ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT

Lecture: Gigih Ariastuti Purwandari, S. Sos

Created By:

Grade III C

1. Dian Putri Listyanti (NIM: P1337420215084)

2. Nigeffe Pasalaila (NIM: P1337420215119)

HEALTH MINISTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

HEALTH POLYTECHNIC OF SEMARANG

Nursing Program of Purwokerto

2017
 Dysentery: Causes, symptoms, and treatment
Last updated Fri 23 June 2017
By Christian Nordqvist
Reviewed by Alana Biggers, MD, MPH

The most common type of dysentery is caused by the Shigellabacillus.

Dysentery is an intestinal inflammation, primarily of the colon. It can lead to mild or
severe stomach cramps and severe diarrhea with mucus or blood in the feces.
Without adequate hydration, it can be fatal.

Infection with the Shigella bacillus, or bacterium, is the most common cause.

In the United States (U.S.), signs and symptoms are normally mild and usually
disappear within a few days. Most people will not seek medical attention.

If a person seeks medical help for dysentery in the U.S., however, the authorities
must be informed. It is a notifiable disease.

Each year worldwide, there are between 120 million and 165 million cases
of Shigella infection, of which 1 million are fatal. Over 60 percent of these fatalities
are children under 5 years old in developing countries.

A. Fast facts on dysentery:

Here are some key points about dysentery. More detail is in the main article.

Dysentery is an infection of the intestinal tract.

Symptoms include stomach cramps and diarrhea.
Many people have mild symptoms, but dysentery can be fatal without
adequate hydration.
B. Causes
The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies two main types of dysentery.

1. Bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis

This type produces the most severe symptoms. It is caused by

the Shigella bacillus.

Poor hygiene is the main source. Shigellosis can also spread because of
tainted food.

In Western Europe and the U.S., it is the most common type of dysentery in
people who have not visited the tropics shortly before infection.

2. Amoebic dysentery, or amoebiasis

This type is caused by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), an amoeba.

The amoebae group together to form a cyst, and these cysts emerge from the
body in human feces.

In areas of poor sanitation, the amoebae can contaminate food and water and
infect other humans, as they can survive for long periods outside the body.

They can also linger on people's hands after using the bathroom. Good
hygiene practice reduces the risk of spreading infection.

It is more common in the tropics, but it sometimes occurs in parts of rural

Canada.

Other causes

Other causes include a parasitic worm infection, chemical irritation, or viral

infection.

C. Signs and symptoms

Symptoms include diarrhea and stomach cramps. The symptoms of dysentery

range from mild to severe, largely depending on the quality of sanitation in the
areas where infection has spread.
In developed countries, signs and symptoms of dysentery tend to be milder than
in developing nations or tropical areas.
Mild symptoms include:

a slight stomach-ache
cramping
diarrhea
These usually appear from 1 to 3 days after infection, and the patient recovers
within a week.

Some people also develop lactose intolerance, which can last for a long time,
sometimes years.

1. Symptoms of bacillary dysentery

Symptoms tend to appear within 1 to 3 days of infection. There is normally a

mild stomach ache and diarrhea, but no blood or mucus in the feces. Diarrhea
may be frequent to start with.

Less commonly, may be:

blood or mucus in the feces

intense abdominal pain
fever
nausea
vomiting
Often, symptoms are so mild that a doctor's visit is not required, and the
problem resolves in a few days.

2. Symptoms of amoebic dysentery

A person with amoebic dysentery may have:

abdominal pain
fever and chills
nausea and vomiting
watery diarrhea, which can contain blood, mucus, or pus
the painful passing of stools
fatigue
intermittent constipation
 If amoeba tunnel through the intestinal wall, they can spread into the
bloodstream and infect other organs.

Ulcers can develop. These may bleed, causing blood in stools.

Symptoms may persist for several weeks.

The amoebae may continue living within the human host after symptoms have
gone. Then, symptoms may recur when the person's immune system is
weaker.

Treatment reduces the risk of the amoebae surviving.

D. Diagnosis
The doctor will ask the patient about their signs and symptoms and carry out a
physical examination.

A stool sample may be requested, especially if the patient has recently returned
from the tropics.

If symptoms are severe, diagnostic imaging may be recommended. This could be

an ultrasoundscan or an endoscopy.

E. Treatment

Fluids, and especially water, are essential to prevent dehydration.

Laboratory results will reveal whether the infection is due to Shigella or
Entamoeba histolyca infection.

If treatment is necessary, it will depend on these results.

However, any patient with diarrhea or vomiting should drink plenty of fluids to
prevent dehydration.
 If they are unable to drink, or if diarrhea and vomiting are profuse, intravenous
(IV) fluid replacement may be necessary. The patient will be placed on a drip and
monitored.

1. Treatment for mild bacillary dysentery

Mild bacillary dysentery, the kind commonly found in developed countries with
good sanitation, will normally resolve without treatment.

However, the patient should drink plenty of fluids.

In more severe cases, antibiotic drugs are available.

2. Treatment for amoebic dysentery

Amoebicidal medications are used to treat Entamoeba histolyca. These will

ensure that the amoeba does not survive inside the body after symptoms
have resolved.

Flagyl, or metronidazole, is often used to treat dysentery. It treats both

bacteria and parasites.

If lab results are unclear, the patient may be given a combination of antibiotic
and amoebicidal medications, depending on how severe their symptoms are.

F. Complications
Complications of dysentery are few, but they can be severe.

1. Dehydration: Frequent diarrhea and vomiting can quickly lead to dehydration.

In infants and young children, this can quickly become life-threatening.
2. Liver abscess: If amoebae spread to the liver, an abscess can form there.
3. Postinfectious arthritis: Joint pain may occur following the infection.
4. Hemolytic uremic syndrome: Shigella dysenteriae can cause the red blood
cells to block the entrance to the kidneys, leading to anemia, low platelet
count, and kidney failure.
5. Patients have also experienced seizures after infection.

G. Prevention
Dysentery mostly stems from poor hygiene.

To reduce the risk of infection, people should wash their hands regularly with
soap and water, especially before and after using the bathroom and preparing
food.
 This can reduce the frequency of Shigella infections and other types of diarrhea
by up to 35 percent.

Other steps to take when the risk is higher, for example, when traveling, include:

Only drink reliably sourced water, such as bottled water

Watch the bottle being opened, and clean the top of the rim before drinking
Make sure food is thoroughly cooked
It is best to use purified water to clean the teeth, and avoid ice cubes, as the
source of the water may be unknown.

Source: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/171193.php