COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARMENT

EE9990

PRACTICAL TRAINING
REPORT

Submitted by:

Name: Fawzy Ahmed Radwan & Ali Yahya Shareef.

ID Number: 434051015 & 433401937

Performed at:

Al-Safi Dairy - Al-Kharj Haradh Street.

Period of Training 09/07/2017 to 05/09/2017

Table of Contents

Content Page no
List of Figures
List of Tables
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Company Profile
Chapter 3: Work and Activities
3.1 High Tension
3.1.1 Switching gear room:
3.1.1.1 Incomer
3.1.1.2 Feeders
3.1.1.3 UPS
3.1.2 Ring Main Unit RMU
3.1.3 Transformer
3.1.4 Generator
3.1.5Automatic Power Factor Correction

3.2

Conclusion

1
List of figures

Figures Title Page

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure 3.1 single line diagram

Figure 3.2 switching gear room

Figure 3.3 Incomer

Figure 3.4 Power meter

Figure 3.5 Feeders

Figure 3.6 UPS

Figure 3.7 RMU

Figure 3.8 RMU Panel

Figure 3.9 Transformer

Figure 3.10 ONAN type

Figure 3.11 ONAF type

Figure 3.12 Generator

Figure 3.13 P.F correction panel

2
List of tapes

Tables Title Page

1.1

3
Chapter 1: Introduction

The purpose of the training is to provide us with an opportunity to practice

various engineering principles in the real world. In addition, it should provide
us with an understanding of how technology-based organizations operate.
The summer training is very helpful for the universitys students which allow
us to get exposed to the work environment and to acquire adequate technical
knowledge and know-how thereof. They get the first-hand information of work
environment, which cannot be stimulated in the Institution and its laboratories.
It may be mentioned that laboratories have their own importance in Engineering
and Management curriculum, which cannot be replaced by the work
environment.
The main objectives of undergoing Summer Training for are:

To augment and correlate theories taught in lecture classes, with

the current practices in Industry. To acquaint students to the
actual industrial environment and to get them exposed to some
aspects of the latest technological developments, software's and
advancements. To make students understand the importance of
time, priority, money, team work, leadership, discipline and to
manage stress.
To inculcate sense of responsibility among them. To make them
familiarize with resources, procedure, processes, the psychology of
personnel and attitude towards work.
To have hands on experience of machines and electronic systems.
To make them understand the latest developments in their field of
Engineering and Management.
To make them understand the social, economic and administrative
aspects that affects the working of an organization.

4
 My summer training was at Al Safi Dairy company in Al-
Kharj city, It's one of the largest companies in cow breeding
to produce milk. Al Safi Dairy is also engaged in the
cultivation and production of green fodder at another plant
belonging to the company in the Haradh area.
In 1998, Al Safi Dairy Company entered the Guinness Book of World Records
as the largest integrated dairy farm in the world,

During my training at the company I was placed in the maintenance and utilize
department MUD.
MUD is responsible for planning, monitoring and maintaining many sites such
as High tension, low tension, cooling, water planet, project management.
During the training, we passed through all these sites
The engineers their provide us with all backgrounds and theories of all
electrical equipment's which they used and how its work.

This report contains

Chapter 1: was an introduction to the report.
Chapter 2: introducing the company profile to the reader and gives
additional detailed information about the company.
Chapter 3: is about my work experience, what did I observed, new kills,
important principles, and the work activities.
This chapter divided into five main sections:
- High Tension.
- Low Tension.
- Water Plant.
- Cooling.
- Project management office.
Conclusion: to give a brief summary of the training.
References

5
Chapter 2: COMPANY PROFILE

6
Chapter 3: WORK AND ACTIVITIES

3.1 High Tension:

The high-tension section is responsible for receiving electricity from the Saudi
electric company SCECO and distributing it to all units according to the
needs of each one.

Figure 3.1 single line diagram

7
3.1.1 Switching gear room:
In an electric power system, switchgear room as shown in figure 3.2 is the
combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to
control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switchgears are used both to
de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults
downstream. This type of equipment is directly linked to the reliability of the
electricity supply.
High-voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for
operating motors and other electric machines. The technology has been
improved over time and can now be used with voltages up to 1,100 kV.
Typically, switchgear in substations are located on both the high- and low-
voltage sides of large power transformers. The switchgear on the low-voltage
side of the transformers may be located in a building, with medium-voltage
circuit breakers for distribution circuits, along with metering, control, and
protection equipment. For industrial applications, a transformer and
switchgear line-up may be combined in one housing, called a unitized
substation (USS).
The main task of medium-voltage switchgear is cost-efficient and safe power
distribution.
SECO provide the company with power by power transformer. There are 3
power transformer which take responsible for step down voltage level from
SECO power system network (38KV), which consider as High Voltage HV
level, to the company (13.8KV), which consider as Medium Voltage MV
level.
In switching gear room, the main goal is to follow up the status of incomer
electrical characteristic, like voltage, current, power factor, reactive power and
real power, and they try to make these electrical characteristics at safe level.in
case of the level is increase, they provide the situation to supervisor.
The operated follow up the status of condition with help of power meter
(mounted in incomer) shown in the figure 3.2 They take read every hour from
power meter and record it.at the end of each day they calculate average value
of electrical characteristics. They try to make reactive power at allowed level
which selected by SECO under 28MVA.

8
 Figure 3.2 switching gear room
In switching gear room there is different type of equipment like:
(1)- incomers.
(2)- feeders.
(3)- UPS.

3.1.1.1 Incomer:
The main equipment of switching gear room are incomers see Figure 3.3.
There are three incomers in switching gear room in the company which take
power from SCECO and provide output to the feeders.
Each Power transformer provides 3-phase at secondary side. Each 3-phase is
going to single incomer by underground cables RYB. Each incomer takes the
rated voltage and provide the power to the feeders. Every single incomer has
helped equipment like power meter and circuit breaker. Etc.
Power meter as shown in figure 3.4 is used to display all electrical
characteristics, which used by operator to follow up the status of power
follow. They are built in circuit breaker (CB) and switch for each incomer,
which provide safety in case of fault and to cut out the power respectively.
The type of CB which used is main circuit breaker (MCB).

9
In case of switching power, there are possible to get shock by spark. The
incomer provided with Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) which Overcome this
phenomenon.

Figure 3.4 Power meter

Figure 3.3 Incomer

10
3.1.1.2 Feeders:
Feeder (see Figure 3.5) is network of conductors which feeds power in
different localities from sub-station usually at 11kv. It makes power reach
near the consumers where 11kv is step down to 230/440v for uses. According
to purposes and requirements feeders are divided into four groups 1. Radial
feeder 2. Ring Feeder 3. Parallel feeder 4.
Like incomer, feeder has its own power meter used for the same purpose as
incomer. Also, they have the same equipment as incomer (CB) and switches.
Each unit feed with power by its own feeder. Power meter in feeder used to
truck the power flow in each unit. In the switching gear room there is 9
feeders, each feeder can provide multi units, that depends on the KVA needs.
The main purpose of used the feeders is to balance the load and if there any
problem happens in any units there is no need to cut off the electricity from
the incomer, thus cutting off electricity for all the factory just cut off the
feeder thats provide that unit.
The output of feeder is going to Ring Main Unit (RMU) to distribute the
power to the load.

Figure 3.5 Feeders

11
3.1.1.3 UPS:
An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or
battery/flywheel backup, is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency
power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails. A UPS
differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in
that it will provide near-instantaneous protection from input power
interruptions, by supplying energy stored in batteries, supercapacitors, or
flywheels. The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources is
relatively short (only a few minutes) but sufficient to start a standby power
source or properly shut down the protected equipment.
A UPS is typically used to protect hardware such as computers, data centers,
telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment where an
unexpected power disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business
disruption or data loss. UPS units range in size from units designed to protect
a single computer without a video monitor (around 200-volt-ampere rating) to
large units powering entire data centers or buildings. The world's largest UPS,
the 46-megawatt Battery Electric Storage System (BESS), in Fairbanks,
Alaska, powers the entire city and nearby rural communities during outages.

Figure 3.6 UPS

This system used for supply power to the utility in the switching gear room
like lumps in case of power in cutout. It charges battery from AC source
through charger which rectifier the ac voltage to dc voltage to charge battery.

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3.1.2 Ring Main Unit RMU:

Figure 3.7 RMU

The ring main unit (see figure 3.7) is used to connect between the sub
distribution stations, and to connect the distribution transformer that Specific
for some units withe network medium voltage.
We see in the next figure 3.8 the panel of the RMU have 3 cell:

figure 3.8 RMU panel

The RMU panel RMU consists of load barker switch LBS, main earthing
switch, earth fault indicator, capacity fuse, and interlock.
The cell on the right side is used for incoming power from the network

13
 The cell on medium is used for connecting another RMU to the network
The cell on the left side is used to connect the distribution transformer

The LBS is used to connected or disconnected the incoming and outgoing

cables to perform maintenance and of course not used for any type of
protection. LBS is manual switch.
When there is a network failure with high voltage or short circuit we need to
protect our transformer, where fuse is used for that.
The earthing switch is used to ensure that no electrical charges are leaked.

3.1.3 Transformer:

- Definition of Transformer:
Electrical power transformer is a static device which transforms electrical
energy from one circuit to another without any direct electrical connection
and with the help of mutual induction between two windings. It transforms
power from one circuit to another without changing its frequency but may be
in different voltage level.

Figure 3.9 Transformer

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- Types of transformer:
1. Step Up Transformer and Step-Down Transformer
2. Three Phase Transformer and Single-Phase Transformer
3. Electrical Power, Distribution and Instrument Transformer
4. Two Winding Transformer and Auto Transformer
5. Outdoor Transformer and Indoor Transformer
6. Oil Cooled and Dry Type Transformer
7. Core type, Shell type and Berry type transformer

Cooling Methods For Dry Type Transformers

1. Air Natural Or Self Air Cooled Transformer
2. Air Blast
Cooling Methods For Oil Immersed Transformers
1. Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN). 2. Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)

Figure 3.10 ONAN type Figure 3.11 ONAF type

The most transformers used in the company is ONAN types and to

step dawn the voltage from 13.8KV to 480V or 280V.

15
 - Basic Parts of a Transformer

1. Laminated core 2. Windings

3. Insulating materials 4. Transformer oil
5. Tap changer 6. Breather

1.core:
The core is used to support the windings in the transformer. It also provides a
low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. It is made of laminated soft
iron core in order to reduce eddy current loss and Hysteresis loss

2. Windings:
There are two windings wound over the transformer core that are
insulated from each other. Windings consists of several turns of copper
coils bundled together, and each bundle is connected in series to form a
winding.

3. Insulating Materials
Insulating paper and cardboard are used in transformers to isolate primary and
secondary windings from each other and from the transformer core.

4. Breather
The breather controls the moisture level in the transformer.

6.Tap Changer
The output voltage may vary according to the input voltage and the load. During
loaded conditions, the voltage on the output terminal decreases, whereas during off-
load conditions the output voltage increases. In order to balance the voltage
variations, tap changers are used.

16
3.1.4 Generator:
The company has many standby generators ready for use in the event of a
network failure, some of them are fixed in their positions and some are
mobile. All generators used in the company are of type synchronous.
Weekly inspection, operation and maintenance of all generators in the
company

Figure 3.12 Generator

The most generators in the company It consists of the following parts :

)1( Engine
)3( Fuel System
)5( Main Assembly / Frame
)7( Battery Charger
(9) Cooling and Exhaust Systems
)2( Alternator
)4( Voltage Regulator
)6(Lubrication System
)8( Control Panel

Engine
The engine is the source of the input mechanical energy to the generator. The size
of the engine is directly proportional to the maximum power output the generator
can supply .

Alternator
The alternator is the part of the generator that produces the electrical output
from the mechanical input supplied by the engine. It contains an assembly of

17
 stationary and moving parts encased in a housing. The components work
together to cause relative movement between the magnetic and electric fields,
which in turn generates electricity.
Fuel System
The fuel tank usually has sufficient capacity to keep the generator
operational for 6 to 8 hours on an average. In the case of small generator
units, the fuel tank is a part of the generators skid base or is mounted on
top of the generator frame.
Voltage Regulator
As the name implies, this component regulates the output voltage of the
generator. The mechanism is described below against each component that
plays a part in the cyclical process of voltage regulation.
Cooling System
Continuous usage of the generator causes its various components to get
heated up. It is essential to have a cooling and ventilation system to
withdraw heat produced in the process.
Battery Charger

The start function of a generator is battery-operated. The battery charger

keeps the generator battery charged by supplying it with a precise float
voltage. If the float voltage is very low, the battery will remain
undercharged. If the float voltage is very high, it will shorten the life of the
battery.
Control Panel
This is the user interface of the generator and contains provisions for
electrical outlets and controls. The following article provides further
details regarding the generator control panel. Different manufacturers
have varied features to offer in the control panels of their units. Some of
these are mentioned below:

Electric start and shut-down

Engine gauges
Generator gauges

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3.1.3 Automatic Power Factor Correction:

Power factor is the ratio between the KW and the KVA drawn by an electrical
load where the KW is the actual load power and the KVA is the apparent load
power. It is a measure of how effectively the current is being converted into
useful work output and more particularly is a good indicator of the effect of
the load current on the efficiency of the supply system.

Power factor correction panel (see Figure 3.12)

reduces the useless current that affects lines and
power components with the following benefits:

Avoid penalties of Saudi Electricity Company due

to poor power factor
Optimized dimensioning of the components
(transformers, switching devices, cables)
Reduction of voltage drops along the lines
Reduction of losses due to joule effect
Reduction of aging components
Figure 3.13 P.F correction panel

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3.2 Low Tension
3.2.1 Cables:
An electrical cable is an assembly of one or more wires running side by side
or bundled, which is used to carry electric current.
We see in the company different type of cables like:
(MV, LV, flexible and non-flexible, single and multi-core,) cables.
Medium Voltage Cables (MV):
MV Cables transmit electric power at voltages
33kV and less. Their design is similar to that of
HV Cables.
The structure of medium voltage cables with
extruded insulation will always involve the
following items:
figure 3.14 structure of cable
1.CONDUCTOR CORE:

For medium voltage cables, conductors are rated by their effective cross-
sectional area in mm2 this indicates how much current can flow through the
conductor. the larger the conductor, the greater the amount of current.
Conductors for medium voltage are normally used in the range from 35mm2
up to 1000 mm2.
As copper has a lower electrical resistance than aluminium, it is a more
efficient conductor of electrical current and requires smaller cross sections to
carry the same amount of power as an aluminium conductor. For example, a
copper conductor of 300mm2 cross section can carry approx. 670 A in a
buried installation, yet an aluminum conductor will carry only approx. 525
Amps under the same conditions. It would require a larger cross section of
500mm2 to achieve the same rating

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2.SEMI-CONDUCTOR SCREEN ON THE CONDUCTOR (SC Screen):
This consists of a layer of black semi-conductive crosslinked compound,
usually less than 1.0mm in thickness, which is the interface between the
conductor and the insulation.
The external surfaces of the conductor may not be smooth, particularly for
stranded conductors, so this layer provides a smooth surface at the same
potential as the conductor to keep the electric field consistent all the way
around the surface. Without this layer and over time could erode the insulation
layer and cause failure of the cable.

3.INSULATION:
As its name suggests, the insulation insulates the conductor at voltage from
the outer screens which are at ground potential. The insulation must be of
sufficient thickness to withstand the electric field under the rated and transient
operating conditions
In medium voltage cables there are many types of insulation material:
XLPE Cross linked Polyethylene the most common material for MV
cables today.

EPR Ethylene Propene Rubber more flexible than XLPE but not as
efficient at reducing losses in circuits as XLPE.

Cables used in marine and offshore applications are normally constructed

with EPR insulation.

PVC - Poly Vinyl Chloride- Cheap, Durable, Widely available.

Due to the cross-linking structure of XLPE, it enables the cables to run safely
at higher temperatures than thermoplastic materials such as PVC, and
therefore carry more current.

4.SEMI-CONDUCTIVE SCREEN ON INSULATION:

This layer has a similar function to the conductor screen: it provides a smooth
transition from the insulating medium to the grounded metallic screen.

21
5.METALLIC SCREEN:
The main function of the metallic screen is to nullify the electric field outside
of the cable.
The second function of the metallic screen is to form a radial barrier to
prevent humidity from penetrating the cable insulation system.
There are two forms of the metallic screen:

1.Copper Wire Screen with 2. Copper Wire Screen.

a copper equalizing tape.

Figure 3.15

6.ANTI-CORROSION PROTECTIVE JACKET (OR SHEATH)

The outer sheath has a number of functions:

- It insulates the metallic screen from the ground (particularly for lines with high circulating
currents)

- It protects the metal components of the screen from humidity and

corrosion.
- It protects the cable from the mechanical stresses encountered during
installation and service.
There are two main materials used for cable sheaths:
Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE).

22
 7.CABLE CONSTRUCTIONS:

Medium voltage cable circuits consist of three single core cables, or one three
core cable.

Figure 3.16 cable constructions

3.2.2 circuit breakers:

Electrical circuit breaker is a switching device which can be operated
manually and automatically for controlling and protection of electrical
power system respectively. As the modern power system deals with huge
currents, the special attention should be given during designing of circuit
breaker for safe interruption of arc produced during the operation of circuit
breaker. This was the basic definition of circuit breaker.
- Types of Circuit Breaker According different criteria there are different types
of circuit breaker.

Figure 3.17 circuit breaker

23
 According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as
1. Oil circuit breaker.
2. Air circuit breaker.
3. SF6 circuit breaker.

Most of the circuit breakers in the company type Air circuit breaker ACB
ACBs are still preferable choice up to voltage 15 KV.
It is also good choice to avoid the risk of oil fire, in case of oil circuit breaker.
According to their services the circuit breaker can be divided as-
1. Outdoor circuit breaker
2. Indoor breaker.

According to the voltage level of installation types of circuit breaker are

referred as-
1. High voltage circuit breaker.
2. Medium voltage circuit breaker.
3. Low voltage circuit breaker.

3.2.3 contactor
A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching an
electrical power circuit, similar to a relay except with higher current ratings
and a few other differences.[1] A contactor is typically controlled by a circuit
which has a much lower power level than the switched circuit, such as a 24-
volt coil electromagnet controlling a 220-volt motor switch.
Contactors come in many forms with varying capacities and features.

Figure 3.18 Contactors

24
3.3 Cooling.
3.3.1 Boilers:

- Introduction:

Steam boilers (see figure 3.19) in their simplest forms are a pot with a surface
of the heating capacity of the water confers limited space and the heat source is
used to raise the water temperature to the boiling point and the production of a
limited amount of steam.

Figure 3.19 Boilers

Types of Boilers:
Fire tube boilers:

These boilers are so named because most of the job which is the output for the
heat transfer from the hot combustion gases which pass inside the pipes, which
is surrounded by water from the outside.

Water tube boilers:

Boiler water pipes water tube, a boiler that rely in their work that the flame is
out of pipes in outer space and around the water inside the pipes.

25
Components of boilers:
Safety valve
Steam gauge siphon
Water level indicator
Water test gauges or try cocks
Drain valve
Burner

How boiler system work:

There are two inputs to the boiler first is the water which is heated and supplied
to the Danone units for its usage, the second one is the gas for rising temperature
of the water. The output of this system is steam which is transferred to the
Danone by pipes. There are several sensors for mentoring the status of the boiler
like pressure sensor which give feedback to the operator and temperature
sensor.
Instruction required for technical operating:
1) Note the operation and performance of the boiler
2) Registration of all faults and changes in operation track record daily
and reported to the head of the department
3) Do not leave the workplace until delivery associate and communicated
any malfunctions occurred during the rosary
4) You have to head rosary when delivered commitment to the following:
a. Review of water level and flame
b. Review the form of the flame
c. Boiler lowdown
d. Experience of safety valves
5) Leave the dormitory boiler clean
6) You must retain some critical parts within the department as well as
the equipment required for rapid maintenance emergency

26
3.3.2 Compressed air

Introduction:
Compressed air is used in a wide variety of industrial applications. Wherever it
is used, compressed air must be clean and dry. Containing solid, liquid and
gaseous contaminants, un treated compressed air poses a substantial risk as it
can cause corrosion in pipe work, premature failure of pneumatic equipment,
product spoilage and more

Figure 3.20 Compressor

An air dryer is therefore essential to protect your systems and processes.
Compressors are used in applications that demand zero contamination of the
gas being compressed.

27
The construction:

Figure 3.21 Oil-free screw

Oil-free screw compressors:

Oil free screw compressors are used in applications that demand zero
contamination of the gas being compressed. Our specialized sealing systems
isolate the gas being handled from the compressor's oil system be various
combination of shaft seals. As there is no lubricating film present between the
rotor surfaces, timing gears (external to the main pressure casing) are fitted to
synchronize the rotors to prevent them touching each other. These features
result in completely oil free gas delivery.
Some of the applications:
Offshore platforms
Gas gathering plants
Chemical plants
Refrigeration plants

Features:
Specialized seal systems
External timing gears
Modular design
Flexibility of discharge orientation

28
 Benefits:
- Zero contamination - Reduced rotor wear
- Compactness - Easier installation

Advantages:
Vibrations are very less
Small size compressor can high flow rate

Disadvantages:
Not suitable for diary environments
Lift expectancy is short
Oil carryover problem is present

3.3.3 Air receivers:

Supplies premium working and starting air receivers for marine use. High
design pressure, therefore suitable for various applications on board.

3.3.4 Compressed air filters:

Coalescing is the separation of liquid aerosols and droplets from a gas. Using a
coalescing filter element installed in a housing with three ports the wet gas
sample passes through element inside to outside. The inner capture layer is a
high efficiency coalescing drainage layer.
The fine fibers of the inner layer capture the
fine liquid aerosols and droplets and they run
together along the fibers to form larfe drops
withen the depth of the element. These large
drops are then forced to the outside of the filter
element and then drain to the bowl of the
housing by gravity. Coalescing filter elements
will also remove particulates at the same
efficiency as particulates type elements of the
same grade.

Figure 3.22 Compressed air filters

29
3.3.5 Air condition
How an Air Conditioner Works?
Taken literally, air conditioning includes the cooling and heating of air,
cleaning and controlling its moisture level as well as conditioning it to provide
maximum indoor comfort.

An air conditioner transfers heat from the inside of a building, where it is not
wanted, to the outside. Refrigerant in the system absorbs the excess heat and
is then pumped through a closed system of piping to an outside coil. A fan
blows outside air over the hot coil, transferring heat from the refrigerant to the
outdoor air. Because the heat is removed from the indoor air, the indoor area
is cooled.

An air conditioning system generally consists of five mechanical components:

1. Compressor

2. Fan

3. Condenser Coil (Hot)

4. Evaporator Coil (Cool)

5. Chemical Refrigerant

Most central air conditioning systems include a hot side, outside your home,
and a cool side, inside your home. The hot side generally consists of a
condensing coil, a compressor and a fan.

The cool side is usually located within your furnace. The furnace blows air
through an evaporator coil, which cools the air, and routes this cool air
throughout your home using a series of air ducts.

30
The cleaning function of air conditioners is performed by filters, which
remove dust and contaminants from the air. In some systems, the filters are
permanent and can be washed periodically to remove accumulated dirt. Most
systems have disposable filters which can be replaced. When filters become
clogged, they restrict the flow of air and cause the system to operate
inefficiently.

Figure 3.23

31
3.4 Water plant.

3.4.1 introduction:
underground water the water present under Earth's surface in soil pore
spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an
unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity
of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock
become completely saturated with water is called the water table.
Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally;
natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or
wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal,
and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of
the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called
groundwater hydrology.
Al-Safi-Danone has its own underground water ready for different type of
usage, for example Drinking water for caws and employee, irrigation etc.
but now the government not allowed the company to use the water for
irrigation because consumption issues.
The company has complete water treatment system to treat the underground
water for its needs. The following figure show the overall system represented
in block diagram and every block has its own function in this process. We will
explain every block in details and how its work.

Figure 3.24 underground water

32
 (Block diagrame of water planet)

3.4.2.1 steps for treatment the water :

1.Pumping the water:
The water as we know located underground, so the first step to bring this
water to the surface by pumper system. The company has a pumping system
that take the water from underground to the surface in raw water tank, as
shown in figure [3.25].

Figure 3.25 pumper system

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2.Raw water tank:
After that the water first get analysis by chemical technicians to determine the
characteristics of it. The technicians should know the water characteristic like
PH number, dissolved solids in the water . etc. depend on the analysis result
the chemical engineer need to build and design the system for treating this
water to be ready for consumption.

3.Feed pump:
next step after knowing the water characteristics and designing the system, the
water should be pumped to the next stage which is the filtering. The figure
below is the feed pump system.

Figure 3.26 feed pump system

4. Filtering:
- sand filtering:
Sand filters are used as a step in the water treatment process of water
purification. There are three main types; rapid (gravity) sand filters, upward
flow sand filters and slow sand filters. All three methods are used extensively
in the water industry throughout the world. The first two require the use of
flocculant chemicals to work effectively while slow sand filters can produce
very high-quality water free from pathogens, taste and odor without the need

34
for chemical aids. Sand filters can, apart from being used in water treatment
plants, be used for water purification in singular households as they use
materials which are available for most people.
Passing flocculated water through a rapid gravity sand filter strains out the
floc and the particles trapped within it reducing numbers of bacteria and
removing most of the solids. The medium of the filter is sand of varying
grades. Where taste and odor may be a problem (organoleptic impacts), the
sand filter may include a layer of activated carbon to remove such taste and
odor.

Figure 3.27 Sand filter

35
- BIRM filter:

BIRM is a trademark name of the Clack Corp. These iron filters use a type of
granular filter media called BIRM. It is manufactured from a type of natural
pumice mineral coated with manganese oxide.

As the water flows through the filter tank containing BIRM media, a reaction
occurs where the dissolved oxygen and the dissolved ferrous iron compounds
form an insoluble ferric hydroxide. In plain English, as water containing iron
flows through the media, if there is enough oxygen in the water, the BIRM
causes the iron to form rust, or solid iron particles. After these rust particles get
trapped in the filter media, once or twice a week they are automatically
backwashed out to drain, and the filter media is ready to filter again.

The water must have a pH of 7.0 to 9.0. In addition, the dissolved oxygen
content must be at least 15% of the iron or manganese content. For most wells
deeper than 50 feet, an air injector must be used to introduce some additional
oxygen in the water prior to the BIRM filter. If the water being filtered is water
from an open storage tank or spring, no additional air injection is usually
required.

First chemical treatment:

AntiScalant:

Being a noteworthy enterprise of this

industry, we are offering a wide range
of RO Antiscalant. Our experts use best
grade of chemicals for processing this
product in adherence with set
guidelines of quality. This product
allows RO membrane systems to
remove far more pure water from each
gallon of feed water. As well, our
quality experts test each product before Figure 3.28 Chemicals

delivering the to the clientele in order to ensure their purity.

36
Features:

Avoid mineral scaling

Well processed
Free from impurity

Specifications:
Classification: Chemical Auxiliary Agent

Other Names: Corrosion inhibitor diethylene Triamine Penta

(Methylene Phosphonic Ac

Purity:50%

Type: DTPMPA

Usage: Electronics Chemicals, Paper Chemicals, Petroleum Additives,

Textile Auxiliary Agents, Water Treatment Chemicals

Appearenace: Yello Brow or red brown

Product Feeding And Program Compatibility:

It is preferred to feed Accepta 2091 neat via a closed feed system to prevent
contamination from foreign material (a closed feed system being defined as a
system in which fluid is moved from a closed storage vessel into a treated
media without exposure to the atmosphere, except through normal venting or
pressure relief devices.
Accepta 2091 MUST be fed continuously to minimize precipitation of scale
and fouling of RO membranes.
It is recommended to operate the dosing pump with the highest possible stroke
frequency and to apply the proper dosage by adjusting the pump stroke to
insure membrane protection.
Accepta 2091 can be diluted using RO permeate (only) following these
guidelines:
Use RO permeate for dilution.
Prepare a fresh AntiScalant solution every 2-3 days.

37
Inspect the AntiScalant day-tank before adding the new solution. If needed,
the AntiScalant tank should be cleaned prior to filling.
Dilution rates up to a factor 10 can be applied.
NaOH can be added to the dilution to increase the pH to 10-11. This is
especially recommended for warm environments to prevent bio-growth.

Dosage Requirements:
Accepta 2091 recommended dosage is 1 ppm in the feedwater for every 6 to
10 ppm of total silica in the feedwater, depending on the operating pH and
temperature.
With high silica brines, 180 to 230 ppm (in the concentrate), it is essential the
correct dosage of Accepta 2091 be present in the feedwater at all times. Silica
fouled membranes are extremely difficult to clean.
Silica fouling is difficult to predict as both dissolved and colloidal silica may
be present and their reaction chemistry is complex.
The prevention of substrate material such as insoluble calcium and iron salts is
an important aspect in preventing silica fouling.

NOTE:
It is essential that effective auto-permeate flushing devices be used with high
silica waters. These devices allow permeate to be used to rinse out feed water
which contains upersaturated salts and treatment chemicals before shutting the
system down.

Sulfuric acid:
pH Control is often carried in the pretreatment section of water treatment plant
into two locations, in the primary and secondary steps. In the primary step,
sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is added into the softened water just before filtration to
maintain a pH level of about 6.5 to allow any un-precipitated materials to be
filtered. A further addition of sulfuric acid is applied to the filtered water
through secondary acidification step. The main purpose of this secondary
acidification is to reduce the bicarbonate content and avoid calcium carbonate
precipitation. The pH is reduced into the range of 5.9 to 6.4 to meet the RO
membrane specifications. In the post treatment section, sodium carbonate is
38
dosed for final pH correction to 7.5-8.0 range as to ensure the desired quality
of product water. Carbon dioxide, CO2, is gaining acceptance for pH control
in water treatment plant. It reduces high pH levels quickly. It is not stored as
an acid solution so it is considered safer than sulfuric acid. It is non-corrosive
to pipes and equipment. It requires less equipment and monitoring costs. It
requires no handling costs. It can be utilized via a completely automated
system. In this paper, the utilization of carbon dioxide for pH control in water
treatment plant will be reviewed. Comparison between sulfuric acid and
carbon dioxide will be discussed. The variation of carbon dioxide
concentrations with pH value are also presented. It was found that carbon
dioxide gives better control of pH than sulfuric acid.

pH Control in Water Treatment Plant by the Addition of Carbon Dioxide.

Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238615738_pH_Control_in_Water_
Treatment_Plant_by_the_Addition_of_Carbon_Dioxide [accessed Oct 07
2017].

Cartridge filters
Cartridge filtration units generally operate most effectively and economically
on applications having contamination levels of less than 100 ppm. For heavier
contamination applications, cartridges are normally used as final polishing

filters.

Applications:

Pre- RO water
Chemicals
Beverages
Solvents
Compressed air
Cosmetics
Alcohol

39
Cartridge filter can be surface or depth-type filter: depth-type filters capture
particles and contaminant through the total thickness of the medium, while in
surface filters (that are usually made of thin materials like papers, woven wire,
cloths) particles are blocked on the surface of the filter.
Surface filters are best if you are filtering sediment of similar-sized particles.
If all particles are i.e. five micron, a pleated 5-micron filter works best
because it has more surface area than other filters. Compared with pleated
surface filters, depth filters have a limited surface area, but they have the
advantage of depth.

High pressure pump:

The Grundfos BM booster submersible pump is characterized by its ability to
deliver a high constant pressure and a considerable flow. In connection with
membrane techniques, where pressurized raw water flows through a membrane,
pumps with special characteristics are needed. When dealing with water
purification, corrosion-resistance is a key word. Thus, the BM boosters are
available in different high-grade stainless-steel qualities, (AISI 304, 316 and
904L), capable of handling different aggressive liquids.
Thanks to the BM boosters compact design it is easy to integrate the pump into
existing piping systems, because it does not take up any additional room. Due
to the encapsulation of the pump, the BM booster is a low-maintenance and
low-noise pump and can deliver a high static pressure of up to 80 bar.

Figure 3.29 High pressure pump

40
Two stages of filtering:
Two-stage filtration is a potentially promising technology for treating water. It
has been estimated that most of the water treatment carried out today can be
achieved efficiently with this technology, although some design and operational
aspects relating to high turbidity of the influent water have yet to be fully
studied.

The water is feed to the first stage of filtering in high pressure. The filtering
has one input and two outputs. The input is coming from high pressure pump
which pump the water for treatment. The first output is treated water which goes
to second stage of filtering and the second output is rejected which is collected
to rejected tank.

The second stage like the first stage, its input comes from the first stage and it
has two outputs like first one except that in product water output they add some
chemical for last stage of water treatment after that the water is collected to
product water storage tank.

Figure 3.30 reverse osmosis element

41
High pressure sensor:

In this stage of filtering, there are high pressure sensor for mentoring the
pressure level in the filtering.

The purpose of this sensor is when the pressure exceeds the limit, this mean is
the filtering has been blocked by the dirty in the water and it should be
cleaned.

Also, when the pressure goes under the limit, this mean there are leakage of
pressure in system.

Figure 3.31 High pressure sensor

42
Second chemical treatment:
After the water has been treated, the last process is to add sodium hypochlorite
for disinfection and caustic soda for PH stabilizer.

Figure 3.32 Chemicals

Product water tank:

The last thing is to collect the water in the tank for storage and distribution in
the company to the units.
At this point the water is ready for used.

Figure 3.33 Water tank

43
3.5 Project mangment.

Another period for a theoretical training. These weeks were specialized

with office works.
I entered with project management office. PMO forms and template
calculations. Moreover, I got prepared with Bill of Quantities for civil
works.

3.5.1 Bill of Quantities.

A bill of quantities (BOQ) is a document used in tendering in

the construction industry / supplies in which materials, parts, and labor (and
their costs) are itemized. It also (ideally) details the terms and conditions of
the construction or repair contract and itemizes all work to enable
a contractor to price the work for which he or she is bidding. The quantities
may be measured in number, length, area, volume, weight or time. Preparing a
bill of quantities requires that the design is complete and a specification has
been prepared. The bill of quantities is issued to tenderers for them to prepare
a price for carrying out the works. The bill of quantities assists tenderers in the
calculation of construction costs for their tender, and, as it means all tendering
contractors will be pricing the same quantities (rather than taking-off
quantities from the drawings and specifications themselves), it also provides a
fair and accurate system for tendering.

- Samples of BOQ see figure 3.13:

44
 Figure 3.13 BOQ

3.2 Project management documents.

Project management can create a lot of paperwork, and its not always the
stuff you want or need. Lets talk about the essentials. Here are nine
documents that no self-respecting project should be without.

1. The Business Case

This is the document that kicks off the whole project. Its written to explain
why the project should happen and it summarises the problem that the project
is going to solve. It should be comprehensive and persuasive with enough
detail to justify the investment required for the project.
The Statement of Work
If youre working with a third party, they will produce this for you. If not, you
can write it yourself: its just a narrative description of what the project is
going to deliver. It coves tangible deliverables as well as services and can go
down to quite a low level of detail.
3. The Project Charter

45
You need this it gives you the authority to act as project manager for the
project. Its your mandate to run the project and its the document that turns
the project from an idea into an actual program of work, with allocated owners
(and agreement on funding). Without it, your project doesnt formally exist!
4. The Project Management Plan
This is a huge document. In fact, its probably not one document. I always
manage it as separate documents but together they form The Plan.
It covers everything you need to know and do to manage the project including
things like managing project tolerances, variances, the change control
approach, how youll assess quality and so on.
It should also include:
The scope baseline
The schedule baseline
The cost baseline
A work breakdown structure.

5. Action Log
I use an action log to keep track of all the project teams actions. When
someone says they will do something I add it to the action log. I copy across
the actions from minutes and emails too.

6. Risk Register
Like the action log, it pays to have a register of risks so you can keep track of
everything.

7. Status Reports
OK, these are a collection of documents rather than a single document. But
they are really important because theyre the mechanism you use to get
information to your stakeholders on a regular basis

46
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply

https://dashcontrol.com/product/automatic-power-factor-correction-panels/

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