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The Two Standards

by Horacio de la Costa, S.J

Life is a Warfare: a warfare between two standards:


the Standard of Christ and the Standard of Satan.
It is a warfare older than the world, for it began with the revolt of the angels.
It is awarfare wide as the world; it rages in every nation, every city, in the heart of every man. Satandesires all
men to come under his Standard, and to this end lures them with riches, honors, power, all that ministers to the
lust and pride of man. Christ on the contrary, invites all to fightunder His Standard. But He offers no worldly
allurement; only Himself. Only Jesus; only theSon of Man; born an outcast, raised in poverty, rejected as a
teacher, betrayed by His friend,crucified as a criminal. And therefore His followers shall not be confounded
forever; they arecertain of ultimate victory; against them, the gates of Hell cannot prevail. The powers
of darkness shall splinter before their splendid battalions. Battle-scarred but resplendent, they shallenter into
glory with Christ, their king. Two armies, two Standards, two generals and to everyman there comes the
imperious cry of command: Choose! Christ or Satan? Choose! Sanctity or Sin? Choose! Heaven or Hell? And in
the choice he makes, is summed up the life of every man.

A frequency distribution is a summary of how often different scores occur within a sample of scores. Lets take
a closer look at what this means.

What Is a Frequency Distribution?

A frequency can be defined as how often something happens. For example, the number of dogs that
people own in a neighborhood is a frequency.

A distribution refers to the pattern of these frequencies.

A frequency distribution looks at how frequently certain things happen within a sample of values. In our
example above, you might do a survey of your neighborhood to see how many dogs each household
owns.

Lets say you obtain the following set of scores from your sample:

1, 0, 1, 4, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0 2, 1, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 3

The first step in turning this into a frequency distribution is to create a table. Label one column the items you
are counting, in this case the number of dogs in households in your neighborhood.

Next, create a column where you can tally the responses. Place a line for each instance the number occurs.

Finally, total your tallies and add the final number to a third column.

Number of Dogs in Household Tally Frequency

0 |||| 4

1 ||||| || 7

2 ||| 3
3 || 2

4 or more | 1

Using a frequency distribution, you can look for patterns in the data. Looking at the table above you can quickly
see that out of the 17 households surveyed, 7 families had one dog while 4 families did not have a dog.

Another Example of a Frequency Distribution

For example, lets suppose that you are collecting data on how many hours of sleep college students get each
night.

After conducting a survey of 30 of your classmates, you are left with the following set of scores:

7, 5, 8, 9, 4, 10, 7, 9, 9, 6, 5, 11, 6, 5, 9, 9, 8, 6, 9, 7, 9, 8, 4, 7, 8, 7, 6, 10, 4, 8

In order to make sense of this information, you need to find a way to organize the data. A frequency distribution
is categorize commonly used to information so that it can be interpreted quickly in a visual way.
In our example above, the number of hours each week serves as the categories and the occurrences of each
number are then tallied.
The above information could be presented in a table:
Hours of Sleep Tally Frequency

4 ||| 3

5 ||| 3

6 |||| 4

7 ||||| 5

8 ||||| 5

9 ||||| | 7

10 || 2

11 | 1

Looking at the table, you can quickly see that 7 people reported sleeping sleeping for 9 hours while only 3
people reported sleeping for 4 hours.

How Are Frequency Distributions Displayed?

Using the information from a frequency distribution, researchers can then calculate the mean, median, mode,
range and standard deviation. Frequency distributions are often displayed in a table format (as you can see in
the example found below), but they can also be presented graphically using a histogram.

A Word From Verywell


Frequency distributions are a helpful way of presenting complex data. In psychology research, a frequency
distribution might be utilized to take a closer look at the meaning behind numbers. For example, imagine that a
psychologist was interested in looking at how test anxiety impacted grades. Rather than simply looking at a
huge number of test scores, the researcher might compile the data into a frequency distribution which can then
be easy converted into a bar graph.

By doing this, the researcher can then quickly look at important things such as the range of scores as well as
which scores occurred the most and least frequently.

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