CORRELATIONS OF SOIL PROPERTIES Michael Carter and Stephon P Bentley CENTRAL QUEENSLAND PENTECH PRESS Publishers: London UNIVERSITY - LIBRARY{ei Ly Caen in De Preface inser ad oli aetlen expected ope prediction fot Feet eek won eo o relevant tt rene are avalable pean Soule of sal pote or fr prliminsy desig Si is took hasbeen to ater together nate t would Que tca! aisinc to thoseaced mt th rab oFang [ESnkte sol behavior frm itl re laboratory test daa, eit of vl property correlations is vere an complex ané oot ately prodcln he work waste vlune of material eerie Consequeny, e have had tobe wlelvein out epprocch sre hope that ow ial she provides «workable compendia $foden atta tosing methods 2 rapidly eveoping aspect of ‘MotSinscalengncerin which warrants oto fol ts aspects ent wi Reve bus whee appropri, suave references ae he work preseat ipal valves of engineering properties for saris pes ot aes Of soi, tgetber wh coreations balwees ‘Siren properties Parca omphass ven to correlation ith 62 UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF CLAYS %0 G21 Remoulad tear seg i 622 Undaunted shew seen 5 623. Prodicdons aso the tandand penetration text 9 63. DRAINED AND EFFECTIVE SHEAR STRENGTH OF CLAYS. » 64 SHEAR STRENGTH OF GRANULARSOIS 9 65. LATERAL PRESSURES IN A SOIL MASS o CHAPTER 7 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO 7 1 THE TEST METHOD ” 12 CORRELATIONS WITH SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS o 73. CBR AND SHEAR STRENGTH 104Chapter 1 GRADING AND PLASTICITY recone of grading nd platy, ante uso hese proeries (origeniy, hey and anes soli, are the oldest and most, ‘ements mechan. Telos, in fat peste the Coney fo mechanic el ike basi eas were borrowed fam toi apd mil cenit y the st sol engines a bas fo orn scence 14 GRADING can be ready aporesintd by even the mos ontsinel eye tha al isasomebat diferent nner fom snd. kewl sd Ei ave ret agin, Peshpe oot quite so obvont tate not [isle partis tt emporant lhe Saebation oss ht Fate upaporicolr soi Thus the padi aso determines ay (ic cnactrstie, Since such an obvious property. andes Ineuar,ti plinly a sutl ft choice te mos fundaenta roar to assert character oso atest for coated TEacOf cous to ey on padi alone sto overlok the infuences ‘such charstersicr ae pate shape, mines composon and ‘dee of compaction, Nevertheles, grading has ben found t be mor fasor tn determining the properties of sal, parla) ‘nore pine sos where mineral composition relative) ue port LAL The afte farang on el properties During the erty development of sl mechani, engineers red haul om past expercne and ound i convenient io cas sso that expuace gatnd witha parts typeof wl oul Be wed ‘ese the slaty of leo for any sess porpse a {bdbxeapproprate methods of textmen Th, te cones fs ‘Shien ave ear nthe development of al meas Eventay este We elope aaa cues WHE ae tthe place geese nsner ety ay on gat expres, bd aa elssiiion 5s rm inalab i, ately ‘here sis ae to be taeda rmouled for, teh ary Eonstustion st embunimont and hs sf pating is Shion dened i Chapter 2 Poory-graded soi pil those with vey smal ange of uric sis cont ger proponin vos then we pede ‘Stim whi the Beer pars the vols teen te Sees tn Ths racing fener the desi soe Ta ened Frapeneal vaya Chapter’ (lies, Another sonseguene te ster ener of pacing stv by creda soe th th porn vw teal snails he Proportion of Yots nin pn sas ave ith, te sae finial vids sextemehy sat Sincethe proportions sexe {oil he ow wt thouh so sega he sc Inuencepermesbity Te tec laos etme ding Sed permeabity acest Chapt 4 a he eels of Pemabiiy rested to gun oe Figur Since eomoltion ines he eng bt of water fom the solved asthe oa grain pook cose tgeier unr on ons ihr the ate whch conan take pas contd te sol permeatlit. Sine permensiy in ar; pty conto by Eta can een tht eading nouns the ra ofconoia ton. Abo, snc ne-paned sss anépoory- rade sls he's higher proportion of vos pd tend To eles wel ache than outs rained nd wel: graded soi hey ted fo onslate more ‘Thus the omsbion propre ot collar profouay nocd tits rang Since feet os ted by and aa, oe more GRASS OH a cco li errata, a Sooteeteeerte Be) gg [Ramee i; a ee - Tey x Peat and other highty orn ses | PE—— ee F — | meee ima) Sethe y Faget 7 | in| i Na al pad c i i ganar atom | op * a t-te | ; z - 4 + | i HEE | on ’ fou | 3lhd ge tfliar sical ( Se a] S892 omar a oo ai hs sei gea | go Sot pty cht sed wb se AST anf Unf as Tih Sod ese ect « cag, 2 9 oe ify eet : uniformity, Cu, and the coelficient of curvature, Ce, of the grading { ow ‘curve, which are used in the classification, are defined in Table 2.4. i ap ‘ovat ames ed fr nh of esol rape re deed oT SUE gg |Gcactaztmenta Tea anes : oar “The British Standard classification system (BS $930) is, like the TL gE [pete mime |g AES] E58 [pectcaimnie i Seatac we wn | st Ihe fe nasty sane ner than beanie Sowa he i et fener Siow othe United andthe onal Cantante sen a i tole addition, a considerable number of sub-groups have been introduced. i secant ga [gear | se ‘het slant ad qulying ery ae pena Tale 4 ‘than 7 = 129 and the definitions of the soil groups and sub-groups can be ‘Sul om Tale 10m ojonon ni he BS ero of he 3 fhaiay ch, Pau 22, Tit eae at bath he ASTM and partry,he BS sit caso ters obese in sh pr amber Seoyeibe ear een Although hi awe tor precie SEtin, yes te in eter of te Ged ‘Sshchn!chogteearenaongetstpieant ay orenenbet Ll Seta comstnt secs to be ad charts an thy cant Felaapomented without recourse to aboratery losingaaa WS en ta SOIL CLISHFICATION SYSTEMS 19 a ls at | Hip : Ha —E FE 5 IL E i Fe 2 3 : = sme | & 2 ‘se eas il i : i b) 3 eeDewan Baan of a _ Bee Bean ee Saige sl tm (in eid Sm sees in Tm el ens nf en es gm el et tae Fence Im id ont Rees 2 ESAS cele im, fae sit a ne Sn Eo Rea ueasete Siee ey! Paes Te, 20 ti me ps Hater tenia ema foietcigesceanstar ona Bee oman ranane eiachcieciopes tyson crypts By ante cp en en ‘Belge coi sin eH wh Su be ‘ng nos at ge a {ett 0 the ineoduction of thse csiestion systems a ange has arse athe dtnon of sik Norn st sod ay pals are deine by Ue parle sz, the svson beeen stand cy being Sum nthe ASTM and AASHTO defition sad um inthe BS deingion, The pasty chart was 4 well my of separating sits trom clays, hick worked for most soll” cays bnetllypoted above the Ane and sts below although excep: tonal cays were Known to plot below. Now, for sasieation ‘purposes, wheter asolsasitor clays dened eres of whether plots above or below the Alin, the than one parse se The sh Standard sat sugges ta, to veld cofaion, te tm “Mesil icted for those nerve otha pot low the Aes, but this doesnot see to have ain’ populates 4 ee 7 ee ev | [ne i i at a le “ c e ign 22 Spybot ic rth Sana lesions dung nce ns a tag Soh era er at ese Speer ca teat eeree a ict srartentauesasusse girs Rewaaurslisrita reat ean t reh amty meine ane ent reac Seghe ri nvemecrena ra SERRA ecnce BESh borates mata See dat lt a ae Sar sfehaei pment Sym SROs a rea Resa recah ace es sarang nar emma ee Temata tass Sete Se ERAS se ahead ame ae Sarai hee seit oes SSS oleae| SS ea Ee coast — ww 12_COAROLATIONS OF SOM. PROPERTIESsae ace. penne mre ntna, >{ike 2t now owner sar OOH NEOUS HOE) “ai 38 Sas AS DART EO GRRE ND RA i Saree es, i | oz k Eine yaya . aera camewme : an. 7 ita fs for pevement sabgrndes te higher group numbers ‘ee poaesty mai, fo th way the stem oe ee epi tn the Capra ee soa or hie una up oa he ag uy of ie ‘eh pup A forte reénemeat ofthe AASHTO sem fn I ‘ope thew of group der evans brad guy. ‘Slated om the formal: Group index = (F35}{02 +0.005(LL-40)] + 001(F-154PI-10) whew F i the percentage rasing 0.07Smm sve, expres Sink nomber Th paca Bs oly onthe ei pessng the? eve 11 Bike ge ns and BY is the past nde, qn 80a eB pane: L., oicorer r eineABVHEI - ALISHBAIND ANVISN3ENO WHLNADai a5 8 i qd L . : g ee ot x ao g as 1 hE z son | Tal 219 sn seo TEN 8) ‘ot ion ‘Gong kay 4 wok ae a Ty ‘pele ot es mire mg 7, Si 6 matt do ide op Snap emacs ‘owe ol SSS ‘ate a Tor praia ian’ doeme eee Haase 85 nen ‘wate ton | Tnnavasre Moe Posie ony sigur tian __ era ace ee oo Shy Ba | ; se { om Atbad a6 ore ree en oc A26ADT 26a wee se cd ow any ata Pom & ee eee: ~ nan ones BER mE wow Eas amar 5 Hy | BAR Ano, ee et Me Bass co Biba conc \ mas PE ine ae. BT os pin fp rng row EiRo ge. Tred ape ae el wake ako (2) Thi reported fo the nearest whole muraber Sea oe 8 a See 4 ad ' SONS he eat on ii a ta aa parr “See el “The groupe araly shown in brackets arte group smb ‘ecu of the erers that dete subproups Ana, Al, A, ‘4-2-5 and aroup A the group ide wll avy be 2,80 the ‘up index wally omitted om the casifstio. (Oriialy the group index was usd diet to obtain pavement tienes dein ting the provp inde method but he apresCroat me or rb fee ” es Mouse Bd RSE ues are used only as as now buen sapereded and group inde de ‘Namerous other methods of clsiiation hare ben proposed. ‘casaetons ais spiel at ening expanse sols and ‘out susepibl sis ae given in Chapters # and. 22 CORRELATION OF THE UNIFIED, BS AND AASHTO. SNSTEMS ‘Acutltion betnen the BS and Unife/ASTM systems given in ‘Table 215, Because he two systems shares common ora, ii ose to coneite Ibe sou groupe wi a enone ge of ones. Hewerer, minor diferecssbetweon the sysers mean ‘hat the posiity of ambiguity cap are, as expined in the ‘sccompanying nots. The totaly difret ass ofthe AASHTO Sysem means that tre fo det equvlene between tnd the ‘Sloupsefthe Uaied syste. Tiss inated in Tle 2.16 and217 ‘wc show orelations betwee the Und and AASHITO sts, ‘ll eomparon ofthe Unifed, AASHTO and now-supersnded US Federal Aviation Ageaey (FAA) sens wien by Liu (1970). The FAA sol daniestin stam ike the AASHTO system, an ‘nerreve one i tat oi i ddd int number ef css fecording to thir sulality a runway subgrade. However, he FAR now tis the Uaifed sate, Chapter 3 DENSITY AM NATURAL DENSITY ‘There are to measure fs density; bulk dest which ines ‘he mas of bth sail and pre water, nd dy deny whic anos ‘heeft f the contsoed water. The reainshin between bak od dry desis i pon Thm, sehr the dey density othe blk density and the moisture content, atk density is wally of primary consideration where density salucs are aed eto calcite ash presses behind retain ‘rallorSasement for example since the eombines mas fe Se water that determines te ress ‘rabbi amore common sof deny it at measur ofthe site ‘ot packing of sol parts, ad, for this, dry density 2 ore Sppropinte measure, Where deny mesaraments read nh ways # hgh dy denis aay sought Ahoogh high desis oy oF ean importam characteristic, i imps hat other ‘Proper af he an wil be dra fom the engieerine pint of ‘ow. An erase intl packieg accompanied by a eee in ‘eng adecesencompensbity ad acess a perma ‘ties, tur, can lead to reduced srings/vel problems “Typial vals of natural density are gen er various so types ip ‘ables 1. Throughout te chapter denny valves are ire kame: to. comvert fo unit weights, We KN the ruling ctor For granular si, the relative density often considered 1 bearte ‘Wate ant mines ‘0-38 Siecan, Ss nore impotent than he absolute density. This defined a ative density 5 hrs Po 24 Pa tthe dey densts inthe ld and at he ‘eoeeand se stats of compaction tnd fson tnd yy Bete corresponding weds ratios, espetv Deca of the dif of measuring elt desis in sands and rel value ar uly inated from standard penetration tt Fale, clisaction of selatie density and SPT Neral, {though widely ted, bas rceived repeated eli. "Work by Gibbs and ok 1957 iseats that he ralonship heeantlatve density and SPT values depends on he caracer. Ineo san, whether ty or satura, an onthe overburden presut, Tht lotto the wupgetion at cvrecton ico (Cy) or ‘verburden presre shoud be applied in the determination of ‘stv dena and for foundation eects Resommendations, from a umber of sures are given ip Tale 32 Conese N values (8) ate obsie sig he fom =Cu8 For aisfcation purposes i should be noted that although the Interpretation of Terzaght and Pak’ (198) casifenon, hich ed tad, eee ort fo) ste oe Se, on » eT re sean Grnt-t25he sae rt En beevnet inst mtn sce fE eles secon 6) en[ FE Bae ort {otis pari eoreton,crignte with Gibbsané Hot (98, tical oqntin orth conetonaorcante sede Tent wa though SPT oreion ator nt dat some eth Litosnd tran (O80 be Snine on onthe ston ‘Shepton (96, Senpton pons ut at icarng cu eT tnt ener nerd oth sm nd her he ow eat aha y senso ea un ee oe secant vary toa sac etn depen tbe rethod orig the amt ete peo nel aon te42 CORRELATIONS OF SOIL PROPERTIES “Tae wuany ar ano eo ae ara EN “ESF BHT RETRY BT) Sa eee ae gibita Mtoe ah ope lam fe fale Tenth of rods if st than 10m, His supgetion that N values Treasured by any particular method shou be normalised Yo some ‘dad od eoery sto (ER) and valve oC 60% is eopowe A ‘Saar of ou energy tat fr a ange of Bares a rele mehods (wth rod lenght > 10m) i gen in Table 83 N vas measured wth aknowe oresimated ER, vluccan be oralized by on Ngo where A teres other coretion factors detailed in Table 3 "Seepton (986) sater that the Teragh-Pert Imi of How count for vasou grades of eatve density, as enretated by Gibbs Sind Hole, spear to be good average values for noemally con Shuited astral sand epost, provided that low couns ae ‘Soret for overburden pemere(,)and nemo toa 6% rs nergy rato als Table 3 Tat rece conser) ro se 9 Another oreton often api to SPT valuss when astesing the relative deny of is and ne sands blo the wate tale Necnns™ ISHN) with po correction for values ofles tha 1. This Based on the ‘Work of Teraght and it's ragged thal, Because of the low ermedbity of sich sol, pore water presures bud up dura ‘ving the saps, eslingin nereased Nils, Thiszpproash ‘S recommended by Temlinon (1980) in his Jicason of the ppt a eoretions a SPT A-aloe Toner, conesions appear ob some academic the Hight ferro tat am sre art eat of bad peti when caren ut testtelow the mater table. To order to ebain meaningless the Sorhole hocld te kept surciarged with water above the grownd Water level at all nen ‘This is ofen eg, both teense rogues 4 large supply of water sod imply ow of ignorance ‘Consequently, groundwater ows into the oreole,ossing fe Sandand esing nari iow Nae, Altera unreal. ‘ely high N-vnves may be oblaned i dales deve the easing thea fhe borehole to ede the problem of sind Washing up the ‘sing thes compacting the snd beneath 32 COMPACTED DENSITY 21 Compaction ts standards ‘The compacted density ofa sos not a fundamental property but Aepends"on the ‘manner in which compaction i eared ot‘Compaction tee provie standard metbod of compaction and @ Saedard mount compactie fo to prodec © sol dest tw ate vas cen te compre "Soi wal conned ea mul and compacted sing 2 bummer whic repeatedly ahd and alowed fo fal Typral ompucion sjupmet# ltstratd in Figure To cota) the ompactve lant theeneryper unit volume =the dimensions ofthe ‘woud andranmer ae pesacy opecd andthe number ofiayersin {Thch compton cad ox te somber of ows er ye nd Wolf therommerarealcontole.Thereare baal sof eompacine eo commonly eel fo a8 a “fenyy ihe UR inthe US the are eral oo “Rtndard anode and are dtaedin ASTM-DOR/AASHTO SB and ASTALD ISST/AASHITO T-180, pect. Mos tts ea special mou of aboot Iie apa bu for curse grated ‘Sistbe lrper Calera Bering Ratio Rul und Sah C = ow Toil singin ln ad ome el ison "RE Rew RO arr RENEE mR woe SE Sere aS oP Eee Elem PEE Big iternee ext tetncen Dish and Amerie Stands, a8 lar Seated in Table 4, which ges mould and ramme sis To the ‘With ss and graves. he amme tendsto displace the mata rather than compact hsm that the. destin obiine. i. the Compaction tare neatly low when compared wih what cn Selahieved on ite. To overcome ty ibetng hammer can Be ‘hd instead he ammer. Virstion pal aed ou for ‘Sounds pr layer under «sonst force of 3-404 322 Typical compacted dens, Thecompcted densi achieve fora ol depends thes iype, robture content sod the comptetive ef” used. Table 3.7 shows ‘ypc wales of maximum dry deasty (MDD) aod optim ‘mokture content for soll clases, wsing the Unifed dustin ‘stem fools compacted o AASHTO er BS standard owspaction: [AASHTO 109 (5 rammer method) op BS 13771975 Test 12 {@.Sigramner metho) The vals given ae based cn tpi values [Been by Krebrand Walker (197) andthe US, Aray Enpneet Wiatcrrays Experiment Staton {1960 aod on the ahora ‘expen, A ular of values bt Felted tothe AASHTO sal discon sytem, pve in Table 38, These are bas on the ‘Shovevalus and he lationship between th AASHTO and Unie ‘cilasieation tems, and on tales soe BY Grogs (960) should Se note that San sands len show no clear eptimam“Bupa comicmo nner eo ammennrTuRESOnENS FOR =a @ mu Sesto eth ee ‘i Ot tite 38 Fetes MM PE “hula rrea core one ssn crmneeTnE CONFER eam om ar acme se Euieewceuy i ss Wahi ite ay a 155 moisture content and hat peak density maybe achive when the ‘Sd completely dy ‘Work sued ot 8) Morin and Todor (1977) ono tops sol ln Ac ad South Amora save coclations between the opUISum ‘optima ctr content ae as i = = 7 owe 32, tig of oi mre cnet ih ln oo ‘ab i pa a Mo ao a 3). tmosturecontet and pat iit and between optimum metre ‘Content and maximo dry densi in igure. Monin ‘tnd Teor alo produced sata between opto oure eatent and the erent of particles fer thn 2m But ths Shamed 00 wie tscrte to be fuse and bas not heen aleeeh cra ar? foe se Fest RHEL eI 323" Type moar dey eves ‘Werk carried vt by Woods sn Liter (1938 in Ohio indiated {hat for Ohio so near all mostare-densty curves. ave 8 ‘huracterte shape Op the bat of over 10000 tet 26 pial aves ere produced a sown in Pare 33. Use ofthe curves ‘lows themarimam ry dens and opti moistreeonteat abe {stimated fom ante port on thscurve gly rug time ard flor Tt shoud be noted thatthe curves repos of bu dest, fasten of he more sual dry dens agains moisture content. The lise table giver the coresponcing anima ry deat) abd ‘optimum mote content for each crv. Whan ed With apd iosture coment derivations, thee cues provide quit and fin asuratecximatn Tay ave Ben found fo te apie In Imany ares, tnough minor modifications have sometimes be rosary. Aevuracy improved the more cement ofthe est ‘pesmi lwo optimum and pera on the dy rate tha The et nie. The sures ae nat ald for uml ater Sich as ‘nkormiy graded sand ihlymisceous so, diatomaceous each, ‘orators whch spectra esos cies sty ro 23Chapter 4 PERMEABILITY ‘The coefficient of permeability i defined asthe quantity of flow {hough uitaresofsolunder 4 ait presure grant Thisastumc, ‘Tinea reaonship teen tbe pressure aden! and quay of hows, whic the basis or Dae la 4 a whore i the coaicent of parmsatity “the are of fe andi the fdr pressore gradient Ute vlumeoflow i vide the area Athan the locity ofiow slpobiaied ané Equation ft} san be writen «2 From tis it canbe sss thatthe oes of pemesbiity an be ‘ough fas the vost of ow that eu om a wnt presre gradient Since presure Is usualy mesure es heed of water tad Breere t Towe of bend per unit distance, ftypialy hae the ‘Smensont mn 20 tht kbs the wie of velo peal me ower, shuld be remembered hat area isthe al ares of oi Sing considered but prt of this rea wl be outa By sid Parties he ate of Bow wil be ae. Te meant velchy Eniya notional vale, used for calculsing vlan of flow. andthe true average welt of ow, willbe eet: leet ‘where cand re he ois ratoand porosity ofthe sol respectively. "The permeability of» sil rronlysvened by te macro ‘HTUue iy conan Tass Orne Bande of sand wi ave ‘ereabities which are many tes that of the ay material a, ‘Als, since fo teods to follow the in of eae resented ‘oie oen have heizntl permeates whieh are many tie he testa permabity and the overall permenbity wl be approx ‘atl equal to thehodeental permeability. Becae ofthe se si laboratory spetnersand the way they av obtained od preped, Inegestle atures are absent and tet rsa do not ge @ tru ination fel ales in seth with pronounce nacronrctre Moreover abortary tess ual consrin water ow vert through the specimen wheres the Horizontal permesbly nay be ruc gee and ehor of seceding imponanos so frat he indhows ae concerned. Fd tet overme thew shortooing, but, sine the pattern of wate oy tom a wel can ony be goes, Interpretation he tet ets iia Sd uncer, THs one Set peablsexchaned for another. 41 TvPIcaL vaLues ‘The pz eange of values encounter ie india by Table 4, whe basi on information orginally present by Casagrande {nd Faun (940) Suprsnpovod onthe chart aze yal ales or ompacted si, clastied by the Unied sate. Tete ete os ompaced wsing the heavy compaction standasd: AASHTO 180 {oI rammee) ov BS 1377-4973 Test 13 Sg samme Typical [ermeabity vals for highvay materials, suggested by Krebe and ‘ther (971, ar en Tule 4.2 Ado information on he Inluenc of vids fats diferent so types i vn by Mitchel (opt. 42, PERMEABILITY AND GRADING A thooria equation relating the colicin of permeability to the ‘ci aod permeant properties wa develo! by Taylor (2948). Ths ane boo: Where isthe cociient of permenbilty 1, scome efeive prise diameterltt ea cay tts x = “Tile Wa nT SO SA ae a 1 fe the unit weight or weight dense ofthe permeant 1 the vow of the pemeant © te void ao snd © ia tbuge actor, In sols, the pemeant is vsully water and the eicive patice lame, tsa taken asthe 10% or eet) pie sae Do. ‘hed t'the Haze oral | ste te conan €; eles 2 res ued on exerinetl oot with sean snd, Hazen (912) oped eyaicofbemoon 001 tnt 015 or Chee sms Ends in mm owen the bare ie be ea tate sa cans wl hve onthe rae one fen | “Tylor seneton andeaneexpeielo eon vy appronngi | tuts Yor lanoee, eect wor hy tare snd Warn | (66 reorta tants and Whiten (97) pes lees ot | fewest 2witannrage alu 06 sh Hass Kovac 1981) ngust's range of 0b C00 2h crag ae F091 Thequaton's veh comadere ate abo cok ng 1 osc a permet ot es 10"? pe ever pt of Lape Dy fed on sen whih be ale ote arn ia sa fe hh crates gen a eon Fone pet parte ih present into cyan the {sf hcp mierogy maser corrntes mr eee {erdas, Sone wet! norman onthe enebly af days 3 rowed by Tava et (38 a0 fers”Chapter 5 $ CONSOLIDATION AND Fan SETTLEMENT “The stlement of sil in esponte to loading canbe broadly divided info two types etic stlement and me dependent etdement ht setoment ere the simplest to eat with: ey ae insta {ancows recover snap Decielte toring laste theory Time dapendent seemente ocr in bot gral and coesie folbealtboug he espns ine or ral Sl usally shor. 1b Iadlion to being tedependent, their rorponse 0 leading 1 fonnear: and deformations sre ool patinly recoverable. To {ype of tne depectent setenent re ecopnise. Primary consol ‘ition cova fom he squedig out of wie om the 4 voi Under the infencr of exons ore water pressures, eoeatd by the ‘ppd loading Secondary compres ecurs ental fer all {rZenote pore pesurs have bem pte, that ale nary ‘oneldation nubstatialy compete, but the mechanisms vied ‘ret fly understood. The selement sf pranulr so more “ial to pote it ny nocray, lags Pras te ety ‘SCobuing and tevingundisterted camps and selene ‘hull ete by nde methods. Aleenaivly. plate bearing (ta ay be uno bo hn revs re diet inerpe 1 COMPRESSIBILITY OF CLAYS The compessiblity of cays is ually measured by means of alometr onsliemeter) tests, or simi method fe Teas Sod Lavuel 1987), Results may be expressed a numberof ways ‘ending to, someimoes conf, vey of compres Pa. ‘etn Aslodeted in Pgure.Isther ample thine hor ei ‘ao, any be pote apn consolation peep hich na ‘else ploted ether to a natural sale ve, more tually 0-2 Toque scale one The poet of son rdS14 The compoity parameters ‘The proces of compreston on a oil an be ssl ete by ‘pean of the moda ao sample ited Figure $3 Recopasing hat compreséon ‘ates pace by reduction inthe ‘hom oids ih way no change he vam fh soe arte, compre as only dtd bythe olen of ‘Spey whichis thechangsn ves px witness fiihy a » + , Pipe 32 Co emt an fate a) or andthe slope ofthe cave sown in Figure 5.) when ei pte Spat p. From an engieering viewpoint, it te propertona ‘Shing hehe ofa pace tht of erect coner For = ‘Startanterwessctionn asa, this proportion othe proportion ‘Sunge of volume of so and iver re to the concopt o the ‘elicent of rlame of compres, m, hich is much more ‘Sommonly wed (volume), _ dh 1 _ volume ‘dp "F ap =F Refring to he wil sample, m can alo be expres in terms ofthe sone rao 62) dit det mn ap The dp” 18, BaP ‘This the slope ofthe curve Figure 5.) wen hl poe against From Equations 5 and 53, he witonship been hee Wo Seintions of compessbity i eam) 64) Tecan be seen that the slope ofthe curve ia Figure 5.() i not convant Thismean ht the ooetsa adm aso vary ad tht {gion vale apples only tos speci presse ange However, the ‘ure obtained frare 51) when he logue of consaitaion ‘rowers nus, pprosimates much siore cos toa talghtine a 63)Teast onthe ign compression curve This gives re to two farther measures of compreseiiy, he compression Index. Cy and the ‘media compen inex Sr compression rat, Cy wih rete ope of hein commpresion ses taped by ating eo hy respectively, apis og Gang@ie 8B my Gora) foaey loan: ~ atin ose o we conse ara” es Nott fr those rauatonsogarithme ae taken othe Base 40) From eguatons SS nd 36, he reaioahip between C. and Cy, foiows tat betwen 0, am, CaCutlte) en (fthwo,Cirmch more commonly wid. Fromequtions 5 3and Sean berated 0 m tenes C16 Temra tries) ‘ving = Ce lotrel) 58) Tee pars For the somprenon pat ofthe eure the terms recompresson index, and madd recompression inde, Cyr ed, Gee ithe Sine waye ab, and Con respecte ‘S12. Settment clelaton sing cosaliation theory Returning 19 the base defiiton of the coefficient of voime ‘Ssmprebity, ven in equation 82: i 9) ‘Tecan besen that once m isknown fora partulrpresure ange, the compression, @h of 4 hyer of theknes, h due to a oad Increment dp. can be calculated by simply turing the above usion sud ahebdpm, Since Js normally thought of tthe solemn, and dh the "plied presse increase, this becomes: p=tiom, 610) re einen hick know chy eH he Compras stratum, The average vane of oars compreibe fnjer doe to some apaindToaing, is ssully casted ong tlastiy theory. Altoush not sly vad for soit, gee Saicey acct aes Setlementsthenobated vngconso ‘Sidon theory by ay of Bguaton ‘Where ales oC, ar obtained, m alsa maybe elated om quali 8, ug the appropriate ales of enmobiaton presi sd von ratio. Allert, Eguaions 38 and 310 may Be Combine and weenen cited Sel ow C, vals ving pone, tie) ‘S13 Setlement clesatios ming lstiy theory ‘An alternative approach eto ealente placement (eteent) smi tei es CL-H j Pea i i aos Vy ; He : 100 4 ‘ i ab ll | 2 | ay ali . i ; ; i i | | He | a] i | 3] 3 i al. 3Tor hye are given in Table 8 apd an appeosimascorlaton wit Tui it bow In Figure 83. SECONDARY COMPRESSION Secondary compression isa volume change under load that kes ‘lace at constant elec rss; that afer the exes pore ter Fressre ha sgt It thought (ors from compression of {sconstuent sol parler ata microscopic or molec seal a0 [Sparieularysignicam in erganic sos Cofiiens of econdary fommprnson may be dein ia wa) That i analogoae '0 the ‘Selidons of compreson des and modified compreson inden ‘rept that the inde are els tote stad of pre. Thus, the sespdary compresion ide, C, a ‘ess wheres the chang in veda cati overnite. rm tine fio tine tc me Figure 55. Sal, the modified secondary hmpresion nde, Ci eu ahh Gy =" ag 18, Gy ‘where is he voxs rao tthe wart ofthe Hae ponon ofthe loge for dk~logp) curve The modied secondary compression inte oneness sfred to as the secondary compreon ‘aloo the vate of secondary compression. ‘Cleultions of senda compresion ae obtained by eeerang ing Equation S12: syecinen compression dk becomcs second) feline ox speciner thickness, hrbecomes layer tikes send ‘he ie eaten over ape » cuits) Heats) For the pupae of scondr settment cleltons, secondary ‘etement aud to art when pear) stlement sult ‘complete in 12 yen the value, woul be 12 The value af ‘Spends on the euned expan of he stoturundecoesideraion Value of¢, or Cate obtained romeo par dh~ log plots, asindated 6 Fite 5, ual sume ob elated to Cr ‘thas of Cpl in the range 025-006 for ioe ‘ove and 0035-0085 or organic sn. Some typical valus are ven In Table 87. Morr (1973) obtained relabonmip batwees Cy and utr moire content, piven in Figure ‘Aono a ros st a ee, Sarthe Mice BC)mit nt ar Mr 7 4. SETTLEMENT OF SANDS AND GRAVELS S41 Probes and standard penetration ts [As meatone jn the introductory remarks to thie chopet, the ‘earlaponblty of obaieing and resting undsturbad simples of [Sula vo meats thet consoldation testing te not possible {stad steam aro sual estimated fom insists et, ‘mosecommonyoxng he andar penetration test although the we ‘tproten inthe form af ai or dynam cones, has become more Widepeed a rene years (ESOPT, 19RD; INGITU, 1986, SOPT {S88} ell eve of th nterpreiaton of some peeration ests {oc sande is ivan By Roberton snd Cumpanel 985. “The mes! commeny-wedsorelton fo semen exten sands, based on SPT rl, ae thour eablshed by Tera and Bock [967 shown ia Figure 3 Tereaghi and Pee pont ou hel {he ceration show wie teatr Sn thould ot be reared ae fnyning mare than a vough-andeady guide, Consiserag the [paca problens ef bain meaning SPT est espesal ds below the mater able and the dagecmnts over varios {onectonstobeappled tothe resale erro aeof dbo “ale in any eases Yet selement eaten ae nial pot ‘nce fr the deterninstion of silowable foundation peste ‘raul Sis, whose high lmate herieg capacity meats Ut aN fat TPE | pen tS sh Cos ldo eae oom in Ps en pos‘elon athe than bearing ares he contain ator Tien ‘all hese considerations tis surpesng ht stement eaelaions foe granule sls have for so long tbed on sudan unsatisctor Ppredut:Peshape it eft lac of proba with oundatios oh ‘ranula sol Mayerhot (i986, 1974 lo prods relaonshipsberween SPT rele and sete which gave sia vlus Co those of Figure 5! However, both the Meyer! andthe Tezaght ard Peck values ‘:ecousdared tobe conserve and Bowe (1982) surat tat 0 the ght of ld observations and the sated opinions of tony ‘uth, the Meyer equations sbeld be adsted to. give ah Spproninate50% icreaseallowabebeasingeapacty for 25mm of setlement (a forfoundaton wil B mete, iy Re p00 12m ayn 8 (B403)' frfousduton witty 8 meres, Nin a a ') + reater than 1.2m Where Wis the SPT Wale standard blows per 300m) Kye /t080)B up tom masini vale of 133 and Dib te depth the foundation bse ia et, Pots of thse equations for D=0 (za suc foundation are shown in Figure £8. For lounding depths up to D'=B, vals ‘Shun bons chart may be multiplied by Ky Teraphi and Pose ‘ugg that or saturated sands, allowable Bearing press {ained fom Figure 3 stould be zeduol by 2 hel or shallow Todatons and by atid where dept Di appoviatel equal 6 ‘wily B. Bowles (982) gives no mention of beh reduction bt {ocme pron! to ak apy them montane te above eqeatans fod Fagre 58. Allowable fearing prsere or wtlements tet ‘han 25mm may e obaid pro-rata ai fodatins are now to st ese than rip footing, and ‘Tominson (1980) sigst that tho alowabesetlemeatsobained from Figure be Jouted ects yeoffoungaton, Alternative, owl gine mode form ofthe Meyehot equation for ae N ‘anak Work by Mensenbich (1967) exabished a rough rationship between deformation modules, Ey and SPT Hale, as shows It Figure 39. Tus canbe uot in conjuction with esti) theoey 1 Pgs $4, Alo in rm oc tag fd ot fice eo mate yy SR) obtain etlment predictions. For instance fra stip foundation of ‘wth Bonding intensity, setement piven Py asa see Poisons isos taken 015 fr snd. Valeo