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Geotechnical Engineering 466 Chapter 1

Introduction Chapter 1

Footing
Definition
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls and to transmit and distribute
their loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded,
excessive settlement, differential settlement,or
rotation are prevented and adequate safety
against overturning or sliding is maintained.

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GeneralRequirementsforFootingDesign

1. A site investigation is required to determine the

chemical and physical properties of the soil.
2. Determine the magnitude and distribution of
loads form the superstructure.
3. Establish the criteria and the tolerance for the
total and differential settlements of the structure.

GeneralRequirementsforFootingDesign

4. Determine the most suitable and economic type

of foundation.
5. Determine the depth of the footings below the
ground level and the method of excavation.
6. Establish the allowable bearing pressure to be
used in design.

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GeneralRequirementsforFootingDesign

7. Determine the pressure distribution beneath the

footing based on its width
8. Perform a settlement analysis.

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ReasonsforFoundationFailure

BearingCapacity
Settlement
FirstEstimate! Iusuallyassumethese
Settlementisthecombinationoftwophenomena
typicalultimatebearingcapacities:
150KN/m2 forsoftclay.
300 600KN/m2 forfirmclaysandloose
Contractionofthe Consolidationofthe
sand.
2 soildueto soilduetovolume
1000 1500KN/m forhardboulderclays
compressiveand change.Appliedload
anddensegravel.
shearstresses. themoistureis
Example: Thiscontraction, squeezedfrom
Forcolumnfoundation; partlyelasticand thesoilandthesoil
Assumecolumnload=1000(KN) partlyplastic,is compactstopartly
Assumeultimatebearingcapacityfor relativelyrapid. fillthevoidsleftby
stiffclay=750KN/m2 theretreating
Takefactorofsafetyof3. moisture.
Thereforesafebearingcapacity=Ultimate
bearingcapacity/Factorofsafety=750/3=
250 KN/m2
AndUltimatebearingcapacity=Column
load/basearea
Therefore,Basearea=1000/250=4(m2)

PresumedBearingValues(BS8004)

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SettlementDefinitions

TypicalValuesofAngular
DistortiontoLimitCracking
(GroundSubsidence,Inst.
OfCivilEngineering,1977)

InteractionofSuperstructureandSoil

RigidPortal ThreePinnedArch

Exampleone:RigidPortalVersusThreePinnedArch
Superstructurecostsforrigidsteelportalframeshedaregenerally
cheaperthanthethreepinnedarchsolution,but

Differentialsettlementofthecolumnpadbaseswillaffectthe
bendingmoments(andthusstresses)inrigidportal,but
insignificant effectonthethreepinnedarch,thereforethepad
foundationsforrigidportalwillbebiggerandmoreexpensivethan
thoseforthearch.

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InteractionofSuperstructureanSoil(Cont.)
StiffFootingVersusVierendeel Truss

NormalSuperstructure
ExampleTwo:Thesinglestoryreinforced DeepStiff
concreteframestructureinsoftgroundliable Footing
toexcessivesagging/differentialsettlement Independentof
Superstructure
1. Normalreinforcedconcretesuperstructure
foundedondeep,stiff,heavilyreinforced
footing
2. Stiffersuperstructure,toactas Relatively
vierendeel trussandthusineffect Shallow
becomingaStiffBeam withthe Foundation
foundationbeamactingasthebottom StiffenedSuperstructure
BeamActingasa
beamboomoftruss Trusswiththe
Superstructure
Thetrusssolution(2)showedsignificant
savinginconstructionandtime.

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FoundationTypes
Padfoundations

masshaunched steppedreinforced

SimplestandCheapestfoundationtype
Usedwhenthesoilisrelativelystrongorwhenthecolumn
loadsarerelativelyhigh
Theycanbesteppedorhaunched,ifmaterialcostsoutweigh
labourcosts.
Thereinforcementcanvaryfromnotingtooneextreme
throughtoaheavysteelgrillageattheother,withlightly
reinforcedsectionsbeingthemostcommon.

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FoundationTypes(Cont.)
Stripfootings

Commonlyusedforthe Loadbearingwall
foundationstoload bearingwalls
Alsousedwhenthepad
foundationsaresoclosed Rowofcolumns
Usedonweakgroundtoincrease
thefoundationbearingarea,and
thusreducethebearingpressure
Invertedtee
Whenitisnecessarytostiffenthe
striptoresistdifferential
settlement,thenteeorinvertedtee
Tee
stripfootingscanbeadapted.

Reinforced

FoundationTypes(Cont.)

Whenstripbecomesowide
(becauseofheavycolumnloads
onweakground)
Whenthedepthtosuitable
bearingcapacitystrataforstrip Simpleraft
footingloadingbecomestoodeep
Raftscanbestiffened(asstrips
can)byinclusionofbeams
Adeepbasementexcavationcan
Stiffenedrafts
displacethesameweightofsoil
astheweightoftheproposed
structure.i.e.,Acubicmeterof
soilcanweighasmuchasthree
floorloads/m2.

Buoyancyraft

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FoundationTypes(Cont.)

Piledfoundations

Column

Slab

Pilecap
Weak
ground Skinfriction
Densegravel

Rock

Endbearingpileontorock Endbearingpileintogravel Frictionpile

Types of Footing

Wall footings are used to

support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors
or to support nonstructural
walls.

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TypesofFooting

Isolated or single footings

are used to support single
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.

TypesofFooting
Combined footings usually
support two columns, or three
columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when two columns are so close
that single footings cannot be
used or when one column is
located at or near a property
line.

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TypesofFooting

Cantilever or strap footings

consist of two single footings
connected with a beam or a
strap and support two single
columns. This type replaces a
combined footing and is more
economical.

TypesofFooting

Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.

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TypesofFooting
Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing usually
placed under the entire building
area. They are used, when soil
bearing capacity is low, column
loads are heavy single footings
cannot be used, piles are not used
and differential settlement must
be reduced.

TypesofFooting

Pile caps are thick slabs

used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to the
piles.

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RecommendationofSoilsConditionsandappropriate
FoundationTypes

SoilCondition AppropriateFoundationTypeandLocation DesignComments

RecommendationofSoilsConditionsandappropriate
FoundationTypes(Cont.)

SoilCondition AppropriateFoundationTypeandLocation DesignComments

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RecommendationofSoilsConditionsandappropriate
FoundationTypes(Cont.)

SoilCondition AppropriateFoundationTypeandLocation DesignComments

RecommendationofSoilsConditionsandappropriate
FoundationTypes(Cont.)

SoilCondition AppropriateFoundationTypeandLocation DesignComments

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RecommendationofSoilsConditionsandappropriate
FoundationTypes(Cont.)

SoilCondition AppropriateFoundationTypeandLocation DesignComments

PostconstructionFoundationFailure

Excavationforanewfoundation,reducingthestabilityofanexisting
foundationatthesamelevel.

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PostconstructionFoundationFailure(Cont.)

Loadingfromanewfoundationcausingsettlementofanexisting
foundation.

PostconstructionFoundationFailure(Cont.)

Newfoundationaboveanexistingfoundationcausingsettlementof
theexistingfoundation

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PostconstructionFoundationFailure(Cont.)

Newfoundationbelowanexistingfoundationcausingsettlementof
theexistingfoundation

PostconstructionFoundationFailure(Cont.)

Newfoundationdamagingaserviceintheground

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PostconstructionFoundationFailure(Cont.)

Newfoundationloadingaburiedstructure,forexampleatunnelor
collector

PostconstructionFoundationFailure(Cont.)

Newfoundationcausinginstabilityonaslopingsite

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PostconstructionFoundationFailure(Cont.)

Lateralloadfromanewfoundationdeflectingaretainingwall

Changesofsoilpropertiesduringexcavation

Heavefollowingremovalofoverburden

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RareFoundationFailure
ofaBuildinginShanghai,China

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Sequenceofthefailureofthebuilding

(a) First, the apartment building was constructed

(b)Thentheplancalledforanundergroundgarageto
bedugout.Theexcavatedsoilwaspileduponthe
othersideofthebuilding

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(c)Heavyrainsresultedinwater
seepingintotheground

(d)Thebuildingbegantoshiftandtheconcretepilessnapped
duetotheunevenlateralpressures

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(e)Thebuildingstartedtotilt

(f) Final failure of the building

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Someeffectsofliquefactionduringthe1964Niigataearthquake

FoundationWeakeningDuetoSoilLiquefactioninAdapazari,Turkey Source:USGS

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TheeffectofliquefactioninChristchurch,NewZealand,duringtheMw6.3February2011
Christchurchearthquake

Quicksandtank

(a)Underanupwardgradient, (b)Gradientisdownward;
thesandmassiseasilystirred sandisabletosupportastatic
withamaterstick load

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(c)Afterashockloadisappliedtothesideofthetank,thesand
massliquefiesandmomentarilylosesallbearingcapacity.

Liquefaction

The sudden, large decrease of share strength of

cohesionless soil caused by collapse of the soil
structure, produced by shock or earthquake
induced shear strain, associated with a sudden but
temporary increase of pore water pressure.
Liquefaction cause the cohesionless soil behave as
a fluid.

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Relationshipbetweengradingandliquefaction
potential.

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WithinthescopeofGeotechnicalEngineering466

WithinthescopeofGeotechnicalEngineering465

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