Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
The
biological
effects of
marijuana
by Dr. Gabriel Nahas
Page 8
DECRIM ALERT:
Marijuana laws
in 50 states
Page 17
MK-Ultra is alive
and out to
destroy
your mind
Page 4
Anti-Drug
Coalition
formed in West
Germany
Page 26
Editor-in-Chief MAGAZINE OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-DRUG COALITION
Jeffrey Steinberg Jbne 1980 Vol. I, No. 1
Managing Editor
Nora Hamerman
Counterintelligence
Editor
Christian Curtis
MK-Ultra is alive . . .
Legislation Editor
Martha Zoller and out to destroy your mind
by Jeffrey and Michele Steinberg
NADC News Editor American youth were led on the acid
Bonnie Mesaros
trip by Aldous Huxley & Co. to
Editorial Assistant implement the "Brave New World"
Lydia Cherry
Art Director
The biological
Christopher Sloan effects of marijuana
Assistant Art Director
by Dr. Gabriel Nahas
Deborah Asch What the media blacks out about
marijuana's medical impactby one of
Production Editor
Gail G. Kay
the world's leading experts 8
Decrim alert:
War on Drugs is published ten
times a year by the National marijuana laws in 50 states
Anti-Drug Coalition, 304 West by Martha Zoller
58th Street, 5th Floor, New The basic information you need to put
York, N.Y. 10019. The views of
the NADC are stated in the your lawmaker on the line and put the
editorials; opinions expressed in pot lobby out of business 17
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2 Editorial
Copyright e June 1980 Get the dope out of the White House
National Anti-Drug Coalition
Printed in the U.S.A. National ADC news
All Rights Reserved 22 National Coalition founded in Detroit
24 The drug issue enters America's first primary
25 Italian antidrug leader in New Hampshire
25 Boston Church applauds NADC
International ADC news
26 West Germany: ADC draws battle lines on pot
28 Quebec: glue sniffers set back by ADC
28 Colombia: drug legalization looms
20 Profile: Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr.
To stop drugs, restore America's moral purpose
30 Smoke 'em out!
31 Letters
32 Drugfighter's target
Figure 1 Figure 2
Normal rat lung Rat lung after six months
Shown is a microscopic section of lung tissue. The of marijuana smoke treatment
large open spaces are air sacs, which are surrounded There are marked changes from the normal appear-
by capillary networks. Oxygen diffuses from the air ance after one year of exposure to moderate amounts
space into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses of marijuana smoke. The open air spaces, or air sacs,
from the blood vessels into the air sacs. seen in Figure 1 have been filled with various depos-
Source: Harris Rosenkrantz and Robert W. Fleischman. its, decreasing the functional capacity of the lung.
Source: Robert W. Fleischman. John R. Baker, and Harris Rosen-
krantz, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, No. 47 (1979), p. 562.
smokes marijuana is the lung, be- ing for 20 to 25 years. Remember, carbon dioxide gas exchange be-
cause it is the point of entry. We it took 60 years to prove that heavy tween the blood vessels and the air
have now scientifically proved that tobacco smoking was related to in the air sacs. The dark spots are
the very high concentration of cancer of the lung and heart dis- immune cells, which are there to
marijuana substances in the lung ease. When I was going to medical defend the lung against bacterial
is damaging. Although everyone school, there was still a great de- infection. The scientific evidence
had known this from experience bate on this question of whether it shows that marijuana reduces and
with patients, now we have the was good, bad, or indifferent to destroys these cells, much more
objective data. smoke cigarettesa debate that than tobacco smoke does.
The first people working on this was settled only after millions of Figure 2 shows a section of the
problem were scientists, clinicians, people got lung cancer. And the lung from a rat that was exposed
studying in Boston and Los Ange- short-term effects of marijuana to marijuana smoke for six
les. The subjects were young men are some 30 times worse than cig- months. You can see the destruc-
who were brought into the hospital arettes. Think what this may tive changes, appearing as deposits
and paid $20 or $30 a day to smoke mean in 30 years for the millions in the air sacs. About 15 to 20
marijuana. After a few days, the of youth smoking marijuana now. percent of the lung is like this,
young men were asked to blow into What the long-term effects in which indicates that this animal
machines to show what their pul- man will be are suggested by ani- has lost about 15 to 20 percent of
monary function [measures power mal models, such as the rat. If you its lung capacity from the mari-
of lungs to inhale and exhale] was. subject the rat to marijuana juana.
It wasn't good. The men could still smoke for a year, it is the equiva-
breathe well, but quantitative lent to about 20 years in man be- Male reproductive damage. Even
measurements showed that their cause a rat lives only for three more serious is the effect of mari-
lung vital capacity had fallen to 70 years, one-twentieth the lifespan juana on the reproductive func-
or 80 percent of critical normal. of man. This technique with rats tion. The first studies on this effect
Furthermore, special X-rays taken has let us observe the formation of in man were done at Columbia
with radio-opaque material irreversible changes in tissues aft- University, where I worked with
showed that signs of obstructive er long-term marijuana smoking Dr. Hembree and his associates,
lung disease were developing. scientific proof of damage. who are specialists in reproductive
To demonstrate some of these function. We focused on this area
Long-term damage. Although all effects, look at the normal micro- because our prior observation had
of this research has been pub- scopic structure of a normal lung shown that marijuana products in
lished, we are still working on the shown in Figure 1; the open areas test tubes slowed down cell divi-
problem to determine the extent of are air sacs, which are surrounded sion. A great amount of cell divi-
the damage to the lung in the long by blood vessels. The air enters sion occurs in the testes, in the
runwith people who keep smok- these air sacs, where oxygen and formation of sperm cells at an ex-
Figure 5
Sperm cells from a human hashish smoker compared to a nonsmoker
In this high-power micrograph of sperm cell heads, a sperm cell from a nonsmoker is on the left; sperm from a
hashish smoker are on the right. Note the absence of dark staining material in the sperm from the hashish smoker.
In this preparation, the stain is evidence of protein and genetic material, thus showing the severe changes in these
substances in the hashish smoker's sperm.
Source: Drs. C. N. Stefanis and M. Issidorides, in Marijuana: Chemistry. Biochemistry and Cellular Effects, Nahas et al. eds., New York: Springer
Verlag, 1976.
traordinary rate, averaging cells made profoundly abnormal shape of the head, which in many
hundreds of millions of cells a day. by the use of marijuana. Figure 3 cases has lost the protective shield,
In these experiments, we gave a shows ndrmal sperm cells. Notice the acrosome, and which has lost
number of young men marijuana the oval-shaped appearance of the its oval shape. There are also some
under controlled conditions. We head. The head contains the genet- very abnormal cells with deformed
saw in these subjects not only a ic material, the DNA (very dark nuclei, which indicates that there
marked decrease in the formation area in figure). It is protected by are immature forms present. This
of sperm, but alsoand this came the rounded area covering the evidence indicates the profound
as a surprise to usa marked in- front of the head, called the acro- changes that marijuana can pro-
crease in the abnormal forms of some. You can also see the long duce in those cells that are essen-
sperm. tail or fiagella, with which the tial for the preservation and trans-
Again this raised the question I sperm swims. These cells are sam- mission of our genetic heritage.
asked myself 10 years ago when I ples from a tobacco smoker, about There is no question about this
first saw in test tubes that DNA 22 years old. abnormality caused by marijuana.
was altered by marijuana: what Figure 4 shows the extraordi- Just as an aside, I want to note
about the offspring of steady mar- nary abnormality in the sperm that I reported these studies two
ijuana users? cells of a marijuana smoker. You years ago and they are all in the
What we saw were human germ can see this abnormality in the medical journals, but we are still
12 War on Drugs / June 1980
a)
Figure 7
Testis of rat after treatment with THC for 60 days
There is nearly a complete disappearance of the sperm cells after moderate exposure of the animal to the marijuana
substance THC. The magnification of (a) and (b) is the same here as in Figure 6 (a) and (b).
waiting for them to be reported in that there must be something in will understand better why this
the New York Times. marijuana smoke or hashish taboo exists now that we have
Figure 5 shows some more re- smoke that destroys man's germ some results for the studies per-
sults of marijuana use on human cellsprecisely what we were able formed over the past two years on
sperm. The experiment was car- to document with the studies we the effect of marijuana on female
ried out by a Greek group studying did on rats. reproduction function.
chronic hashish users, and it dupli- This material on how marijuana
cated the study we did at Colum- affects male reproduction is very The THC question. Another ques-
bia. You can see the sperm cells of solid, and now we are beginning to tion we investigated is what par-
the users on the right; they are discover the effect of marijuana on ticular chemicals in marijuana
very spotty compared with the female reproductive function. It is produce these effects. Is it the
dense material shown on the left, curious to note that in Oriental THC, the intoxicating material
which is in a sperm cell from a cultures (which I know well be- that is supposed to be so innocu-
control subject who does not cause I have visited there and I ous? You can't answer these ques-
smoke marijuana. was born in Egypt) the men smoke tions completely by doing studies
We were very pleased when we marijuana or hashish, as it is in man because you cannot do cer-
saw that this Greek study got re- called, but there is a social taboo tain studies on man that you can
sults identical to ours. It shows for women to use it. Perhaps we do on rats.
This is what we did to resolve asks himself is what causes these which claimed that there was evi-
this question. We took some male changes? Is it a marijuana product dence that the offspring of animals
rats and injected them with THC that goes into the cell and prevents which were subjected to mari-
in doses that corresponded to the it from dividing, or might it be juana were abnormal or that there
doses the human subjects were dueand this is a much more in- was an increase in abortions and
taking. After 60 or 90 days of this, teresting questionto something neonatal deaths. Therefore, the
the animals were sacrificed, and that goes on in the brain? FDA decided that young women
we removed their testes in order to The reason we ask this question would not be allowed to smoke
examine their microscopic struc- is that we know the brain produces marijuana in medical experi-
ture. The results indicate the same certain chemicals that control the ments.
kind of destruction shown in the reproductive organs. In fact, we As a result, the initial studies on
experiments with humans and we have found that those changes you the female reproductive function
have published this in the medical can see in the testes are not only were performed on Rhesus mon-
literature. These results have not due to the fact that the substances keys, which have almost exactly
been reported yet in the newspa- in marijuana act on the testes but the same physiological menstrual
pers, but when they are, there will also to the fact that THC changes cycle as women. These studies
be a hullabaloo, and I hope that the chemical substances produced were performed by Dr. Carol
some heads will fall. by the brain that control the var- Smith, who showed that a single
Figure 6 shows a small section ious aspects of testicular function. injection of THC into a primate
of the testis taken from a normal will change the production of the
rat. You can see the beauty of The braip, and female reproduc- brain hormones controlling the
nature, which is able to produce tion. The disturbances caused by ovary.
these millions of cells daily, shown marijuana in the way the brain What this means can be seen by
here as the dark rounded cells that controls sexual function have been considering the reproductive func-
are on the periphery. clearly illustrated by studies in tion in the female. The sexual re-
Figure 7 shows the testes of an women as well as in primates. productive organs, the ovary and
animal that was treated for 60 Most of the studies of female re- the uterus, are closely controlled
days with THC. This rat could still productive function were done by the pituitary, the master gland
run around in his cage, but he had with primates. When scientists at- located in the part of the brain
marked alterations in his testes tempted to study the effects of called the hypothalamus. There
a complete disappearance of sperm marijuana on women, they ran are two main areas of the brain,
cells. into some opposition from the U.S. the evolutionary new brain area,
The next question a scientist Food and Drug Administration, or neocortex, and the old brain, or
paleocortex. These correspond to cycle is that the level of these The Davis scientists concluded
very different anatomical and hormones in the blood in the vicin- that THC and marijuana are em-
functional activities. ity of the ovary is essential for the bryotoxic, meaning that they kill
The hypothalamus is at the base proper maturation of the egg, and the embryo, the fetus. This seems
of the brain in the paleocortex, and if the cycle is disturbedthat is, if to occur through the pituitary by
it is an area that is necessary for these hormones are changed too disturbing the hormonal balance
all of the various activities related often during the cyclethere will that is important for maintaining
to physiological preservation, such be no maturation or an abnormal the pregnancy; in turn, this hor-
as temperature regulation, and for maturation of the ovum. monal change disturbs the blood
reproduction. This control mecha- supply to the fetus, the fetal-pla-
nism gives signals in the form of Embryotoxicity. What does this cental circulation.
certain chemicals to the master alteration in the female menstrual The story is now clear from a
gland, the pituitary, which then cycle mean for the future off- scientific viewpoint. Young women
secretes substances called FSH spring? It is foreboding. Other ex- who want children should not
and LH. FSH and LH regulate the periments have shown that pri- smoke marijuana. Smoking even a
menstrual cycle, and their concen- mates which were subjected to dai- couple of times a week will perturb
trations in the blood vary with ly administration of THC had a the cycle and the maturation of
different phases of the female re- marked increase of loss of concep- the ovum.
productive cycle. tion. In the group of monkeys on
Dr. Smith showed that a single which this experiment was per- Brain damage. The most impor-
injection of THC, which acts on formed in Davis, California, loss of tant damaging effect of marijuana
the hypothalamus and which pro- the embryo in the control monkeys is directly on the brain cells. The
duces there a concentration of a (those who were not subjected to drug acts primarily on the evolu-
billionth of a gram percent, will marijuana) was about 8 percent. tionarily old structures of the
change the secretion of FSH and The group of animals who took brain, the limbic system, which is
LH and, in turn, alter the repro- THC daily, however, had a 40 per- associated with short-term memo-
ductive cycle. This has also been cent occurrence of neonatal and ry, certain aspects of emotions,
shown recently in a group of young perinatal deaths and abortions. and attention span.
women studied at the well-known Furthermore, the male offspring Dr. Robert Heath at Tulane Uni-
Masters and Johnson Institute in of the treated animals were hypo- versity in New Orleans has shown
St. Louis. trophic, that is, inadequate in their that moderate amounts of mari-
The most important aspect of growth, and had abnormal behav- juana in Rhesus monkeys damages
this alteration in the menstrual ior. this area of the brain on the cellu-
KEEP OFF
THE GRASS
A scientific enquiry into the
biological effects of marijuana
GABRIEL G. NAHAS
According to official federal esti- ficking. 1978 medical use bill for
California cont'd
mates, 51 million Americans have glaucoma and cancer research
cultivation and establish a state signed into law. Bill to legalize
smoked marijuana at least once, commission to research the fea-
with roughly half that figure con- marijuana on a county by county
sibility of marijuana's economic basis defeated in 1979 in state leg-
sidered to be regular users. Eleven value as a cash crop. State sen-
states have passed decriminaliza- islature.
ate has passed a medical use bill
tion laws to date. These states for glaucoma research.
should be targeted for recriminali- Georgia: Current penalties: 0-1
zation. Find out where your law- year/$l,000 for less than 1 oz., 1-
Colorado: Current penalties:
maker stands. 10 years for over 1 oz. Major crack-
$100 fine for less than 1 oz., 0-15
days/$100 fine for public dis- down on paraphernalia sales; well
Alabama: Current penalties: 0-1 play or consumption. Decrimin- organized community action by or-
year/$l,000 fine for possession of alization passed. Therapeutic ganizations Stop Drugs at the
unspecified amounts. 2-15 years/ use bill for glaucoma and cancer Source and Families in Action.
$25,000 fine for cultivation (first research. Bill in state senate for
offense). Therapeutic use bill recriminalization for possession Hawaii: Current penalties: 0-30
signed into law for research. by minors. days/$500 for less than 3 oz., 0-1
year/$l,000 for 10 oz.-l kilogram.
0-5 years/ $5,000 for over 1 kilo-
Alaska: Current penalties: $100 gram.
fine for private personal use of Connecticut: Current penalties: 0-
less than 1 oz.; $1,000 fine for 1 year/$l,000 fine for less than 4
oz., 0-5 years/$2,000 fine for over 4 Idaho: Current penalties: 0-1
possession of over 1 oz. in pub-
oz. Two medical use bills are in the year/ $1,000 fine for less than 3
lic. Private cultivation penalties
state senate. House bill to reduce oz., 0-5 years/$15,000 fine for less
removed; decriminalization
possession penalties to three than 3 oz., 0-5 years/$15,000 for
passed.
months in jail/$100 fine was re- over 3 oz. Medical use bill stopped
jected. before it was introduced in state
Arizona: Current penalties: 0-1 legislature.
year/$l,000 minimum, 1-10 years/ Delaware: Current penalties: 0-2
$50,000 maximum for unspecified years/$500 fine for unspecified Illinois: Current penalties: 0-30
amount. amount. Therapeutic use bill ta- days/$500 for less than 2.5 grams;
bled at legislative adjournment 0-6 months/$500 for 2.5-10 grams;
Arkansas: Current penalties: 0-1 1979. 0-1 year/$l,000 for 10-30 grams; 1-
year/ $250 fine for less than 1 oz., 3 years/$10,000 for 30-50 grams.
3-10 years/$15,000 for over 1 oz, District of Columbia: Current Decriminalization bill pending in
intent to distribute. penalties: 0-1 year/$100-$l,000. state house until spring 1980.1978
NORML is sponsoring a petition medical use bill passed which al-
drive to put an initiative on the lows physicians to prescribe mari-
California: Current penalties: November ballot legalizing "home juana for glaucoma and cancer pa-
$100 fine/less than 1 oz.; 0-6 growing of marijuana." In Wash- tients.
months/$500 fine, over 1 oz. De- ington, D.C., NORML needs 12,500
criminalization passed. The
1980 California Marijuana Ini- signatures by July 4. This would Indiana: Current penalties: 0-1
tiative, sponsored by the Na- remove all penalties for possession year/$5,000 fine for less than 30
tional Organization for the Re- and cultivation. grams; 0-4 years/$10,000 for over
form of Marijuana Laws 30 grams.
(NORML) for the November Florida: Current penalties. 0-1
ballot, would remove all penal- year/$1,000 for less than 20 grams; Iowa: Current penalties: 0-6
ties for personal possession and over 20 grams, 0-5 years/$5,000. months/$l,000 for unspecified
Tougher laws for large scale traf- amount. State senate judiciary
Iowa cont'd tion bills tabled in state senate, House-sponsored medical use bill
committee-sponsored bill, if and a fourth introduced into the will not be acted upon until the
passed, would double all existing state house which would place de- federal government reclassifies
marijuana penalties; vote in 1980. criminalization on the 1980 ballot. marijuana from Schedule 1.
Gov. Robert Ray approved a medi- The latter bill is now in the Ways
cal use bill in 1979. Supplies of and Means committee. A bill in the
federally sanctioned marijuana house increasing penalties for pos- Nebraska: Current penalties:
have been applied for. session was rejected. A medical 0-$100 for less than 1 oz.; 0-7
use bill passed the state senate last days/$500 for 1 oz.-l lb.; 0-1
Kansas: Current penalties: 0-6 August and is now in the state year/$500 for over 1 lb. Decrim
months/$l,000 for unspecified house. Bill would allow marijuana passed; therapeutic bill being
amount. Two bills in state con- use for asthma treatment also. studied.
gress to decriminalize small
amounts of marijuana for "person- Michigan: Current penalties: 0-1 Nevada: Current penalties: 0-1
al use." First bill passed the state year/$l,000 for less than 20 oz., 0- year/$l,000 for minors less than 1
senate and is now before the house 4 years/$2,000 for over 20 oz. De- oz.; 1-6 years/$2,000 for minors
judiciary committee. The second criminalization bill passed state over 1 oz. and adults. Bill to in-
was introduced by the senate judi- senate last year by a 20-14 vote crease penalties for over 1 oz. to
ciary committee. Both come up for and is now being studied by house $5,000 postponed in assembly ju-
vote in 1980. A therapeutic use bill judiciary committee. A therapeu- diciary committee, expected to be
passed the state house by 80-4 and tic use bill is about to be signed brought up again in 1980. Thera-
will come before the state senate into law. peutic use bill passed both houses
during the current session. and signed by Governor List.
Alvaro Gomez Hurtado, a faction around the U.S.A., Charris from Colombia, Fausto Charris
leader in the Conservative Party. stressed that the Colombian and called on "all Americans, who have
Gomez's forces have long promot- American people must unite the future of their youth at stake,
ed drugs as a cash crop and threat- around the common goals not only to raise a loud and public outcry
ened to carry out a military coup of stopping drugs but of fostering against what Samper Pizano is
to legalize it. high-technology economic devel- proposing. . .to denounce the fact
The Gomez people acted through opment, emphatically including that Samper shares the views of
Defense Minister Camacho Leyva nuclear energy. Colombia must Sen. Kennedy on drugs, and that
to use the crisis around the embas- grow food, not drugs, he told he desires the simultaneous legali-
sy takeover to justify pulling 3,500 American audiences. zation of marijuana in Colombia
troops out of Guajira. This deci- Upon returning to Colombia, and the United States."
sion was greeted by Samper Piza- Charris and his collaborators dis- During his six-month stay of the
no as "de facto legalization." He is seminated these views by TV, ra- United States in 1979, Samper
now working with the President of dio and newspaper interviews and toured from NORML to High
the Colombian Senate Hector Ech- publicly exposed Ernesto Samper Times to the circuit of congress-
everria Correa to get the legaliza- Pizanoat the time a guest of the men known to favor marijuana
tion bill introduced. U.S. State Departmentas an liberalization. His claim is that
The Colombian Anti-Drug Coaf agent of the U.S. "pot" lobby and legalization is the only way to
lition, which was formally founded the international networks dubbed bring the drug trade under control
in December 1979 with support "Dope, Inc." by the antidrug coali- and ensure that the thousands of
from the U.S. NADC, is rallying tions. Early in December, NADC peasants who earn their liveli-
forces against the legalization representatives Dr. Ned Rosinsky, hoods from marijuana cultivation
drive inside Colombia. Salahuddin Muhammad (vice- will not be exploited by drug maf-
In June of 1979, Fausto Charris, chairman of the Michigan ADC) ias or repressed by antidrug pro-
a well-known agrarian leader in and Max Dean of the Flint NAACP grams.
Colombia, traveled to the United attended the founding convention
States at the invitation of the New of the Colombian coalition and met Flash! Colombia legalized posses-
York-New Jersey Anti-Drug Coa- with government officials and an- sion of 1 oz. of marijuana May 8.
lition. Meeting with church, civic, tidrug leaders in Bogota. Only international pressure can
educational and political leaders In a recent statement issued reverse this.