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Features
Type Package Configuration Temp. Range
l 5 V HCMOS logic implementation
IXDP630 PI 18-Pin Plastic DIP RC Oscillator -40C to +85C maintains low power at high speed
IXDP631 PI 18-Pin Plastic DIP Crystal Oscillator -40C to +85C l Schmitt trigger inputs and CMOS
logic levels improve noise immunity
l Simultaneously injects equal dead-
This 5 V HCMOS integrated circuit is In the IXDP630, deadtime programming time in up to three output phases
intended primarily for application in is achieved by an internal RC oscillator. l Replaces 10-12 standard SSI/MSI
three-phase, sinusoidally commutated In the IXDP631, programming is logic devices
brushless motor, induction motor, AC achieved by use of a crystal oscillator. l Allows a wide range of PWM
servomotor or UPS PWM modulator An alternative for both the IXDP630/ modulation strategies
control systems. It injects the required 631 is with an external clock signal.
deadtime to convert a single phase leg Because of its flexibility, the IXDP630/ l Directly drives high speed
PWM command into the two separate 631 is easily utilized in a variety of optocouplers
logic signals required to drive the upper brushed DC, trapezoidally commutated
and lower semiconductor switches in a brushless DC, hybrid and variable Applications
PWM inverter. It also provides facilities reluctance step and other more exotic l 1- and 3- Phase Motion Controls
for output disable and fast overcurrent PWM motor drive power and control
l 1- and 3- Phase UPS Systems
and fault condition shutdown. circuit designs.
l General Power Conversion Circuits
IXYS reserves the right to change limits, test conditions and dimensions.
External Oscillator
Waveforms
This diagram shows the normal
operation of the IXDP630/631 after the
RESET input is released. The
DEADTIME is the 8 Clock periods
between XU and XL when both XU and
XL are a "0". The length of the
DEADTIME is fixed at 8 times the
period of CLK.
deadtime deadtime deadtime
Selecting Components for a Specific assuming the external components IXDP631 Precision Crystal Oscillator
Requirement were perfect, the IXDP630 would Design
introduce an initial accuracy error of
Deadtime in the IXDP630/631 is exactly 5 %, and a temperature dependence of The IXDP631 uses a more common
8 clock periods: DT= 8/fclk. Once the -400 ppm. The shift in frequency over standard internal crystal oscillator
worst case (minimum) deadtime has the VCC range 4.5 V to 5.5 V is typically design. For proper operation the crys-
been determined (from Power switching less than 5 %. tal must be of the parallel resonant
component manufacturer data sheets, type, resonating at the crystal's funda-
At higher frequencies and with resistor
drive circuit analysis, breadboard mental frequency. Fig. 5 illustrates the
values below 1 k, the IXDP630
measurements, etc.) the clock recommended oscillator configuration.
internal parameters become more
frequency is calculated: fclk(max) = Note the external components required.
influential factors. This results in
8/ DT(min). The capacitors are needed to achieve
greater frequency variation from one
the calibrated crystal frequency (their
device to another, as well as with
This is the highest allowable clock value is determined by the crystal
temperature and supply voltage
frequency, including the effects of initial manufacturer), and the resistor is
variations. If high accuracy is a
accuracy, tolerance, temperature coeffi- necessary to assure that the circuit
requirement, the IXDP631 with a crystal
cient, etc. When choosing oscillator starts in every case. While the circuit
oscillator would be the better choice.
components, special attention to will usually operate without these extra
resistor and capacitor construction is Oscillator frequency vs. Rosc and Cosc parts, this is not recommended.
mandatory. is shown in Fig. 4. For an analytical
The crystal oscillator in the IXDP631 is
method of setting the oscillator, the
significantly more accurate than the RC
Oscillator Design design equation is for operation below
oscillator in the IXDP630. The total
1 MHz approximately:
There are two versions of the deadtime tolerance (including effects of initial
generator. They have distinctly different accuracy, temperature, supply voltage,
0.95
internal oscillator designs to serve drift, etc.) is better than 100 ppm. This
fOSC
different application. In either case, improves the accuracy and repeatability
Cosc Rosc
however, the internal oscillator can be of the desired deadtime, but at the
disabled by simply leaving its external added expense of a crystal.
For operation above 1 MHz,
components off. An HCMOS compatible
Which version is appropriate for your
clock up to 24 MHz can be fed directly
0.95 application? That depends on how you
into the RCIN or XTLIN pin.
fOSC are willing to trade off component cost
Cosc (Rosc+30) + 3 10-8 for deadtime accuracy.
IXDP630 RC Oscillator Design
The IXDP630 uses a Schmitt trigger
inverter oscillator (Fig. 3). Two external
components, ROSC and COSC, determine
the clock frequency and consequently
the deadtime. This design allows a
significant cost reduction over a
standard crystal oscillator, but entails a COSC = 470 pF
trade-off in frequency accuracy. The COSC = 270 pF
COSC = 100 pF
initial accuracy and drift are a function
COSC = 47 pF
of the external component tolerance
and temperature coefficients, supply
voltage, and IXDP630 internal para-
meters. At frequencies under 1 MHz,
COSC = 1 nF
COSC = 2.2 nF
COSC = 4.7 nF
COSC = 10 nF
Oscillator - kHz
Fig. 3: IXDP630 internal Schmitt Trigger
inverter oscillator (ROSC, COSC are
external) Fig. 4. Oscillator frequency component selection for IXDP630.
IXDP630 RC Oscillator Component IXDP631 Crystal Oscillator and assuming that the MOSFET
Details Component Details Source Terminal has a 1 inch path on
the PCB to system ground, a voltage as
The IXDP630 oscillator has only two The IXDP631 oscillator requires three high as 13.5 V can be developed:
external components. Rosc should be external passive components, in
V = 27 nH 500A/s = 13.5 V
a precision, high frequency resistor. addition to the crystal. The crystal is
The material used in carbon compo- chosen with a frequency below fclk If the MOSFET switches 25 A, the
sition resistors is hydroscopic (it (min). The capacitors and resistor transient will last as long as (25/500) s
absorbs water), causing resistors (illustrated earlier in Fig. 5) follow rules or 50 ns, which is much more than the
above 100 k to 1 M to change value similar to the RC oscillator option. The typical 6 or 7 ns propagation delay of a
with relative humidity. This is on top of resistor should be metal or carbon film, 74 HC series gate.
initial tolerance and temperature although its accuracy and stability do
coefficient deviations, and so is not not significantly affect oscillator Caution: If one set of digital circuits is
recommended. Instead, precision frequency accuracy. The capacitors tied to system ground, and one to local
metal film or carbon film resistor should be monolithic ceramic ground, it is clear that such a transient
construction is preferred, with initial construction (CK05, or similar) with would cause spurious outputs. In an
tolerances of 1 % and better with X7R or better characteristics. inverter, the consequences of such an
temperature coefficients of 100 ppm. error could be catastrophic. Turning a
Grounding, Interfacing and Noise transistor on at the wrong time could
The construction of Cosc is also critical easily cause it to explode, with the
Immunity
to circuit operation. Cosc should be a potential for equipment damage and
good quality monolithic ceramic (single Due to the very high level of currents operator injury -- clearly undesirable.
or multilayer) or a metallized polypropy- that are switched at high speed in a
lene timing capacitor. If ceramic techno- typical motor control power circuit,
logy is chosen, be sure to consider voltage transients (V = L di/dt) can
temperature coefficient and tolerance. It cause serious problems. Fast digital
is the minimum capacitor value that is circuits respond to transients instead of
critical, not the part number rated legitimate inputs, disturbing inverter
capacitance. A Z5U ceramic has an operation or causing outright failure.
initial tolerance of +80/-20 %, and a
temperature variation of +30/-80 % Bypassing and Decoupling
over temperature. An X7R is 10 %
As with any high speed logic compo-
initial tolerance, 10 % over
nent, the IXDP630/631 should be
temperature. An NPO is 5 % initial
bypassed with a good quality (mono-
tolerance, 5 % over temperature
lithic ceramic or film) capacitor designed
(although tighter selections are readily Fig. 6. Power circuit noise generation
specifically for bypass application.
available in NPO).
Decoupling is normally not required.
If film technology is chosen, polypropy- The IXDP630 does not generate Methods of Correcting these
lene is one of the best choices. sufficient supply line current ripple to be Problems
Tolerances down to 1 % and 2 % are a significant noise source when
standard and temperature coefficient is properly bypassed, and it is capable of The first step is to use a logic family
100 ppm. rejecting normal supply line noise. with inherent noise immunity. Standard
TTL (or any of its derivatives, including
The layout of the external components 74HCT CMOS) is a poor choice
Logic Levels
is also critical. The components should because of the logic levels these fami-
be as close to the device as possible, All inputs to the IXDP630 and IXDP631 lies employ. In particular, VOL, VIL are too
minimizing stray capacitance and (except XTLIN on the IXDP631) are close to ground to reject the levels of
inductance. HCMOS Schmitt Trigger compatible. ground noise common to power circuits.
On the IXDP631, the XTLIN pin is 74HC logic is significantly superior, and
different because the crystal oscillator the older 4000 series CMOS is even
circuit cannot tolerate a Schmitt input. better. Unfortunately, in modern motor
The hysteresis inherent in Schmitt controls, especially those that employ
Trigger inputs greatly improves the microprocessors, the speeds of the
reliability of digital communications. It 4000 series CMOS are no longer
can reject ground bounce of up to 2 V, adequate. In most cases 74HC logic is
and induced voltages in digital signal the only viable alternative.
traces of 1 V.
Layout
Power Circuit Noise Generation
The second, and most important step is
In a typical transistor inverter, the the printed circuit board (PCB) layout.
Fig. 5. Recommended Crystal output MOSFET may switch on or off The PCB is a very important compo-
Oscillator Components with di/dt 500A/s. Referring to Fig. 6, nent in any power circuit, and there is a
tendency to leave it off the schematic. the MOSFET is 6 V), the di/dt at turn-on To eliminate this problem, a ground
During the layout process, the engineer will be regulated by the driver/MOSFET/ level transformation circuit must be
must consider each and every connec- LS1 loop to about 200 A/s - quite a added that rejects this common mode
tion from the standpoint of its contribu- surprise when your circuit requires transient. The simplest is a decoupling
tion to system operation. How sensitive 500 A/s to operate correctly. circuit, also illustrated in Fig. 7. The
is it? What noise producing lines are It is possible to make use of this beha- capacitor voltage (on Cd) remains
routed near it? What transients can vior to create a turn-on or turn-off di/dt constant while the transient voltage is
occur between circuits tied to each end limiter (perhaps to snub the upper dropped across Rd and the buffer
of this trace...? With few exceptions, freewheeling diode reverse recovery). detects no input transition, eliminating
modern autorouters cannot deal with While possible, this is normally not the oscillation. This circuit does add
these requirements. If autorouters are desirable or practical where two or significantly to turn-on and turn-off
used, they produce layouts that will not more transistors are controlled. delay time, and cannot be used if the
function. Equalizing the parasitic impedances of transient lasts as long as these delays
three traces while positioning the are allowed to extend. Delay times
Remember that the IXDP630/631 is the
transistors next to their heat sink and must be considered in selection of
interface between the control circuits
meeting UL/VDE voltage spacings is system deadtime.
and the power circuits. Nowhere else
on the PCB are these problems more just too difficult. It is also important to consider the
likely to occur. Nowhere else will one layout of the bypass capacitor as well
need to pay more attention. Fig. 7 Grounding the gate drive buffer as in as the oscillator components in order to
illustrates an example layout problem. option (a) solves the MOSFET turn on keep these as close to the device as
The power circuit consists of three problem by eliminating LS1 from the possible.
Isolation
The most complex (and most effective)
method of eliminating the effects of
transients between grounds is isolation.
Optocouplers and pulse transformers
are the most commonly used isolation
techniques, and work very well in this
case. The IXDP630/631 has been
specifically designed to directly drive a
high speed optocoupler like the Hewlett
Packard HCPL22XX family or the
General Instrument 740L60XX
optologic family. These optos are
especially well suited to motor control
and power conversion equipment due
to their very high common-mode dv/dt
rejection capabilities.
The major problem associated with
Fig. 7. Potential layout problems that create functional problems. using an optocoupler in a power circuit
is its common-mode dv/dt capability.
When a lower transistor is turned on, its
power transistors (MOSFETs in this Source feedback loop. Now, unfortuna- Collector (or Drain) is pulled to ground
example) controlled by a common tely, the gate driver will oscillate every very quickly. The optocoupler that
digital IC (the IXDP630). With the gate time you turn it on or off. As the drives the upper transistor has its local
drive amplifier (a discrete circuit or IXDP630 output goes high, the gate output stage referenced to the Emitter
possibly an IC driver like the driver output follows (after its propaga- (Source) of this upper device, which is
IXBD4410) grounded as in option (b), tion delay) and the MOSFET starts to tied to the Collector of the lower device.
the communication path from the conduct. The voltage transient induced As this node moves, the dv/dt between
IXDP630 will operate without errors. across LS1 (V = Ls1/di/dt) raises the here and input circuit common is im-
The PC trace induced voltages are not local ground (point a) until it exceeds pressed across the upper optocoupler.
common with the digital path so the Voh (630)-Vil (gate buffer) and the buffer This causes displacement currents to
input of the gate drive buffer will not (after its prop. delay) turns the MOSFET flow in sensitive nodes in the optical
see or respond to them. Unfortunately, off. Now the MOSFET current falls, receiver circuitry, and may cause false
the MOSFET will not operate properly. V(Ls1) drops, point (a) drops to (or triggering of the output. Always pay
The voltage induced across LS1 when slightly below) system ground, and the strict attention to the manufacturer's
Q1 is turned on, acts as source dege- buffer detects a "1" at its input. After its recommended dv/dt ratings - exceeding
neration, modifying the turn-on behavior propagation delay, it again turns the them could be disastrous.
of the MOSFET. If LS1 = 27 nH, and VCC MOSFET on, continuing the oscillation
is 12 V (assuming the gate plateau of for one more cycle.