Curvature
equal zero for the normal distribution.
The populations that are examined for technical purposes often can be
classified as having normal distribution. However, the following fact is
of great significance: If several random samples of equal extent are
drawn from any population (blocks) and their mean values (block mean
values) are determined, these mean values will always have normal dis-
tribution (central limits theorem).
The mean value of these random sample mean values (block mean val-
ues) is an estimated value ( = d.) for the mean value of the popula-
tion. Due to the normal distribution, the measurement uncertainty u can
be calculated using the standard deviation of the random sample mean
values.
The sum frequency chart shows, whether a quantity has normal distribu-
tion, with a straight line indicating normal distribution.
In the instrument, the test, whether the measurements at hand (random
samples) have a normal distribution is carried out using the Kolmogoroff
Smirnoff Test (for up to 30 readings) and the Chi-Squared Test (30 read-
ings and up).
Normalization
Adjustment of the instrument to the material properties of the coating and/
or the base material (probe dependent). Thus, the normalization essential-
ly defines the zero point or end point, respectively. A normalization is cru-
cial for correct measurements due to the electrical conductivity and the
permeability of the specimen materials. The coefficients of the adapted
calibration plot are stored in the active Application (measurement appli-
cation memory).
Offline
State of a peripheral device (printer or PC) connected to the instrument
that does not allow it to receive data.
Open Block
Group of readings for which the block has not yet been closed.
USL
The upper specification limit (USL) is the highest reading allowed at the
measurement location.
Parity)
An error check method for data transmission, where the cross-sum of all
error-free transmitted bit groups must always be even or odd. During data
transfer, the parity bits are linked to the data bits of each character or byte
to be transferred. In every word, this bit is set such that the sum of the
Ones of a byte are always an even or odd number. This corresponds to an
even or odd parity. The type of parity requirement must be defined prior
to data transfer. By checking the parity, the recipient can determine if bit
transfer errors occurred.
Precision
Agreement between the individual measurement results under precisely
defined test conditions; the precision is comprised of reproducibility and
repeatability precision.
Quality Assurance
All measures taken in a plant that are concerned with ensuring that a con-
trolled production within established quality requirements can take place.
One partial aspect of it is quality monitoring of which coating thickness
measurement is a part.
R
The range R equals the difference between the highest reading (Maxi-
mum) dmax and the lowest reading (Minimum) dmin of a measurement se-
ries.
R = dmax - dmin
Glossary
Mean range of all block ranges.
R.: Mean range
R. = d 2
: Estimated standard deviation of the population
d2: Factor, depends on the random sample size, can be obtained
from popular published tables.
Range R
Reference Area
A defined partial area of the specimen surface with a known coating thick-
ness.
Trueness
Agreement between the true value and the mean value of a measure-
ment result generally obtained under practical circumstances. The true
value is considered a value known based on mathematical theoretical ap-
proaches. Since such values are rarely available, a value traced to national
or international standards is generally assumed to be correct. This cor-
rect value is often called the true value.
USB Port
Interface that is used for connecting instruments with PCs, printers, USB
sticks and USB keyboards.
SS
Estimated value for the standard deviation of the population. Is output
only in the final result for Applications (measurement application memo-
ries), for which automatic block creation has been enabled.
: Estimated value of the standard deviation of the population
= R.
----- R. Mean range
d2
d2: Factor, depends on the random sample size, can be obtained from
popular published tables.
s
The standard deviation s is a measure for the spread of the single readings
of a measurement series from their common mean value. It is equal to the
mean square deviation of the single readings from the mean value and is
calculated in the following manner:
s: Standard deviation
n
1 2 d.: Mean value across all single readings
s = ------------ ( d. d i )
n1
i=1 n: Number of single readings
d i: Single readings
The following figure points out that two very different measurement
series can have different standard deviations even with the same mean
value.
sa
Spread of the mean values of various groups (Blocks Block), corrected
with regard to the spread of the single readings. To be able to calculate sa,
the spread of the group mean values SII must be significantly greater than
the spread of the single values SI within the group.
If, for example, the same number of measurements per measurement spot
is performed at several measurement spots, and the measurements per
spot are combined in one group (block), then SI is a measure for the instru-
Glossary
spread.
F beo 1
sa = S I ------------------
-
n Bl
2
S II
- (
F beo = -------
2
Variance-analytical evaluation)
SI
Skewness
Measure for the asymmetry of a single-peak probability distribution
around its mean value. A positive skewness indicates a distribution with a
peak that stretches more toward values that are greater than the mean val-
ue. A negative skewness indicates a distribution with a peak that stretches
more toward values that are smaller than the mean value. The skewness
for a symmetric distribution (normal distribution) is zero.
Interface
Transfer or connecting point between components, circuits or programs.
A data exchange is carried out via the interface. With serial interfaces, the
data are transferred in individual bits (i.e., one bit after another), with par-
allel interfaces, several bits are transferred simultaneously.
Probe
Transducer that delivers an electrical signal to the instrument based on a
particular measurement method. This signal is proportional to the coating
thickness and is converted in the instrument into a corresponding coating
thickness value according to the master characteristic and the normaliza-
tion and calibration coefficients of the open Application (measurement
application memory). All probes of Helmut Fischer GmbH have been
master-calibrated in the plant.
Probe Frequency
A generator feeds the measurement probe with an alternating current of a
certain frequency. The applied frequency is determined by the measuring
application and the probe type.
Range R
Standard Deviation s
Start Bit
With asynchronous serial data transfer, a start bit is transmitted before the
data word to be transferred. With the logic One to logic Zero transition of
the start bit, the receiver can be synchronized to the subsequent data bits.
Statistics
The result of a measurement series, i.e., the compilation of a large number
of single readings into a few characteristic quantities (e.g., mean value,
standard deviation, etc.)
Statistical Evaluation
Calculation using the measurement data according to statistical mathe-
matical methods.
Glossary
Some parts of the population. In practical applications, a small part of a
production batch taken from the production according to random sam-
pling methods; the results of the random sample are extrapolated to the en-
tire batch (lot, production unit).
Stop Bit
With asynchronous serial data transfer, the stop bit is added to the data
word to be transferred. 1 to 2 bit logic Ones are used. After the stop bit,
the transmitter remains at logic One until the start bit of the next character
arrives.
Student Factor t
Sum Frequency
The sum frequency is that portion of parts (in percent), where the coating
thickness is smaller or equal to a particular measurement. In a sum fre-
quency chart, the sum frequency can be viewed referenced to the coating
thickness. Example: One realizes that 9% of the parts exhibit a coating
thickness of less than or equal to 39 m (1.56 mils).
t
The student factor t can be obtained from popular published tables (e.g.,
Graf, Henning, Stange, Wilrich: Formeln und Tabellen der angewandten
mathematischen Statistik [Formulas and Tables in Applied Mathematical
Statistics by Graf, Henning, Stange and Wilrich]; Springer-Verlag) and is
stated as follows:
t Example for a confidence level of 95 % and n > 200 (and thus, de-
1 --- ;f
2 gree of freedom 199, since f = n - 1) the student factor is
t97.5; 199 = 1.96.
Part Specimen
u
Every instrument is subject to random measurement errors
( Accuracy). With a certain probability (the confidence level), the pre-
sumed true value () of the measured quantity lies within an interval
around the measured mean value d. of a measurement series. The interval
is also refereed to as confidence interval. The boundaries of this interval
are at a distance u, the measurement uncertainty, from the mean value .
d. u d. + u
LSL
Lower specification limit; is the smallest reading allowed at the measure-
ment location.
u-Scale
Scale on the right ordinate in the printout of the sum frequency chart. Lin-
ear transformation of the measurements into standardized features u. The
transformation serves comparison and analysis purposes. The standard-
ized feature values are without dimension; their arithmetic mean u is Zero
and their standard deviation (u) is always 1.
V
Coefficient of variation. The spread of a measurement series in percent,
i.e., the standard deviation in reference to the mean value. V [%] is a char-
acteristic process constant. A sudden change in V [%] indicates a change
in the process conditions. V is calculated in the following manner:
s V: Coefficient of variation
V = ---- 100 [ % ]
d. s: Standard deviation
d. Mean value
V VDach
Estimated value of the coefficient of variation.
V : Estimated value of the coefficient of variation
V = ------ 100 [ % ]
d.. : Estimated value of the standard deviation of the popula-
tion
d.. Mean value across the block mean values
Variance
Mean squared deviation. The square root of the variance is called standard
deviation (s).
n s2: Variance
2 1 2
s = ------------ ( d i d. ) d.: Mean value of the single readings
n1
i=1
d i: Single readings
n Number of measurements
Variance-Analytical Evaluation
Statistical method for checking the mean values of various random sam-
ples to determine, whether they are comparable or exhibit significant dif-
ferences. The spreads of the group mean values is compared to the mean
spread of the single readings within the groups.
The check value Fbeo is determined ( sa) and based on a comparison
k
SI2: Mean value of the squared group spreads sj2
sj
2 1 2
S I = ---
k k: Number of random samples
j=1
SII2: Squared spread of the group mean values
k
( xj x )
2 n 2 x j: Group mean value of the group
S II = -----------
k1 n Number of single readings per group
j=1
x Mean value of the group mean values
k
1
with: x = ---
k
xj
j=1
2
S II
F beo = -------
- Fbeo Check value for deciding the answer to the question
2
SI (in the instrument possibly designated with Fb)
If the condition Fbeo FTab is met, the mean values of the random samples
belong to a common population. If Fbeo > FTab, then the mean values are
significantly different. The characteristic value sa ( sa) states the
spread of the mean values corrected with regard to the spread of the single
readings.
FTab Table value of the F-distribution with Ff1, f2, 1-
f Degrees of freedom with f1 = (k-1) and f2 = k (n-1)
Significance level
Coefficient of Variation V
Reproducibility
Term for the differences of the individual measurement results under re-
producibility conditions. Reproducibility conditions refer to measure-
ments on a specimen according to a specified method, e.g., at different
times or with different instruments or with different observers or at differ-
ent locations. Measurement results that have been obtained by different
persons using different instruments at different locations on the identical
specimen must be comparable. The reproducibility is the basis for com-
puting the confidence interval for the expected value.
Confidence Interval u
Glossary
An area of the sum frequency chart, where the sum plot can be found.
With 95% certainty (confidence level), the true portion following below
the respective feature value (e.g., coating thickness) can be found within
these borders. For a normal distribution, the confidence borders ptop and
pbottom are calculated as follows:
d-------------
d. 2
d d. 1
p unten = ------------- 1,96 --- + ----------------------
n 2n 2
d-------------
d. 2
d d. 1
p oben = ------------- + 1,96 --- + ----------------------
n 2n 2
1 ( y p ( i ) ) -
2
p oben ( i ) = y p ( i ) + 1,96 --- + ------------------
n 2n 2
Confidence Level u
Glossary
Repeated measuring under consistent conditions at the same measurement
location leads to random deviations of the measurement data. Consistent
conditions means the same observer performing measurements according
to a specified method on an identical specimen within short periods using
the same instrument at the same location. The standard deviation of the
measurement data obtained under repeatability conditions is a measure for
the repeatability precision. A large standard deviation or measurement un-
certainty of an instrument indicates a poor repeatability precision. The
smaller the standard deviation, the better the repeatability precision. The
repeatability precision is dependent on the measurement method and the
properties of the instrument but also on the properties of the specimen.
The repeatability precision can be improved by generating mean values of
the measurement series (i single readings).
d base material
Curvature
The curvature is a measure for how pointed (Excess) or how flat (Kurto-
sis) a distribution is compared to a normal distribution. A positive curva-
X Count Rate
XN Count Rate
Count Rate
X (Phi). Probe signal displayed as a number of electrical impulses. Phi
corresponds directly to the measured quantity. The Phi values range be-
tween the two extremes Xmin and Xmax.
In general, displaying the count rate X serves the purpose of determining
whether a noticeable measurement effect is present for a particular mea-
suring application.
The numeric values for the normalized count rate XN are between 0
and 1 and are calculated according to the following equation:
X
Xn 65
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