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AbstractVideo transmission over dynamic channels like 2.4 and video. Computer simulation results show that the fuzzy
GHz wireless technology is unpredictable, because of routing algorithm makes use of network resources more
interferences caused by other wireless devices in the same ISM effectively [3]. Mar and Kao used Cascade Fuzzy Logic
(Industrial, Scientific and Medicine) frequency band and/or Control (CFLC)-based Movable Boundary Wireless Multiple
general channel noises. Transmitting Moving Picture Expert Access in the UMTS (MBWIMA/UMTS) protocol for voice
Group (MPEG) video stream over wireless technology also and video data rate control. The simulation results
presents a challenge, as MPEG demands large bandwidth.
Considering these issues, an intelligent transmission is
demonstrate that the CFLC-based MBWIMA/UMTS
introduced in this research so that the controller may adjust protocol using the first-duplicated Space Division Multiple
itself to the current state of the wireless channel in order to Access (SDMA) scheduling can greatly improve both the
sustain MPEG video quality during the communication process. voice-video dropping probability and data packet delay,
A neural-fuzzy controller and a rule-based fuzzy controller are compared with the MBWIMA/UMTS and GPRS/UMTS
implemented in the design to monitor input output of a traffic protocols using the first-duplicated SDMA scheduling [4].
shaping buffer and offer suitable parameters for the MPEG Razavi et al have recently researched into fuzzy logic control
encoder for video transmission over the network. Matlab of automatic repeat request (ARQ). Bluetooths default
computer simulation results show that the proposed method
(ARQ) scheme is not suitable for video distribution, resulting
reduces data loss and improves image quality as compared with
traditional MPEG video transmission over 2.4 GHz wireless
in missed display and decoded deadlines. Razavi et al have
technology. therefore used fuzzy ARQ with active discard of expired
packets from the sent buffer. In summary simulation results
demonstrate that in poor channel conditions, fuzzy control of
I. INTRODUCTION ARQ provides at least 4 dB improvement in video quality
[5].
M PEG video compression uses the similarities and/or
redundancies between consecutive frames or images in
order to reduce the size of video stream. In Variable Bit Rate
Furthermore, there has been a substantial amount of
research work in the application of hybrid artificial
intelligence techniques, such as fuzzy logic and neural
(VBR) coding, the complex and intricate scenes usually networks to wireless technology. For instance, Su et al uses a
contain more data bits, which demands a larger bandwidth fuzzy neuron network for General Packet Radio Services
for transmission [1]. This kind of video coding offers congestion control. The proposed scheme is capable of
constant video quality by statically setting the quantization adjusting input and output, increase robustness, stability, and
scale for I- (Intra), P- (Predicted), and B- (Bi-directional) working speed of the network. As shown by experimental
frames while the bit rate is allowed to vary. This paper results, the algorithm is capable of significantly preventing
utilizes an intelligent control system to guarantee that the the congestion for video transmission, which proves that the
VBR coding from the host satisfies the traffic situation of the method is more practical and effective than traditional
wireless channel during the transmission period. methods for congestion control in wireless networks [6].
Many researchers have applied soft computing techniques Kazemian and Meng applied fuzzy logic to MPEG video
such as neural networks and fuzzy logic to wireless transmission over Bluetooth. The computer simulation
technology. For example, Kumar and Venkataram proposed results demonstrate that the use of the fuzzy controllers
a Hopfield neural-network-based multicast routing algorithm reduces excessive data loss at the Host Controller Interface
for constructing a reliable multicast tree that connects the as compared with an open loop VBR/CBR video
participants of a multicast group for video-on-demand data transmission in Bluetooth [7]. This paper takes the research
transmission. Computer simulation results show that the further by introducing neural-fuzzy to control the departure
proposed scheme facilitates a multicast routing algorithm for rate and speeding up the quantization level using fuzzy logic,
high-speed mobile networks [2]. Zhang and Zhu used fuzzy which results into an intelligent methodology suitable for
logic technique to QoS routing allowing efficient use of real-time transmission.
network resources for transmission and distribution of audio
246
978-1-4244-1819-0/08/$25.002008
c IEEE
compression uses temporal dependencies and motion transmission speed in order to keep in line with bandwidth
compensation. Therefore, handling and recovering from availability, hence providing less packet loss and delay
packet loss has been widely researched upon in video during the transmission process. There are three main
transmission. In this work, we propose such system that components, temporal model, spatial model and entropy
recognizes the channel situation and provides the encoder, briefly described below [8].
Ropen(k+1)
RBF Rate Control
Rd(f last)
^ X(k)
Ra(k+2)
Qscale V(k)
RBFC
Ra (k+1)
MEPG
Encoder
X(f)
Traffic
shaper
Rd(f)
rd(f)
X(f)
Y(f)
Ra (k+1)
Y(f)
ractual Token
bucket
NFC
HC INTERFACE ractual
Wireless Hardware
BLUETOOTH MODULE
Air
The P and B pictures first pass through the temporal Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Quantization are
model. In temporal model, the reference frame is used to the main functions in spatial model. DCT is a method of
achieve the motion vector, known as predictive-coded compressing an NN block of data into a weighted sum of
picture. This process is called motion estimation, where each spatial frequencies. The following equation represents a 2-D
small block of P or B picture is searched against blocks DCT for an NN block, which is employed here.
within the reference frame to get the motion vector. Spatial
compression is applied to a single frame of video. The
degree of spatial compression affects the overall video N 1 N 1
S (2 x 1) p S (2 y 1)q
quality, and this is the part where our design focuses in order S pq D pD q Txy cos cos
(1)
to manipulate the video transmission speed. In general, the x 0 y 0 2N 2N
concern is to balance between the picture quality and
compression degree. However, video transmission speed is a where p, q = horizontal and vertical frequency indices =
crucial factor in choosing suitable configuration for spatial 0,1,2,,N-1
compression as well as the picture quality and compression
degree. Dp and Dq are given by:
Ra (kbit/s)
2000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0.6
Frame Number
0.4 3000
ractual (kbit/s)
2000
0.2
1000
0
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frame Number
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
normalised Rdif 3000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frame Number
IV. COMPUTER SIMULATION RESULTS
The MPEG decoder developed here needs to be able to
cope with missing information. The designed system Fig. 3. Matrix Reloaded Open-loop encoding system results for arrival
described in section III shows two buffers, the traffic shaper rate (Ra) and actual transmission rate (ractual).
and the token bucket. At some points in the simulation, when
one or both of these buffers are full and data stream is still
provided from the MPEG encoder, the excessive data will Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 summarise the results obtained from the
have to be dropped. In this research, only the B picture can conventional open-loop system and the proposed intelligent
be dropped as the loss of B picture will not affect other system respectively. It can be seen that in terms of
frames in the GOP. As a result, the MPEG decoder needs to transmission rate, the intelligent technique can manipulate
be modified in order to cope with the loss of B picture. This the MPEG encoder as well as regulate the bit rate in order to
is done by replacing the missing information with the default keep the output bit rate Rd in line with the actual
values to complete the stream for each component. The transmission speed ractual much better than the open-loop
components are then ready to be decoded, described in system. The burstiness of video data in Fig. 4 is much better
section II. controlled for the departure rate Rd than the arrival rate Ra
Video clip Matrix Reloaded is used in this research to resulting in better image quality. The overall data drop is
simulate the proposed intelligent system [16]. A Bluetooth much more for the open-loop system in Fig. 3 than the
channel is used to represent 2.4 GHz wireless frequency for intelligent system in Fig. 4.
the adaptive video streaming technique. Simulations are Picture frames from both systems were captured for the
carried out for both open-loop encoding system or VBR comparison purposes. It was observed that the frames from
system and the proposed intelligent system in order to the open-loop system display data loss, noise and distortion.
compare the results. Table 1 gives summarized values for However, the original image could roughly be seen and this
both plots showing that the standard deviation of the is because of the advanced technique in spatial compression
intelligent system is much lower than the standard deviation
offered by MPEG scheme. The motion vector is a very
obtained for the open-loop encoding system, which results in
important part in reconstructing the image for the B picture,
reduction in burstiness and data loss. Moreover in Table 1,
which was allowed to be dropped in this work. With full set
the GOP size is averaged for both systems and there are
more GOP sizes for the intelligent system than the open-loop or part of motion vector, the image can be reconstructed
system demonstrating more data for transmission resulting in from the reference frame(s). Furthermore, the open-loop
better picture quality. system experienced severe loss in many frames in fast
moving events, while the images captured from the
intelligent system showed no data loss. In this scenario, no
data survives for the particular pictures in the open-loop
system, and without motion vectors, the images cannot be
reconstructed.
Ra (kbit/s)
2000
[1] Sen, P. Maglaris, B. Rikli, N.-E. Anastassiou, D., Models for
1000 packet switching of variable-bit-rate video sources, IEEE Journal on
0 Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 7, issue 5, pp. 865-869, June
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1989.
Frame Number [2] B.P.V. Kumar and P. Venkataram, Reliable multicast routing in
mobile networks: a neural-network approach, IEE Proceedings-
Communications, vol. 150, no. 5, pp. 377-384, Oct 2003.
3000
[3] R.T. Zhang and X.M. Zhu, Fuzzy routing in QoS networks, Fuzzy
Rd (kbit/s)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was funded by the Emerald Grant UK. The work
was carried out at London Metropolitan University, UK.