Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC
2
CANMET Energy Technology Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON
Objective ∂θ out
Mc = −m& C p (θ out − θ in ) + ηAG (2)
The objective of this project was to develop a solar ∂t
collector model that can be used with ESP-r’s plant where M is the mass of the collector and the fluid it
and systems network. The collector model currently contains, c is the collector mass weighted average
available in the ESP-r engine requires a significant specific heat capacity, m& is the flowrate through the
number of inputs which are often too arcane for the
collector, θ in is the collector inlet temperature, and
the typical user, such as the absorber plate emittance
or the collector fin efficiency factor. By comparison, A is the gross area of the collector. This equation is
the new model is based on empirical collector not correct in the sense that the left-hand side should
performance results and requires only a limited use some ‘average’ collector temperature to represent
number of inputs. the energy stored within the collector. Here, we
assume that all the mass of the collector is
The model does not intend to replace specialized concentrated at the collector’s exit. Similar
programs such as WATSUN, a computer program assumptions are made for other components in ESP,
developed in the 1980s at the University of Waterloo probably to simplify the structure of the solution
for the hourly simulation of solar energy systems; matrix; for example the flow conduit component (see
rather, it aims at bringing into ESP-r some of the section 5.4.5 of Hensen, 1991) uses the same
modeling capabilities and algorithms used in such hypothesis. In any case the validity of this hypothesis
programs, to enable the integrated simulation of will not matter since, as will be seen, the time-
residential buildings and solar energy systems. dependent term will later be dropped from the
equation.
MODEL ALGORITHM
Combining equations (1) and (2), and identifying
The basic formulation is relatively straightforward, θ out with the component’s node temperature θ k , and
as long as collector efficiency is expressed as a
that θ in with the node temperature θ j of the
function of collector outlet temperature. We start
with this formulation, then show how it can be component j which feeds into the collector (see
adapted to include other types of efficiency Figure 1), one can rewrite the equation as:
equations, and modified to include flowrate and
∂θ k
incidence angle effects; a discussion of collector Mc
∂t
(
= − m& C p θ k − θ j ) (3)
thermal mass and the calculation of coefficients for
the sub-matrices that define the energy balance on + η 0,out AG − η1,out A(θ k − θ e )
the solar collector’s nodes are then reviewed.
This equation is essentially in the form of equation
Basic formulation 5.1 of Hensen (1991) and is therefore ready to be
programmed into ESP-r.
To use the same formulation as other ESP-r plant
e
components, the collector is modeled as a one-node
component, shown in Figure 1. The node essentially φ
represents the outlet temperature of the collector. The
collector is characterized by its efficiency, defined as
the ratio of energy harvested over a specified time
period to the amount of solar radiation incident upon (θ , m& a , m& v )k
the collector over the same period. To obtain Rk , j Mc
(θ , m& a , m& v ) j
equations that best fit the formalism of ESP-r,
collector efficiency is then expressed as a function of 1− Rk , j
outlet temperature:
η = η 0,out − η1,out
(θ out − θ e ) (1) Figure 1. The collector model.
G
where η 0,out and η1,out are two parameters
characteristic of the collector, θ out is the collector Use of collector efficiency equations based on inlet
or average temperatures
outlet temperature, θ e is the temperature of the
environment (ambient temperature) and G is the However, collector efficiencies are rarely reported as
a function of outlet temperature, as used by equation
solar radiation incident upon the collector. An energy
(1). North-American test results generally use the
balance on the collecor leads to:
inlet temperature, whereas European test results are
often reported in terms of average collector
Canadian Solar Buildings Conference
Montreal, August 20-24, 2004
Refereed Paper
necessary to convert equations in form (4) to type of efficiency equation considered. The non-
equations in form (1). The method is explained first linear nature of equation (9) requires special
in the case of a linear collector ( η 2 = 0 in equation consideration. The convention in ESP-r is to linearize
non-linear terms by evaluating coefficients using the
4), then in the case of a quadratic collector. previous time-row’s solution. This approach is
Linear collector efficiency equation suitable for the simulation of components that have a
large time constant. In the case of solar collectors the
The collector’s energy balance equation, expressing time constant is small – the collector response is
the collector efficiency as a function of the inlet usually much smaller than the time step, which is
temperature, is written as: often between 10 minutes and one hour – and this
∂θ out approach could lead to siginificant errors in the
Mc = − m& C p (θ out − θ in ) estimation of energy collected. For that reason, the
∂t (5)
+ η 0,in AG − η1,in A(θ in − θ e ) non-linear nature of equation (9) requires that ESP-r
iterates to find Δθ .
where η0,in and η1,in are the coefficients of the
Correction for flowrate
efficiency equation expressed as a function of the
collector inlet temperature. Rewriting the last term If the flowrate at which the collector is used is
as: different from the one at which it was tested, the
efficiency is slightly modified. The correction
(θ in − θ e ) = (θ in − θ out ) + (θ out − θ e ) (6) algorithm is detailed in section 6.20 of Duffie and
then equation (5) can be rearranged into: Beckman (1991) and its derivation is not repeated
here. The end result of the calculation is that the
∂θ out
Mc
∂t
( )
= − m& C p − Aη1,in (θ out − θ in )
(7)
efficiency needs to be multiplied by a coefficient r
defined as:
+ η 0,in AG − η1,in A(θ out − θ e ) Bu [1 − exp(− 1 Bu )]
r= (10)
This is equivalent to equation (3) in which m& C p is Bt [1 − exp(− 1 Bt )]
( )
replaced with m& C p − Aη1,in , and η 0,out and η1,out where Bu and Bt are defined as:
are replaced with η 0,in and η1,in .
m& t C p ,t
Bt = (11)
A similar development (which the reader is spared) is AF ′U L
used to provide an equivalence with efficiency
equation based on average collector temperature. In m& u C p ,u
Bu = (12)
that case, equation (3) may be used again, provided AF ′U L
( )
m& C p is replaced with m& C p − Aη1,avg 2 , and η 0,out
In equations (11) and (12), m& represents the flow
and η1,out are replaced with η 0,avg and η1,avg , the
rate and C p the collector fluid heat capacitance.
coefficients of the efficiency equation expressed as a
function of the collector averate temperature. This Subscripts t and u refer respectively to the test and
leads to the following equation: use conditions. F ′U L is defined by:
Canadian Solar Buildings Conference
Montreal, August 20-24, 2004
Refereed Paper
energy balance.
Inlet_pipe
Summary of algorithm
TYPE14e
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Solar radiation in plane of collector, TRNSYS (W/m2)
1200
ESP-r
TRNSYS
Solar radiation in plane of collector (W/m2)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
3430 3435 3440 3445 3450 3455 3460
Simulation time (h)
Figure 7. Comparison of solar radiation calculated by ESP-r and TRNSYS for May 24.
Canadian Solar Buildings Conference
Montreal, August 20-24, 2004
Refereed Paper
1.5
(MJ)
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Energy collected per 15-minute time step, TRNSYS (MJ)
2
ESP-r
1.8
Energy collected per 15-minute time step (MJ)
TRNSYS
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
3430 3435 3440 3445 3450 3455 3460
Simulation time (h)
Figure 9. Comparison of energy collection calculated by ESP-r and TRNSYS for May 24.