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Nutrition
Mark Scheme

Level IGCSE
Subject Biology
Exam Board Edexcel
Topic Structure and Functions in Living Organisms
Sub-Topic Nutrition
Booklet Mark Scheme

Time Allowed: 254 minutes

Score: /211

Percentage: /100

Grade Boundaries:
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 (a) 5
Organ needed
Illness to cure illness

uremia (kidney)
emphysema lung(s)
coronary failure heart;
diabetes
iabetes s;
hepatitis liver;
poor vision cornea(s);

(b) b le; 2
emulsifies / large drops to small drops
/ eq;
neutralise / optimum pH / alkaline;

(c) (i) genetically / gene / allele / DNA; 2

identical / same / eq; ignore
similar

(ii) lots / no shortage / no delay / better 2

supply / always available / eq;

allow ref to
no rejection / match / accepted by blood type
body / eq;

no problems with relatives / eq;

TOTAL 11 MARKS
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 large surface area; mark points max 6
thin (leaf); independently
upper epidermis / cuticle;
transparent / lets light through; allow carbon
chloroplasts / chlorophyll; dioxide and water
palisade (mesophyll); if given in an
close to surface; equation
absorb light;
spongy (mesophyll);
diffusion;
stomata / guard cells;
carbon dioxide;
xylem;
water; ignore if transpired

TOTAL 6 MARKS
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 (a) (i) named ion; eg. nitrate for 2
eg. nitrate / magnesium / amino acids /
phosphate / sulphate / iron / protein / nucleic
potassium / calcium acid / eq

use of ion; allow Mg and

chloroplast

allow symbols

ignore nitrogen /
copper

(b) (i) S scale linear and half grid 6

in one
direction; if leaves plot as
L line straight and through zero for day 0
points; lose P but allow L
A1 axes correct way round; if leaves plot as
A2 axes labelled 10 for day 0 allow
(days and P and L
number/leaves);
P points plotted accurately;
K key;

(ii) light; ignore ref to plant max 3

temperature;
carbon dioxide;
pH;
humidity; ignore water
wind;

TOTAL 11 MARKS
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 C noise and no noise / max 6
range of
noise;

O same species / mass /

seeds / amount of crop /
eq;

R replication evident; allow amount /

how much / how
M1 mass eaten / number many
eaten /
count birds / eq;

M2 time period stated; allow temperature

if in field
S1 weather / season /
temperature/
wind / same time of day / ignore same field
eq;

S2 same number/ species of

bird /
same area / field size /
quadrat /
eq;

TOTAL 6 MARKS
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
5 (a) low in fat / eq; 2
heart disease / blocks blood
vessels / eq;
high in protein / amino acids;
growth / repair / eq; ignore
muscles

(b) conserves snail / natural 1

populations / less collected /
eq;

(c) spider(s); 1

(d) calcium / phosphate; allow if in list with 1

other ions

(e) (i) cannot digest/breakdown ignore converse max 2

cellulose / fibre / roughage;
no absorption of cellulose /
fibre / roughage;

lack enzyme / cellulase;

lack symbiotic organisms;

(ii) 70;; one for 2.8 in working 2

(f) (more) (glucose) metabolism / ignore energy use 2

(more) respiration; / energy loss

allow converse for

snails

heat loss / need to maintain allow converse for

body temperature / keep warm snails
/ eq;
allow converse for
more active / more movement; snails

(g) humans + (select) desired allow human 1

characteristics (for breeding) / terms such as you
eq; / we / farmers

(h) (no) bacteria / microorganism / ignore germs 1

fungi / pathogen / infection /
disease / parasites / eq;

TOTAL 13 MARKS
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
6 (a) light (intensity); 2
affects/alters/increases/decreases/changes
CO2 level / gas exchange /
photosynthesis;

(b) size / species of leaves / eq; ignore ref to tube max 2

volume/amount/concentration of indicator; size / time / cork
temperature; seal / humidity

4 (c) control / allow (valid) comparison / see if 1

indicator changes (with no leaf) / colour
change due to leaf / see if gas exchange
happens without the leaf / eq;

(d) (i) photosynthesis / allow photosynthesis ignore 2

more than respiration; photosynthesis
and respiration
unqualified

less CO2 / CO2 absorbed / eq; ignore ref to pH

(ii) respiration / no photosynthesis; ignore ref pH 2

CO2 released / more CO2 / no CO2
absorbed / eq;

(e) (i) respiration equals photosynthesis / ignore gas 1

CO2 in equals CO2 out / eq; exchange

(ii) no leaf; ignor empty tube 1

/ nothing in tube

(f) limewater only shows increase in CO2 / 1

cannot show decrease in CO2 / cannot
show amount of CO2 / eq;

TOTAL 12 MARKS
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 (a) constipation; 1
lack of water/ lots of water absorbed/ drink less water;
lack of fibre/ less vegetables/ eq;
( b) diarrhoea; 1
less water absorbed;
food poisoning / infection/ eq;
(c) peristalsis; 3
contraction;
muscles;
oushed/ sa ueezecl I waves/ ea
(d) (i) rectum; 1

(ii) anus; 1

(e ) faeces versus named excretory product; excretion is removal of 3

faeces from the anus = 0
undig ested food versus metabolic waste product;

anus versus kidney/lung/skin;

not in cells versus in cells;

Total 10
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
8 (a) smaller surface area to volume ratio; accept converse

less heat loss / more energy measured / eq;

2
heats up slowly / avoid boiling / eq;

(b) insulation / lid / cover / eq; mark in discrete pairs

less heat/energy loss; 2
reject idea of more
burning food close to tube / eq; bread
less heat/energy loss;
ignore repeat
quick transfer of burning food / eq;
less heat/energy loss;

stir / eq;
even temperature;

avoid draft / wind;

less heat/energy loss;

digital thermometer ;
precision / eq;

use calorimeter / burn in oxygen;

all food burnt / less heat/energy loss;

Total
T 4
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number

9 (a) 1.. r eated / 3 readings / 3 times / average / Max 2

more than once / eq;

2.. similar pattern for red / for green);

3. anomaly ignored in calculation of average

for blue light;

(b) measuring cylinder / syringe / scale on the side / Ignore measure 1

eq; volume

(c) colour / wavelength of light; Light alone = 0 1

(d) 1.. ss of plant / size of plant / length of plant / Ignore heat max 3
amount of plant;
Same size test
2.. ecies of plant / type of plant / same plant; tube/beaker = 0

3. age of plant; Ignore time

4.. t perature (of water) / room temperature; Ignore same

funnel exit
5. mass/amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate /
conc. of carbon dioxide / eq;

6.. lume/amount of water / volume of indicator /

eq;

7.. ght intensity / light duration / eq;

Total 7
marks
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number

10 C leaves from top and bottom; 6

O same species / same tree / same age of tree

/
eq;

R repeat / many trees / many leaves / eq;

M1 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT:
chlorophyll / colour / chromatography / eq;

M2 METHOD OF EXTRACTION:
(heat with) ethanol / crush / eq;

S1+S2 same location / soil / time of year / day

/
mass / surface area / eq;;
Total 6
marks
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number

11 (a) helps combustion / helps burning / eq; 1

(i) (ii) 1.. crease surface area / more surface / 2

longer distance / longer time / eq;

2.. ( tter) heat transfer (to water) /

heat more of the water /
heat water better / eq;

(iii) distribute heat / spread heat / spread 1

temperature / even out temperature / make
all the water the same temperature / eq;

(b) (i) 7.5; 1

(ii) 6300; if not 6300 1

use number
from (i) to
calculate
correct
answer in (ii)

eg 7140 is
acceptable if
8.5 in (i)

Total 6
marks
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Question
-
Answer Notes Marks
number

12 (a) 5

Large food Enzyme Small food

molecule involved in molecule
digestion produced

starch amylase glucose/ Ignore simple sugars

maltose;

protein; protease amino acids /

polypeptides /
peptides;

lipid lipase; fatty acids /

glycerol;

(b) 1. large surface area/ microvilli; Ignore many villi/ long 3

villi
2. thin/ short diffusion distance/ eq;

3. blood/ capillaries/ eq;

4. permeable;

5. lacteal;

Total 8 marks
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r Question
number
13(a) s
Answer

scale linear and half grid used for plotting;

L lines straight and through points;

,-

Notes
--

If not linear lose S and P

Histogram means lose S

Marks

s
-

and L for Max 3

A axis correct way + units for enerqy in kJ;
Line to origin means lose
p points plotted correctly;

K key;

(b) 1. increases energy requirement/ eq; Increases up to a point 2

and then decreases = 1
2. decreases from 25;
Decrease/level off at 41
=0

(c) 1. (more) muscle contraction; Allow converse 3

2. (more) respiration; More energy for

respiration = 2
3. (more) energy/kilojoules required;
Ignore reference t:> age
4. (more) food/ glucose required/ eq;
3. Allow calories

Total 10 marks
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
14 (a) stomata / guard cells; ignore wide and flat Max 3
spongy (mesophyll) / spongy
(layer) / air spaces / eq;
moist;
thin;
large surface area;

(b) 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2;; allow one mark for 2

correct equation and
correct formula and a
second mark for correct
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 = 1 balance
formula wrong = 0
eg. CO2 = wrong but
CO2 = correct
reject word equation

ignore
light/chlorophyll/energy

(c) (i) dark for 12 hours plus; 1

(ii) keep in dark / no light / cover leaf 1

surface / eq;

(iii) boil/heat/warm in ethanol/alcohol; tube of ethanol in water 3

safety: water bath / no flame / eq; bath = 2
iodine;
blue black / eq; ignore tongs / gloves etc

allow black / dark black

/ dark blue / blue

Total 10 marks
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
15 (a) sun/light makes vitamin D; 1

(b) children still growing (bones) / developing allow converse 1

(bones) / eq; adult bones fully
developed
ignore ref to cod
liver oil / time
spent indoors
(c) fat / lipid; only accept generic Max 3
carbohydrate; names, so iron = 0,
protein; glucose = 0
fibre / roughage;
water; if list ignore non
minerals / salts / ions; generic names

(d)) idea of high in sugar / fat / marks are for idea 2

carbohydrate / energy / calories of energy balance
and not
2.. not use / not burnt / not needed / eq; consequence

(e) 1.. o sity / overweight / joint damage; Max 2

2.. di etes;

3.. heart sease / heart attack / angina /

cardiac arrest / eq;
ignore vein /
4.. blo s/narrows/build up arteries / capillary
blocks blood vessels / high blood pressure;

5.. strok

(f) 1.. weigh risp / mass of crisp; allow marks if Max 4

2.. burn cris / eq; clear in formula
3.. burnt completely / e

4.. heat wat / allow heat water if

hold (burning crisp) under tube / implicit
hold (burning crisp) under water /
calorimeter / eq;
5.. vo me of water / mass of water;

6.. m sure temperature before and after /

temperature rise / temperature increase /
change in temperature / eq;

Total 13 marks
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
16 (a) S scale linear + use of at least half grid; L lost if points plotted 5
L lines on bars neat; allow yr or y for year
A axes correct way; allow kJ m-2 yr -1
A axes labelled energy + kJ per m2 per year
and A,B,C,D / eq;
P bars at correct height;
(b) temperature / heat; ignore humidity 3
(sun)light / light intensity;
wavelength / colour;
water / rain;
minerals / ions / salts / named mineral / nutrients;
(c) (i) (less) pests / disease control / pesticides / eq; ignore pollution / CO2 2
biological control / predators; levels or other abiotic
fertiliser / fertile soil / crop rotation / legumes / eq; factors
irrigation / watered; ignore glasshouse /
replanting / several plantings per year; polythene
GM / species of plant / different strains / eq;
weed removal;
(ii) man / human / you / farmer; 4
desired characteristic / named feature / eq;
breed / produce offspring / eq;
many generations / eq;
(d) several / use more than one / sample / repeat / eq; allow if implicit Max 4
random; ignore count / measure
weigh / method of weighing / scales / eq; biomass
remove animals / consumers / soil; ignore average
multiply to total area / scaling;

Total 18

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
17 C different calcium / range of calcium / eq; 6
O same age / strain / species / gender / eq;
R several rats / different groups / eq;
M1 mass / eq;
M2 one day plus / eq;
S1 + S2 same mass food / type of food / diet /
water / same cage / temperature / eq;

Total 6
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Question Answer Note.s Marks

number
18 (a) (;) changed (by scientist)/ akered (by student}/
v;i.ri;i.hl"' rh;r,t , r-h;r,n!l ...n J ""'1: 1

(;;) volume of water (collected}/ water in cm3; allow amount of water

1
ignore time taken/
variable that is measured
/ volume of water added
(iii}
Variable Tick
mass of d...., soil .,, 1
size of measurin linder 11

volume of water collected

(;v) 7,1(428) / 7,14 / 7.143: allow one mark for 7,142 2
or 14 in working
(v) (A) (more} deci mal places/ hundredths/ ignore milliseconds
smaller scale inte1val/ eq; ignore digital 1
i nore snlit se conds
11

(b) (;) less water/ water drains away/ eq; ignore mi neral ions
less anchorage/ eq; 2

(;;) (less} oxygen/ not aerobic; ignore ref to mineral ion

active transport/ active uptake; or water concentration max 2
respiration/ energy/ ATP; gradient or waterlogged
Total 10

r n-..__r
19 (a)
... ....._
catbohydrate, protein, lipid/fat. vtaminS, minerals
No...
aM 5 na.med
IOftOre w1ter tnd fibre
... raw
2
1
con!Cl propo .-Uon/ co,rect amount/ suit.abit amount/ adequate (al components) In
amount/ eq: COffl!Cl proportiOn /
itnOunt I
eg correct amount of
nrotetn = I
<> I IO'W Cllo11H/ IOW lfttfOY/ no ClfDohyd,.ll/
k>w catbohydrate/ @Q; max 2
2 not @not.,,Qh (qu1tlty) P,Oltin;
not enough fat/lipid;
not enough vitamin/ &a,ck named vitamin/ only Y1tamin c;
5 not @not.19h mlntrtl/ l1dt named mlnt,-1/ onty .,on:
6 ft!vou,s mav f nurntw!,,sI mav not want adl:!1U11es,-.,
Total
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Ouestton Answer Notes Maries

number
20 <> name ot process description ot 5
process
loaesum; food enters the mou th

digestion break down large

moleOJles / large
molecules to small
moleOJles / Insoluble
to soluble moleOJles
attsamuoo: small moleOJles move
from small intestile
Into rthe bk>od
asSITlllatlonl small food molecules
synthesis are used to bu ild large
moleOJles
egestton removal of undigested
food / faeces/ waste
from anus;

(b) L amylase; ignOf'"e carbohydrase 3

2. starch;
3. maltose / glucose:
4. ..,.k.,,,,.11.:al dlnestlon / mechankal dloestiOn / chewino i><n;
(c) (yes) A Is starch; max 1 if A starch and e glucose but say no 2
B iS nlucose one Is starch and one ts ntucose =1 mark
(rotal forQuestioo 20 = 10 marks)
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Question
Answer Otes Marts
number

21 (a) (1) A and G only; both letters r-equ Ired In 1

(I) and (Ill)
(II) D only: 1

(111) Band Fonly: 1

r
(b) 1. long; marts can be given fo
valid ma rblg po nts. on
2. YI I / vii us. I mler-ovll I: a diagram
3. locrease su rfac,e area I eq:

4. dfffus!!lo I .acttve transport I 0-smom;

!>. GJDlllarles:
6. (blood lflow) maintains coocentra Jon grad nt I
malnta Ins diffusion grad tent:

7. thin walls / one cell thldc: I s.hort dlstanc-e:

(applies to !a'I II or caplllaf1e-s)

a. lac:eal(s;): 5
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Question
Answer otes Marks
number

21 {c} (I) l. la-ck vita n C. I antlexldant I SOirvy / allO'll If tamln C In list

bleedhg gums / eq;

2. cons patlon / les.:s food movement I

bowel cancer I raised choleste /
ncrease art dis.ease / eq;
2

(c} (II) l. obesity/ Increase In "-'eight/ eq_;

2. bbdc:age of arteries lgnix-e other blood

vessels
.3. h h blood pressure/ str(Ilke I beart disease I
raised cholesterol/ eq;

'11. d.abetes:

5. Joint damag-e I a r1tls I eq:

6. ga I stones: 3

(Total for Q.u:estlon 21 = U marks)

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number

22 (a) (I} . L stop release of carbon dJoxlde: Ignore evapora Jon

of fwittEr
2. respIra Ion:

3. bacteria / fung I / mlcga Isms/

decomposas. I soll orgamsms I eq_;

(I} control / to ma a oompartson / to show

photosynthesis needs carbon dioxide / to sho\\i
p nts. need carbon dloxk:f e I d lfference due to
carbon dlox .e I eq_; l

(II) .L (sun)lht:

2. water I moisture / humidity;

3. temperature;

'1. soll / m nerals / nutrients I tons I eq_;

5. numb of leaves / mass of plant I eq_: 2

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--
Question
Answer Notes Marks
nuRDer

22 (b) (I} l. boll/heatJwa m, In ethanol / alc-ohol:

2-. test for- st.arch; 2

(11} denature enzymes I eq; rie]ett kill enzymes l

(IIJ) high to low cancentrallDn / down oonc-entratloo Ignore aJong

gradl t I eq: concentra Ion
gral:ill

(l'w') A = yellow I brown I orange; Ignore green I fflh lte

red

B = blue I black / blu.e blade: I eq:

Ignore purple
2

(Total for Qus:suon 22 = u marks)

QUestlon
Answer Notes Marlc:s
number

23 allo,,
plus and minus statln(s) I range, I eq; principles If
lab based
0 same genciler I same age / same mass I
same v,el of cholesterol/ eq; allo'il'I If use
anlma!s
R se,eral petJf>le I group of petJf>le I
repeat the test I eq ;

ru measure cholesterol lev

Ml at start and at end / time stated I

measure chang.e;

SL+ S2 same d I same mass of food I

sa stress. I sam.e exercise I lgnor-e
same smoking I eq;; temperall.lre
/ llght I
water 6