106 DESIGN OF THERMAL SYSTEMS
MODELING THERMAL J:;I.IUlt'Mr.Nl AVt
5.14. To ventilate a factory building, 5 kg/s of factory air at a temperature of 270C
is exhausted, and an identical flow rate of outdoor air at a temperature of
-12C is introduced to take its place. To recover some of the heat of the
exhaust air, heat exchangers are placed in the exhaust and ventilation air
ducts, as shown in Fig. 5-25, and 2 kg/s of water is pumped between the two
heat exchangers. The UA value of both of these counterflow heat exchangers
is 6.33 kW/K. What is the temperature of air entering the factory?
Ans.: 2.9C.
5.15. A solar air heater consists of a flat air duct composed on one side of an
absorbing sheet backed by insulation and on the other side by a transparent
sheet, as shown in Fig. 5-26. The absorbing sheet absorbs 500 W/m2 and
delivers all this heat to the air being heated, which loses some to the atmo-
sphere through the transparent sheet. The convection heat-transfer coefficient
from the transparent sheet to the ambient air is 12 W/(m2 . K) and from the
air being heated to the transparent sheet is 45 W/(m2 K). The air enters with
a temperature that is the same as the ambient, namely 15C, and the flow rate
of air is 0.02 kg/s per meter width. Develop the equation for the temperature
of heated air t as a function of length along the collector x assuming no
conduction in the sheet in the direction of airflow.
Ans.: t = 15 + 52.8(1 - e-xI2,l1).
5.16. The chain of heat exchangers shown in Fig. 5-27 has the purpose of elevating
the temperature of a fluid to 390 K, at which temperature the desired chemical
reaction takes place. The fluid has a specific heat of 3.2 kJ/(kg . K) both
before and after the reaction, and its flow rate is 1.5 kg/so The entering
temperature of the fluid to heat exchanger I is 290 K and the UA of this
heat exchanger is 2.88 kW/K. Steam is supplied to heat exchanger II at 375
K, and condensate leaves at the same temperature. The UA values of heat
exchangers II and III are 4.7 and 9.6 kW/K, respectively. What are the values
of temperatures t, to t4?
ADS.: t4 = 365 K.
5.17. A binary solution of liquid and vapor exists at equilibrium. In the liquid the
molal fraction of material A is 0.4 and of material B is 0.6. At the existing
temperature the saturation pressure of pure A is 530 kPa and of pure B is
225 kPa. (a) What is the pressure in the vessel, and (b) what is the fraction
of A in the vapor?
ADS.: (b) 0.61.
5.18. A single-stage still, as in Fig. 5-18, is supplied with a feed of 0.6 mole
fraction of n-butane and 0.4 mole fraction of n-heptane with properties as
shown in Fig. 5-16. The still operates at a pressure of 700 kPa. How many
moles of vapor are derived from 1 mol of feed if the vapor is to leave the
still with a mole fraction of butane of 0.8?
ADS.: 0.51.
5.19. A vapor mixture of,n-butane and n-heptane, with properties as shown in
Fig. 5-16, at a pressure of 700 kPa and a temperature of 170C, and a mole
fraction of butane of 0.4 enters a condenser.

REFERENCES
1. W. F. Stoecker, "A Generalized Program for Steady-State System Simulation," ASHRAE
Transactions, vol. 77, Part I, pp. 140-148, 1971.
2. B. Carnahan, H. A. Luther, and J. O. Wilkes, Applied Numerical Methods, John Wiley,
New York, 1969.
3. R. W. Hornbeck, Numerical Methods, Quantum Publishers, Inc., New York, 1975.
4. J. J. Anselmino, "Computer Program to Simulate Central Chilled Water Systems," Master
of Science Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1977.
5. R. P. Tewarson, Sparse Matrices, Academic Press, New York, 1973.
6. W. F. Stoecker, "Computer Simulation of the Performance of an Aqua-Ammonia Absorp-
tion Refrigeration System," Paper B2.30, International Congress of Refrigeration, (Inter-
national Institute of Refrigeration), Moscow, 1975,
7. C. G. Broyden, "A Class of Methods for Solving Nonlinear Simultaneous Equations,"
Mathematics of Computation, vol. 19, pp 577-593, 1965.
8. E. 1. Henley and E. M. Rosen, Material and Energy Balance Computations, John Wiley,
New York, 1969.
CHAPTER
15
DYNAMIC
BEHAVIOR
OF
THERMAL
SYSTEMS
15.1IN WHAT SITUATIONS IS
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS IMPORTANT?
The previous chapter concentrated on steady-state simulation; this one
focuses on dynamic behavior where there are changes with respect to time.
Both steady-state and dynamic simulations are important, but for different
reasons. Steady-state simulations are needed and performed more frequently
than dynamic simulations; in the majority of cases a steady-state simulation
can be justified in the design stage of a plant in order to explore part-
load efficiency and potential operating problems. Dynamic simulations, on
the other hand, address transient problems that could possibly cause shut-
down, damage to the plant, or at least imprecise control. Problems related
to dynamic behavior of the system may be infrequent, but could be critical
when they occur.
All too often in engineering practice it is assumed that there will be
no transient problems and a dynamic analysis is omitted. If a transient
369