PROJECT REPORT

ON
DIGITALIZATION

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mrs. Shuchi Goel Meenu
Department of Commerce B.com (hons.)final year
Roll No:-5587
University Roll No.:-
Reg. No.:-

VAISH MAHILA MAHAVIDYALYA, ROHTAK

Session:-2017-2018
 Acknowledgement
I hereby express deep gratitude to all those who helped me directly or
indirectly in completing this project report.
It is my duty and privilege to express my regards to Mrs. Shuchi Goel
of Vaish Mahila Mahavidyalya, Rohtak. Her able guidance and
valuable suggestions let me through the difficult period of the prepration
of this report.
I acknowledge the help and cooperation received from classmates.

Meenu
B.com(hons.)final year
Roll No.5587
 Certificate
This is to certify that Meenu of B.com (Hons.)final year of
Vaish Mahila Mahavidyalya, Rohtak has successfully
completed her project report under my supervision. She has
sincerely and honestly completed this report.
This project report has been examined and approved by me.

Mrs. Shuchi Goel

Department of Commerce
 Digitization
"Digitizer" redirects here. For other uses, see Digitizer (disambiguation).
"Digitalization" redirects here. For transforming business and education, see Digital
transformation.
Internet Archive book scanner

Digitization, less commonly digitalization, is the process of converting information into a

digital (i.e. computer-readable) format, in which the information is organized into bits.[1][2] The
result is the representation of an object, image, sound, document or signal (usually an analog
signal) by generating a series of numbers that describe a discrete set of its points or samples. The
result is called digital representation or, more specifically, a digital image, for the object, and
digital form, for the signal. In modern practice, the digitized data is in the form of binary
numbers, which facilitate computer processing and other operations, but, strictly speaking,
digitizing simply means the conversion of analog source material into a numerical format; the
decimal or any other number system that can be used instead.

Digitization is of crucial importance to data processing, storage and transmission, because it

"allows information of all kinds in all formats to be carried with the same efficiency and also
intermingled".[6] Unlike analog data, which typically suffers some loss of quality each time it is
copied or transmitted, digital data can, in theory, be propagated indefinitely with absolutely no
degradation. This is why it is a favored way of preserving information for many organisations
around the world.
 Digital Communication India
We at Digital Communication (A Digital Media Advertising Company) has a vision for changing
how companies initiate, develop, and deliver advertising and marketing initiatives across the
mobile & internet platform and we work towards bringing Brands closer to their customer group
through an interactive blend of Telecom & Internet based communication solutions and
innovations. Mobile and Internet based marketing works as the amplification medium through
telecom & Internet based application platform to connect directly 1:1 with the targeted customer
group unlike the traditional broadcast approach. We deliver technology and services that enable
companies to engage with and reach their consumers through innovative mobile marketing and
advertising efforts. Our services work wonders if properly integrated with any ATL & BTL
based campaign. Using Digital media as the tie that connects all touch points together we extend
our solutions to brands and enterprises & on top of their existing marketing efforts. We create a
360 degree engagement model for them to reach out to their customers. Not only does the brand
get wider reach, but also a measurable ROI, that together with interactive applications keep the
user engaged with the brand for longer time, building a constant brand impression that lives on
the consumer's handset/laptop hence increasing brand loyalty. We offer end to end solutions on
Digital based media application platform from Ideation to deployment, managing of activity to
its execution for Brand/ Trade/ Service sides of the businesses.

Specialties

Internet Marketing, Mobile Marketing, Voice Broadcast, Bulk Messaging, Website Design &
Develop
 Types of Digital Communication
We are living in the Information Age, and there has never been as apt a name for a particular period of
human history. Digital technologies have revolutionized communication in the modern world -- a
revolution so rapidly integrated into our lives that we can scarcely remember how we used to make a
phone call or exchange messages back in the analog days. The Internet and cell phones are two of the
most prominent examples of the influence of the Information Age, but there are many other types of
digital communication technologies.

The Internet and Email

In 1962, a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology described a "Galactic

Network" of interconnected computers that could talk to one another. The idea of the Internet
was born. Relying on packet switching -- the digital transfer of short bursts of data -- globally
connected computer networks quickly developed into sophisticated digital communication
technologies. Email over the network was introduced in the 1970s and has since grown into one
of the most widespread forms of digital communication, both on the Internet and through private
networks. Packet-switching protocols matured and speeds increased. In 1980, the first
widespread computer virus crashed the global computer network.

In the 1990s, digital communication over networked computers emerged from limited use in the
academic, government and business worlds to come into use by the public. The World Wide
Web, the Internet on steroids, was described in 1991, the White House website appeared in 1993,
and the first Internet advertising came online in 1994. As transmission speeds increased, the
Internet evolved from principally one-way communication to a social two-way system -- Web
2.0 -- at sites like Facebook and Twitter.

Cell Phones

The earliest generation of handheld mobile telephones relied on the analog communication
technology of the conventional phone network. The first phones using digital communication,
known as 2G phones, appeared in the early 1990s. Digital phone technology developed rapidly
after that. The first text message was sent in 1993, and the transmission of other digital content,
such as ringtones and advertising, followed shortly after. In 2001, 3G digital phone
communication arrived, providing faster transmission and making broadband communication
practical for multiple media such as voice, Internet and GPS. The 4G phones appeared later that
decade, offering digital communication 10 times faster than earlier technologies.

High-Definition Television

Since 2009, the Federal Communications Commission has required TV stations in the U.S. to
broadcast exclusively in digital format. The transition from conventional to digital television
technologies made high-definition television possible and established the television as more than
a simple receiver of transmitted signals. Many digital TVs are multimedia devices that display
television programming, games, photographs and on-demand movies, stream Internet content,
play music and handle recorded media like CDs and DVDs. As televisions become more
interactive, they are evolving into true two-way digital communication devices.

Other Electronic Communication

Digital communications have become ubiquitous in modern society and encompass a wide
variety of technologies. Remote controls, keyless entry devices, walkie-talkies, Bluetooth
earpieces, GPS satellites, cash registers and credit cards are among the many technologies that
communicate digitally with people and with other devices. Futurists have coined the term "The
Internet of Things" to refer to the trend of enabling thousands of types of devices, from light
bulbs to washing machines, with digital communication capabilities.

Physical Digital Media

Given the sophistication of the instantaneous transmission of digital data, it can be easy to
overlook the more mundane communication activities. We store digital data on many types of
physical media, including CDs, DVDs, flash drives, tape and compact memory chips. Every time
you hand a friend or colleague a file, whether you transfer it electronically or pass along a DVD,
you are engaged in a form of digital communication.
 How Digital Technology Has Changed
Communication -
Twenty-first century communication has changed how we connect to the world in three essential
ways: connectivity, authenticity, and style. The first way is obvious to any sentient being within
reach of the digital world. As Nicco Mele notes in his brilliant book about the darker
implications of the digital revolution, The End of Big, Radical connectivity our breathtaking
ability to send vast amounts of data instantly, constantly, and globally has all but transformed
politics, business, and culture, bringing about the upheaval of traditional, big institutions and
the empowerment of upstarts and renegades.

I like Meles phrase, radical connectivity, because it gets at whats truly different in ways that
words like the Internet and Social Media do not. They are the media; radical connectivity is
the result. By putting us all within one or two removes from one another, the digital era has
radically flattened hierarchies of communication everywhere, and completely reshaped the old
power relationship between the rulers and the masses. Now, a single furious customer can bring
down a restaurant, a single, impassioned person can ignite support for a cause, and a single
disgruntled citizen can start a movement and bring down a government.

This shift has two implications for communications. First, it necessarily increases the volume
and dumbs down the sophistication of the information flow. Thats the bad news: theres more
to wade through now and a lot of it isnt pretty. Second, anyones voice can get heard, and
perhaps even get the hearing it deserves. Thats the good news. Youre competing with dancing
nerds, phony news, and cute cats, but if you persist, your story will most likely be heard.

Thats the first lesson about how communications has changed: in a radically connected world,
youve got to be persistent, and it helps to be smart. Ill cover the other two lessons in
subsequent posts.
 Digitalization of communications

As channels become fragmented the biggest challenge facing organization is to maintain coherent
message, take down silos and make sure that they understand the channels and how they fit into their
communications.

It is interesting to see both advertisers and publishers struggling in adapting towards these changes, see
how they embrace them or in most cases try to hang on to the old models. We are not saying that digital
is the end or the beginning, but its changing how we communicate and maybe more importantly how
we can be communicated to.

During the conference you will hear how the BBC worked with the threat of digitalization with Radio at
the centre of it, how large global companies like Vodafone work with the opportunities digital provides
and how the media needs to adapt these changes. This conference is not trying to tell you that social
media is important or that print is dead, it's about understanding how organizations have been adapting
and using this to their advantage.

Process

The term digitization is often used when diverse forms of information, such as text, sound, image
or voice, are converted into a single binary code. The core of the process is the compromise
between the capturing device and the player device so that the rendered result represents the
original source with the most possible fidelity, and the advantage of digitization is the speed in
which this form of information can be transmitted with no degradation compared with analog
information.

Digital information exists as one of two digits, either 0 or 1. These are known as bits (a
contraction of binary digits) and the sequences of 0s and 1s that constitute information are called
bytes.[7]

Analog signals are continuously variable, both in the number of possible values of the signal at a
given time, as well as in the number of points in the signal in a given period of time. However,
digital signals are discrete in both of those respects generally a finite sequence of integers
therefore a digitization can, in practical terms, only ever be an approximation of the signal it
represents.

Digitization occurs in two parts:

Discretization
The reading of an analog signal A, and, at regular time intervals (frequency), sampling
the value of the signal at the point. Each such reading is called a sample and may be
considered to have infinite precision at this stage;
Quantization
Samples are rounded to a fixed set of numbers (such as integers), a process known as
quantization.

In general, these can occur at the same time, though they are conceptually distinct.

A series of digital integers can be transformed into an analog output that approximates the
original analog signal. Such a transformation is called a DA conversion. The sampling rate and
the number of bits used to represent the integers combine to determine how close such an
approximation to the analog signal a digitization will be.

Examples

Digitization of the first number of Estonian popular science magazine Horisont published in
January 1967.

The term is often used to describe the scanning of analog sources (such as printed photos or
taped videos) into computers for editing, but it also can refer to audio (where sampling rate is
often measured in kilohertz) and texture map transformations. In this last case, as in normal
photos, the sampling rate refers to the resolution of the image, often measured in pixels per inch.
Digitizing is the primary way of storing images in a form suitable for transmission and computer
processing, whether scanned from two-dimensional analog originals or captured using an image
sensor-equipped device such as a digital camera, tomographical instrument such as a CAT
scanner, or acquiring precise dimensions from a real-world object, such as a car, using a 3D
scanning device.[8]

Digitizing is central to making a digital representations of geographical features, using raster or

vector images, in a geographic information system, i.e., the creation of electronic maps, either
from various geographical and satellite imaging (raster) or by digitizing traditional paper maps or
graphs[9][10] (vector).

"Digitization" is also used to describe the process of populating databases with files or data.
While this usage is technically inaccurate, it originates with the previously proper use of the term
to describe that part of the process involving digitization of analog sources, such as printed
pictures and brochures, before uploading to target databases.

Digitizing may also used in the field of apparel, where an image may be recreated with the help
of embroidery digitizing software tools and saved as embroidery machine code. This machine
code is fed into an embroidery machine and applied to the fabric. The most supported format is
DST file. Apparel companies also digitize clothing patterns[citation needed]

Analog signals to digital

Analog signals are continuous electrical signals; digital signals are non-continuous. Analog
signal can be converted to digital signal by ADC.[11]

Nearly all recorded music has been digitized. About 12 percent of the 500,000+ movies listed on
the Internet Movie Database are digitized on DVD.[citation needed]

[according to whom?]
The handling of an analog signal becomes easy when it is digitized because the
signal is digitized before modulation and transmission. The conversion process of analog to
digital consists of two processes: sampling and quantizing.
Digitization of personal multimedia, such as home movies, slides, and photographs is a popular
method of preserving and sharing older repositories. Slides and photographs may be scanned
using an image scanner, but videos are more difficult.[12] Slides can be digitized with different
film scanner by Nikon such as the Nikon Coolscan 5000ED.[13]

Analog texts to digital

About 5 percent of texts[clarification needed] have been digitized as of 2006.[14][not in citation given]

Older print books are being scanned and optical character recognition technologies have been
applied by academic and public libraries, foundations, and private companies like Google.[15]

Unpublished text documents on paper, which have some enduring historical or research value are
being digitized by libraries and archives, though frequently at a much slower rate than for books
(see digital libraries). In many cases, archives have replaced microfilming with digitization as a
means of preserving and providing access to unique documents.

Implications

This shift to digitization in the contemporary media world has created implications for traditional
mass media products. However, these "limitations are still very unclear".[16] The more
technology advances, the more converged the realm of mass media will become with less need
for traditional communication technologies. For example, the Internet has transformed many
communication norms, creating more efficiency for not only individuals, but also for businesses.
However, McQuail suggests traditional media have also benefited greatly from new media,
allowing more effective and efficient resources available.[16]

Nowadays, the growing pace of innovations in electronics drives to new solutions for energy and
information transfer to enhance its speed, efficiency and reliability. For most devices, this
solution is a transition from analog to digital. Possibly the most prominent example of such
conversion is the modern digital computer. But the wires in all digital systems still remain
analog. Digital wire becomes indispensable for providing efficient, robust, adaptable, and cost
effective energy supply. Presently, no one knows, however, how it is supposed to work or what
technology would be able to create such a device.

Collaborative projects

There are many collaborative digitization projects throughout the United States. Two of the
earliest projects were the Collaborative Digitization Project in Colorado and NC ECHO - North
Carolina Exploring Cultural Heritage Online,[17] based at the State Library of North Carolina.

These projects establish and publish best practices for digitization and work with regional
partners to digitize cultural heritage materials. Additional criteria for best practices have more
recently been established in the UK, Australia and the European Union.[18] Wisconsin Heritage
Online[19] is a collaborative digitization project modeled after the Colorado Collaborative
Digitization Project. Wisconsin uses a wiki[20] to build and distribute collaborative
documentation. Georgia's collaborative digitization program, the Digital Library of Georgia,[21]
presents a seamless virtual library on the state's history and life, including more than a hundred
digital collections from 60 institutions and 100 agencies of government. The Digital Library of
Georgia is a GALILEO[22] initiative based at the University of Georgia Libraries.

In South-Asia, the Nanakshahi trust is digitizing manuscripts of Gurmukhscript.

In Australia, there have been many collaborative projects between the National Library of
Australia and universities to improve the repository infrastructure that digitized information
would be stored in.[23] Some of these projects include, the ARROW (Australian Research
Repositories Online to the World) project and the APSR (Australian Partnership for Sustainable
Repository) project.

Library preservation

Digitization at the British Library of a Dunhuang manuscript for the International Dunhuang
Project
In the context of libraries, archives, and museums, digitization is a means of creating digital
surrogates of analog materials, such as books, newspapers, microfilm and videotapes, offers a
variety of benefits, including increasing access, especially for patrons at a distance; contributing
to collection development, through collaborative initiatives; enhancing the potential for research
and education; and supporting preservation activities.[24] Digitization can provide a means of
preserving the content of the materials by creating an accessible facsimile of the object in order
to put less strain on already fragile originals. For sounds, digitization of legacy analogue
recordings is essential insurance against technological obsolescence.[25] A fundamental aspect of
planning digitization projects is to ensure that the digital files themselves are preserved and
remain accessible;[26] the term "digital preservation," in its most basic sense, refers to an array of
activities undertaken to maintain access to digital materials over time.[27]

The prevalent Brittle Books issue facing libraries across the world is being addressed with a
digital solution for long term book preservation.[28] Since the mid-1800s, books were printed on
wood-pulp paper, which turns acidic as it decays. Deterioration may advance to a point where a
book is completely unusable. In theory, if these widely circulated titles are not treated with de-
acidification processes, the materials upon those acid pages will be lost. As digital technology
evolves, it is increasingly preferred as a method of preserving these materials, mainly because it
can provide easier access points and significantly reduce the need for physical storage space.

Cambridge University Library is working on the Cambridge Digital Library, which will initially
contain digitised versions of many of its most important works relating to science and religion.
These include examples such as Isaac Newton's personally annotated first edition of his
Philosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica[29] as well as college notebooks[30][31] and other
papers,[32] and some Islamic manuscripts such as a Quran[33] from Tipoo Sahib's library.

Google, Inc. has taken steps towards attempting to digitize every title with "Google Book
Search".[34][35] While some academic libraries have been contracted by the service, issues of
copyright law violations threaten to derail the project.[36] However, it does provide - at the very
least - an online consortium for libraries to exchange information and for researchers to search
for titles as well as review the materials.
 Digitization versus digital preservation

There is a common misconception that to digitize something is the same as digital preservation.
To digitize something is to convert something from an analog into a digital format.[37] An
example would be scanning a photograph and having a digital copy on a computer. This is
essentially the first step in digital preservation. To digitally preserve something is to maintain it
over a long period of time.

Digital preservation is more complicated because technology changes so quickly that a format
that was used to save something years ago may become obsolete, like a 5 1/4" floppy drive.
Computers are no longer made with them, and obtaining the hardware to convert a file from an
obsolete format to a newer one can be expensive. As a result, the upgrading process must take
place every 2 to 5 years, or as newer technology becomes affordable, but before older technology
becomes unobtainable. The Library of Congress provides numerous resources and tips for
individuals looking to practice digitization and digital preservation for their personal
collections.[41]

Digital preservation can also apply to born-digital material. An example of something that is
born-digital is a Microsoft Word document saved as a .docx file or a post to a social media site.
In contrast, digitization only applies exclusively to analog materials. Born-digital materials
present a unique challenge to digital preservation not only due to technological obsolescence but
also because of the inherently unstable nature of digital storage and maintenance. Most websites
last between 2.5 and 5 years, depending on the purpose for which they were designed.[42]

Many libraries, archives, and museums, as well as other institutions struggle with catching up
and staying current in regards to both digitization and digital preservation. Digitization is a time-
consuming process, particularly depending on the condition of the holdings prior to being
digitized. Some materials are so fragile that undergoing the process of digitization could damage
them irreparably; light from a scanner can damage old photographs and documents. Despite
potential damage, one reason for digitizing some materials is because they are so heavily used
that digitization will help to preserve the original copy long past what its life would have been as
a physical holding.
Digitization can also be quite expensive. Institutions want the best image quality in digital copies
so that when they are converted from one format to another over time only a high-quality copy is
maintained. Smaller institutions may not be able to afford such equipment. Manpower at many
facilities also limits how much material can be digitized. Archivists and librarians must have an
idea of what their patrons wish to see most and try to prioritize and meet those needs digitally.

Labour resources and funding also limit digital preservation in many institutions. The cost of
upgrading hardware or software every few years can be prohibitively expensive. Training is
another issue, since many librarians and archivists do not have a computer science background.
Intellectual control of digital holdings presents yet another issue which sometimes occurs when
the physical holdings have not yet been entirely processed. One suggested timeframe for
completely transcribing digital holdings was every ten to twenty years, making the process an
ongoing and time-consuming one.

Digital reformatting

Digital reformatting is the process of converting analogue materials into a digital format as a
surrogate of the original. The digital surrogates perform a preservation function by reducing or
eliminating the use of the original. Digital reformatting is guided by established best practices to
ensure that materials are being converted at the highest quality.

Digital reformatting at the Library of Congress

The Library of Congress has been actively reformatting materials for its American Memory
project and developed best standards and practices pertaining to book handling during the
digitization process, scanning resolutions, and preferred file formats.[43] Some of these standards
are:

The use of ISO 16067-1 and ISO 16067-2 standards for resolution requirements.
Recommended 400 ppi resolution for OCR'ed printed text.
The use of 24-bit color when color is an important attribute of a document.
 The use of the scanning device's maximum resolution for digitally reproducing
photographs
TIFF as the standard file format.
Attachment of descriptive, structural, and technical metadata to all digitized documents.

A list of archival standards for digital preservation can be found here: [2]

The Library of Congress has constituted a Preservation Digital Reformatting Program.[44] The
Three main components of the program include:

Selection Criteria for digital reformatting

Digital reformatting principles and specifications
Life cycle management of LC digital data

Lean philosophy

The broad use of internet and the increasing popularity of lean philosophy has also increased the
use and meaning of "digitizing" to describe improvements in the efficiency of organizational
processes. Lean philosophy refers to the approach which considers any use of time and
resources, which does not lead directly to creating a product, as waste and therefore a target for
elimination. This will often involve some kind of Lean process in order to simplify process
activities, with the aim of implementing new "lean and mean" processes by digitizing data and
activities. Digitization can help to eliminate time waste by introducing wider access to data, or
by implementation of enterprise resource planning systems.

Fiction

Works of science-fiction often include the term digitize as the act of transforming people into
digital signals and sending them into a computer. When that happens, the people disappear from
the real world and appear in a computer world (as featured in the cult film Tron, the animated
series Code: Lyoko, or the late 1980s live-action series Captain Power and the Soldiers of the
Future). In the video game Beyond Good & Evil, the protagonist's holographic friend digitizes
the player's inventory items. One Super Friends cartoon episode showed Wonder Woman and
Jayna freeing the world's men (including the male super heroes) onto computer tape by a female
villainess.
 CONCLUSION
The history and challenges of wireless communications, as outlined in previous chapters, suggest a
variety of strategies that could be pursued to fulfill the vision for untethered military communications
systems. This chapter summarizes and integrates key points made in the preceding chapters to provide a
set of 12 recommendations directed to the DOD and DARPA. Organizational changes are recommended
that would provide an environment conducive to the development and military application of state-of-
the-art commercial technology. To meet defense-unique needs, specialized R&D and demonstration
efforts are recommended that focus on various aspects of wireless technology, from the highest
network level down to individual components

Making communications work for everyone

In March 2015, Ofcom announced a Strategic Review of Digital Communications: the first of
this kind in ten years. Following the publication of a Discussion Document in July 2015, we now
set out the interim conclusions and next steps to implement our strategy.

The document also sets out how we will step back from regulation where consumers and
businesses no longer need it.

The strategy focuses on five areas:

the guarantee of universal broadband availability at a sufficient speed to meet modern

consumer needs;
support for investment and innovation in ultrafast broadband networks (such as fibre to
homes or businesses) by giving BT's competitors improved access to its infrastructure;
improvements in the quality of service delivered by the whole of the telecoms industry,
including Openreach, BTs access network division;
increased independence of Openreach from BT so that it is more responsive to all of its
customers; and
consumer empowerment so that people can understand the array of choices available to
them and are able to switch to the best value deal easily.