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WhySinglePhaseInduction
MotorisnotSelfStarting?
ELECTRICALENGINEER09:27
1MotorsClassification Unlikethreephase
Why1IMnotselfstarting? induction
Howtomake1IMselfstarting? motors,singlephase
SplitPhaseInductionMotor inductionmotorsare
notselfstarting.The
reasonbehindthisis
veryinteresting.
Singlephaseinductionmotorhasdistributedstator
windingandasquirrelcagerotor.Whenfedfromasingle
phasesupply,itsstatorwindingproducesaflux(orfield)
whichisonlyalternatingi.e.onewhichalternatesalongone
spaceaxisonly.Itisnotasynchronouslyrevolving(or
rotating)fluxasinthecaseofatwoorathreephasestator
windingfedfroma2of3phasesupply.Now,analternating
orpulsatingfluxactingonastationarysquirrelcagerotor
cannotproducerotation(onlyarevolvingfluxcanproduce
rotation).Thatiswhyasinglephasemotorisnotself
starting.
However,iftherotorofsuchamachineisgivenaninitial
start by hand (or small motor) or otherwise in either
direction, then immediately a torque arises and the
motor accelerates to its final speed (unless the applied
torqueistoohigh).
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Thispeculiarbehaviour
ofthemotorhasbeen
explainedintwoways
(i)bytwofield
ordoublefield
revolvingtheoryand
(it)bycrossfield
theory.Onlythedouble
fieldrevolvingtheory
willbediscussed
briefly.
DoubleFieldRevolvingTheory
Thistheorymakesuseoftheideathatanalternatinguniaxial
quantitycanberepresentedbytwooppositelyrotating
vectorsofhalfmagnitude.So,analternatingsinusoidalflux
canberepresentedbytworevolvingfluxes,eachequaltohalf
thevalueofalternatingfluxandeachrotatingsynchronously
inoppositedirections.
AsshowninFig.(a),letthealternatingfluxhaveamaximum
valueofm.ItscomponentfluxesAandBwilleachbeequal
tom/2revolvinginanticlockwiseandclockwisedirections
respectively.
AftersometimewhenAandBwouldhaverotatedthrough
theangles+andasinFig(b),theresultantfluxwouldbe
=2( /2) sin (2/2) = sin
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fluxcanbelookeduponas
composedoftworevolvingfluxes
eachofhalfthevalueand
revolvingsynchronouslyin
oppositedirections.
Itmaybenotedthatiftheslipoftherotorisswithrespectto
theforwardrotatingflux(i.e.onewhichrotatesinthesame
directionasrotor)thenitsslipwithrespecttobackward
rotatingfluxis(2s).
Eachof
thetwo
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componentfluxeswhilerevolvingroundthestatorcutsthe
rotor,inducesanearni,andthusproducesitsowntorque.
Obviously,thetwotorques(calledforwardandbackward
torques)areoppositelydirectedsothatthenetorresultant
torqueisequaltotheirdifference.
Hence,TfandTbarenumericallyequalbutbeingoppositely
directed,producenoresultanttorque.Thatexplainswhy
thereisnostartingtorqueinasinglephasemotor.
However,iftherotorisstartedsomehow,say,inthe
clockwisedirection,theclockwisetorquestartsincreasing
and,atthesametime,theanticlockwisetorquestarts
decreasing.Hence,thereisacertainamountofnettorquein
theclockwisedirectionwhichacceleratesthemotbrtofull
speed.
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