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Kultur Dokumente
ROCKY B. ACSON
APRIL 2017
2
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
are the best organic substrates from among the diverse organic
compost quality.
substrate materials.
4
beddings.
area was being nine (9) meters in length and five (5) meters in
population of earthworm.
Definition of Terms
6
a long, segmented body and no legs that aerate the soil with
their burrowing action and enrich the soil with their waste
growing; ferocious eater of organic food and does not need much
soil as substratum.
of the earthworms.
substances.
as sources of energy.
chain structure.
9
temperature environment.
or warm environment.
by its saliva. It contains the three (3) major plant food (NPK)
are free of weed seeds and free from harmful fungi and bacteria.
CHAPTER II
In 1990, New York Citys municipal asphalt plant used 38, 000
time; animal bedding can be used only once before being thrown
will happen.
in the United States. By the end of 1991 there were about 3, 500
Components %
Yard and field waste 33.5
Fines and inert 12.9
Wood 11.5
Food Waste 11.0
Paper and Cardboard 10.2
Plastic and Petroleum Products 9.8
Textiles 4.1
Metals 3.3
Glass 1.9
Leather and rubber 1.8
TOTAL 100.0
Source: EMB-DNR, 1998; PCARRD, 2007.
its dominant staple food. Rice produced rice straws by about 50%
15
(liquid waste), and open burning by the farmers to clear the land
matter to the soils and improves the overall soil fertility and
Ansari, 2011).
pelletizer, dryer, and grader. The shredder cuts the wastes into
or less and ground into small particles using the breaker mill.
dried to 15% moisture content for longer storage and are graded
Composting/Compost
2011).
biofertilizerpeople.pdf)(Taiwo, 2011).
environment (http://www.echochem.com/tcompostfaq2.html).
(6/2005).
(http://www.benefits-ofrecycling.com/types of composting.html).
methods, storage factors, and the end use for the finished
2007).
of composts replenishes the SOM adds the lost soil carbon and
(http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/orgfarm/orgfarm composting.html)
Vermicomposting
refuse, sewage sludge and waste from paper, wood and food
time consuming and need very high cost and input (Goyal et. al,
SW000.php)
Chandra, 2007).
3; September, 2010)
nilotica Linn.).
It moves slow and is preferring dark moist habitat all the time.
animal manure and sawdust) into an almost equal quantity for only
a month of rearing.
worms.
the heap once a week and check the moisture content as well
ready.
halves may be used for the purpose. An old plastic sack can
31
be filled.
A wooden box with 50cm wide, 100cm long and 15cm thick
introduced.
32
Never make the beds over wet during watering. The worms
9. Cover the bed with old newspapers or the like after worm
is called splitting.
Species of Earthworm
inhabit and also enhance total plant growth and crop productivity
the soil. They promote soil fragmentation and aeration, and bring
can increase air-soil volume from 8 - 30%. One acre of land can
organic wastes, and their presence has been found to reduce the
Decomposition
worms leave dark, fertile castings behind. A worm can produce its
are mixed with material not ingested by the earthworms, which can
earthworms are mainly indirect and derived from the GAPs (Aira et
and its microbes that plays combined role in growth promotion and
2011).
Valani, 2011).
quite far by 28 years from its initiation until the present, the
42
plant and the soil because it promotes better root growth and
grown for their leaves respond very well to the high levels of
1981).
humus plants cannot grow and survive. The humic and fulvic acids
where they are available for plant uptake. Soils that have low
process.http://forest.mtu.edu/pcforestry/resources/studentproject
s/nutrients.htm
salt accumulates at the surface and the top soil is less saline.
Australia, 2011).
(2007) reported that mean root disease was reduced from 82% to
diseases. There are several ways how the composts suppress crop
Wang et al., 2007; Elmer, 2009 and Jack, 2010). Plants grown with
infects and kills two other insects Pieris rapae and Tenebrio
pesticides.
(Chaoui et al., 2002; Arancon et al., 2002, 2005 & 2007; Edwards
tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) passed
in billions and trillions. This may become the future safe and
plant damage, in tomato, pepper and cabbage trials with 20% and
and all other chitin based fungi. There are also cellulose
while also eliminating the pecan scab and pecan weevil. The
shells, melted cow horns or even dead bugs to the worm beds.
(Olsson, 2006).
9.37% K, 0.04% Mg, 3.2% Ca, 1.5% Fe, 0.16%Mn, 0.02% Cu, 0.11% Zn,
Ca, 0.52% Mg, 0.43% Fe, 0.03% Mn, 0.05 Cu, and 0.01% Zn, with the
available P and Mo in the worm casts are higher than those in the
http://www.environmentalexpert.com/Files/0/articles/9047/Vermicom
posting_article_for_the_biofertilizer_people.pdf
The farm wastes, animal wastes, garden wastes from homes and
parks, the sewage sludge from the municipal wastewater and water
Brahambhatt, 2009).
Identity
application (http://emsustains.co.uk/what_is_EM.html).
synthesized. . (http://emsustains.co.uk/what_is_EM.htm
can be had. EM only creates the condition for best results, that
is, the users should nurture the condition and provide the
(http://emrojapan.com/about-em/microorganisms-in-em.html).
(http://www.emearth.com/).
This type of compost can and should be used very fast within
inoculated into the heap. The fact that lots of organic matter
(www.auroville.org,2011).
http://library.csuohio.edu/promos/bioremediation.pdf
Microorganisms in EM
(http://emrojapan.com/about-em/microorganisms-in-em.html).
lowering the pH. Lactic acid bacteria are widely known in the
65
(http://emsustains.co.uk/what_is_EM.htm).
convert sugars into lactic acid. In doing so, they lower the pH
to survive. http://www.the-compost-gardener.com/em-
1.html#ixzz1fc3VvRoe
66
Yeast
polysaccharides (http://emrojapan.com/about-em/microorganisms-in-
em.html).
plant growth. Their metabolites are food for other bacteria such
(http://emsustains.co.uk/what_is_EM.html).
em/em-in-ecosystem.html
Actinomycetes
similar to fungus in the way they grow and spread, but its
material(http://www.benefitsofrecycling.com/typesofcomposting.htm
l).
Phototrophic Bacteria
em/microorganisms-in-em.html
em/microorganisms-in-em.html
EM (http://emrojapan.com/about-em/microorganisms-in-em.html).
These bacteria are the ones that allow the other microbes in
compost-gardener.com/em-1.html#ixzz1fc4e5suq
Fungi
digest decaying matter and many fungi can break down stable
http://www.starhawk.org/permaculture/NOLA_bio_basics.html
(http://emsustains.co.uk/what_is_EM.htm).
EM in Ecosystem
much higher than in the air and the ecological condition in the
in-ecosystem.html).
72
://emrojapan.com/about-em/em-in-ecosystem.html).
et al., 2011).
Significance of EM in Composting
mankind has been the dilemma of how to dispose of our waste. The
http://www.nymusa.com/pro_em_app_1.htm
foul odors and pests. Adding compost to the soil and then
watering, keep weeds down, and provide a home for worms and
microbes. http://www.emearth.com/NewFiles/Compost.html
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http://www.extension.org/pages/18567/making-and-using-compost-
for-organic-farming
rice is the main staple crop in the world, where 661.811 million
the dry weight of the rice plant. Farmers do not incorporate rice
a serious concern all over the world. Attention has been focused
soil.
trash. Chop cutter machine can also be used for this purpose. If
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_composting.html
industry, bagasse (b), pressmud (p) and trash (t) have been
materials.
residue.
the nitrogen fertilizer rate for the subsequent corn crop can be
or all of the corn residue was harvested, and this was consistent
current world record holder for soybean yield (139 bu/a) and 2006
The replacement cost could be nearly $70 per acre for phosphate
water.
CHAPTER III
twenty five (225) kg corn stalks, two hundred twenty five (225)
straw, forty eight (48) empty sacks, old newspapers and canvass
or tent.
machine.
FACTOR B
FACTOR A (Earthworm Density)
(Different Substrates) B1 B2 B3
25 worms 50 worms 75 worms
A1
Animal Manure A1B1 A1B2 A1B3
(Control)
A2
A2B1 A2B2 A2B3
Corn Stalks
A3
A3B1 A3B2 A3B3
Sugarcane tops
A4
A4B1 A4B2 A4B3
Rice Straw
Legend:
Factor A Factor B
lots.
square meters (40 m2) was divided into four (4) blocks which
measures 7.2 m2 for each block. Each block was divided into 12
5M
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BLOCK I BLOCK IV
0.8 m .45m
Shed Preparation
predators like ants, frogs, snakes, crickets and the like were
rice straws. Corn stalks, sugarcane tops and rice straws were
one (1) week. The substrate materials were sundried for three
(3) days for handling convenience. Except saw dust, all substrate
were thoroughly mixed with one (1) part saw dust using a spade.
covered with canvas or tent and allowed to ferment for three (3)
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still hot to the hands and thermometer reading was still above 32
one (1) week. After a week when temperature has cool down to 30
sprinkler.
Data Gathered
weighing scale.
Analysis
Significance for the three major components was done using the