The Craft of Tree Felling

Alan Hale

19 August 2008
 Introduction
Felling Direction (Head Lean)
Fence
Desired
Tree
Felling
34 D Direction
Heavy
Side Lean

Head
Barn

Other
Trees
Presentation Objective
Outline Techniques For Felling Trees In A
Direction Different From The Trees Natural Lean
Insure Felling Safety
Protect The Trees Board Feet
Felling Approach
Redistribute The Trees Weight Using The Trees Structural Wood
Use Only Readily Available Logging Tools (Chainsaw, Wedges, Ax)
 Outline
Felling in the Direction of Slight Lean Facing Issues

Felling Difficult Trees Felling Trouble Shooting

 Outline
Felling in the Direction of Slight Lean Facing Issues

Felling Difficult Trees Felling Trouble Shooting

 Sizeup
Search For Overhead Hazards
Debris Falling From Above Causes Over One-half Of All Felling Accidents
Practice Watching Overhead While Cutting
Occasionally Glance At The Saw, Kerf, And Top Of The Tree
Check For Snags (Standing Dead Or Dying Tree)
Snags May Fall At Any Time Due To Wind Or Vibration From A Felled Tree
Cut Any Snags In The Felling Area First
Swamp Out The Base
Remove All Material That Could Cause Sawyers To Lose Their Balance
Many Fatalities Have Occurred Because The Sawyer Could Not Move
Far Enough Away From The Stump To Avoid Being Struck Or Pinned
Assess The Trees Lean
The Tree Has Two Natural Leans: Head Lean And Side Lean
Project A Vertical Line From The Center Of The Trees Stump
Use Two Different Locations At Right Angles To Each Other
Check For Soundness Of The Holding Wood
Bore A Hole With A Cordless Electric Drill Or The Chain Saw
Evaluate The Wood Quality From:
Color Of The Sawdust And
Ease Of Penetration
Felling In The Direction Of Slight Lean
( Conventional Face Cut )

2 Stump Shot
Holding Wood

Felling 2-5 Inches

Back Face Direction 3
Cuts Cuts
3 1 2 Lean Kerf HW
Direction
1

D
10% of D 1/3 D

Execute The Cuts Standing or on One Knee With The Saw at Waist Level

Holding Wood or Vertically Oriented Wood

Hinge Wood (HW) Connecting The Stump To The Tree
 Felling Mechanics
Width Sloping Cut
Back Cut Hinging

45o Facing
Height
Stump Shot
Holding Wood Horizontal or
Anti-Kickback Device
D Gunning Cut

Height Of Holding Wood -- Stump Shot Or Anti-kickback Device (Perform Experiment)

Prevents Kickback From Tree Rotating About Its Center Of Mass
Prevents Kickback When Striking Another Tree In Standing Timber
Width Of Holding Wood Tree Hinged To The Stump While Falling
Controls The Direction And Fall Of The Tree
Without Holding Wood The Tree Is Unguided During The Fall
Holding Wood Severed When The Two Face Cuts Meet
Face Should Not Close Until The Tree
Fully Committed To The Fall
Falling In The Desired Direction
Improper Facing (Face Cut Too Shallow, Etc.)
Holding Wood Breaks Early (Unguided Fall)
Loss Of Tree Placement Control
Significance of Stump Shot
View One of Five

Back Cut & Back Cut &

Gunning Cut Gunning Cut
On Different On Same
Plane Plane

HW HW

Stump Shot Back & Gunning Cut in Same Plane

Significance of Stump Shot
View Two of Five

HW HW

Stump Shot Back & Gunning Cut in Same Plane

 Significance of Stump Shot
View Three of Five

Felling Tree Strikes Felling Tree Strikes

Another Tree Another Tree

HW HW

Stump Shot Back & Gunning Cut in Same Plane

Significance of Stump Shot
View Four of Five

Pow HW Breaks
Prematurely

HW

Stump Shot Back & Gunning Cut in Same Plane

 Significance of Stump Shot
View Five of Five

Stump Shot Felled Tree May Hit

Prevents Kickback Sawyer Due To
Of The Felled Tree Kickback

Pow HW Breaks
Prematurely

HW Breaks Appropriately When

Sloping & Gunning Face Meet

HW HW

Stump Shot Back & Gunning Cut in Same Plane

 Three Kinds of Faces
HW HW HW

D D D

Open Face Conventional Face Humboldt Face

Total Angle 70o to 90o 45o 45o

Depth 1/3 of D 1/3 of D 1/3 of D

Face Closure Tree Hits Ground Middle of Fall Middle of Fall

Back Cut 2-5 inches Above 2-5 inches Above 2-5 inches Above
Face Intersection Gunning Cut Gunning Cut

Comments Greatest Control Greatest Accuracy Greatest Saving

Provided by in Constructing of Lumber
Hinge Wood the Face Cuts
 Goal
Facing The Tree
( Conventional Face Cut )
D

Gunning Or Horizontal Cut Dutchman

Assess The Trees Lean
Mark The Location Of The Rectangular Holding Wood
Set Your Dogs On The Bottom-face Corner Of The Rectangle
Make The Gunning Cut (Dictates The Direction Of Tree Fall)
Sloping Cut D
Sloping Cut Is At A 45o Angle To The Gunning Cut (Goal)
Difficult To Make The Gunning And Sloping Cut Meet Fixed
Insert A Straight Stick At The End Of The Off-side Gunning Cut
Align The Chainsaw Bar With
Stick Jutting Out Of The Off-side Gunning Cut And
Near-side Beginning Of The Gunning Cut
Check D
The Sloping And Gunning Cuts Must Not Overlap (Dutchman)
Re-cut The Sloping Cut To Correct Misalignment
The Face Cuts Must Be Cleaned Out To Prevent Premature Face Closure
Verify That The Re-cuts Do Not Alter The Felling Direction
If The Re-cuts Will Cause The Face To Extend Too Far Into The Tree, End The
Sloping Cut Directly Over The Gunning Cut (Fixed)
Back Cut With A Slight Lean in the Felling Direction

Face Cut Face Cut

Lean and Felling
Holding Wood Holding Wood
Direction
Back Cut Back Cut

Wind Reduces Stability Stable Configuration

Back Cuts 2-5 Inches Above And Parallel To The Gunning Face Cuts
Remove Bark Around Wedges To Improve Lifting Effectiveness
A Single Wedge With Wind Can Sever Holding Wood (Rocking Action)
Do Not Drive The Wedges Hard (Create Heavy Leaner)
Every 3-6 Inches Of Back Cut Retighten The Wedges (Use An Ax)
Wedges Are Used (In General) To Prevent The Tree From Sit-Back Due To
Incorrect Estimate Of Lean
Strong Winds
Felling The Tree In A Different Direction From The Trees Natural Lean
 Escape Routes
Felling Direction Escape Route
Prepare Two Escape Routes
Minimum of 20 Feet from Stump
45o to the Sides and Back
Use Large Tree or Rock for Protection

Face
Cuts

Holding Wood

Back Never Attempt to Escape

Cut Directly Behind the Tree
Escape Escape
Route Route
Danger Zone
 Markup Before Cutting
Top of
Small Sloping Cut
Diameter Back Cut
Chord Plane
Felling
Direction

Ref Plane 1/3 D

Mark Horizontal Plane Mark 1/3 D, Sloping, & Back Cut Plane

Mark & Paint Horizontal Ref Plane

Holding Identify Felling Direction
Wood Mark 1/3 Diameter Edges
(Back Edge) Gunning Mark Top Of Sloping Cut
Cut Paint Sloping Cut (Optional)
Sighting Mark & Paint Horizontal Back Cut Plane
Stick Make Gunning Cut
Insert Sighting Stick Into Kerf
Make Sloping Cut
Mark Holding Wood (Back Edge)
Insert Sighting Stick Into Kerf Make Back Cuts
 Felling The Tree
(Summarize)

Mark Cut Locations With Surveyors' Paint (Visually Plan Felling Approach)
Face The Tree (Two Planar Cuts)
Select A Face Cut Type: Open, Conventional, Humboldt
Always Located On The Desired Felling Direction Side Of The Tree
Check Face Location With A Horizontal Line Centered And
Perpendicular To The Intersecting Face Cuts
Re-cut If Necessary
Execute The Back Cut (Minimum Of One Cut)
Most Are On The Same Plane
2-5 Inches Above The Face Intersection Cuts (Establish Stump Shot)
Maintain Holding Wood (Hinge Wood)
Use Wedges, Jacks, And Special Back Cuts To Correct For Lean
Watch Overhead As A Priority With Quick Glances Elsewhere
Escape The Stump When The Tree Commits To The Fall
Quickly Follow A Predetermined Escape Route
Do Not Hesitate At The Stump Attempting To Cutting More Wood
If The Saw Becomes Stuck Leave It
If The Saw Prevents A Rapid Escape Drop It
 Video Showing Markup

Holding
Wood Sloping
(Back Edge) Cut

Sighting
Stick
Gunning
Cut

Insert Sighting Stick Into Kerf

 Outline
Felling in the Direction of Slight Lean Facing Issues

Felling Difficult Trees Felling Trouble Shooting

Improper Facing Issues

Barber-chair Split
No Face Cuts (Only Back Cut)
Kerf Face (Saw Blade Thickness)
Face Cut < 1/3 The Tree Diameter
Felling Control Lost
Dutchman Cut Across The Entire Face
Sloping And Gunning Angle Too Shallow
Felling Direction Altered
Vertically Angled Face Cut
Dutchman Cut Only On One Side
Face Not Cleared Out On One Side
 No Face Cuts (Only Back Cut)
( Improper Facing Barber-chair Split )

Back Cut

No Face Cuts Barber-Chair Split

The Back Cut Progresses Without Facing
Eventually The Tree Falls Faster Than The Back Cut Progress
Tree Will Always Barber-chair Split
Tree Kick Back Extremely Dangerous To The Sawyer
Quality Of The Wood Greatly Reduced Due To The Vertical Split

Any Tree Can Be Felled Without Facing Costly And Dangerous

 Kerf Face (Saw Blade Thick)
( Improper Facing Barber-chair Split )

Tree
Kick back

Back
Cut

Face
Cut

Shallow Face Cut Barber-Chair Split

Face Closes Quickly

Tree Falls Much Faster Than The Back Cut Progress
Tree Will Always Barber-chair Split
Tree Kick Back Extremely Dangerous To The Sawyer
Quality Of The Wood Greatly Reduced Due To The Vertical Split
Face Cut < 1/3 The Tree Diameter
( Improper Facing Barber-chair Split )

Actual
Felling Back
HW
Direction
Cut
Face Cuts
Desired
Back
Felling
Cuts
Direction Face
Actual
Felling Cut
Direction

Facing Cut Too Shallow

Small Face Opening Is Ineffective At Directing The Tree

Holding Wood Is Either Broken Or Torn Out
Loss Of Control Early In The Felling Process
Tree Likely To Barber-chair
Dutchman Cut Across The Entire Face
( Improper Facing Felling Control Lost )

Barber-Chair Split

D D D
Sloping Face Gunning Face Result of the
Dutchman Dutchman Dutchman
Dutchman Definition
One Of The Face Cuts Extends Beyond The Other Face Cut
Face Within A Face
Dutchman Tree Felling Mechanics
Dutchman Closes
Tree Splits Vertically (Barber-chair)
Holding Wood Breaks Off Unevenly
Felling Control Lost
Weak Tree Might Snap Anywhere Along Its Length
Sloping & Gunning Angle Too Shallow
( Improper Facing Felling Control Lost )

HW Actual Back
Felling Cut
Direction

Desired
Back

Face
Cuts
Cut

Felling Face
Actual Direction Cut
Felling
Direction

Facing Angle Too Small

Face Closes Prematurely

HW Is Broken Or Barber-chair (Very Similar To A Dutchman Cut)
Tree Could Jump Off Of The Stump When HW Is Broken
Loss Of Control Early In The Felling Process
Vertically Angled Face Cut
( Improper Facing Felling Direction Altered )

Actual Highest HW
Felling Sloping Cut
Breaks
Direction

Desired Back
Back Face
HW

Felling Cut Face

Cuts Cuts
Direction Cuts

Highest HW
Breaks Gunning Cut
Sloped Face Cuts

The Highest Part Of The Face Closes First

Pivots The Tree Toward The Open Part Of The Face
The Highest HW Breaks Behind The Closed Faces
The HW Behind The Lower Part Of The Face
Continues To Hold
Pulls The Tree To The Longer HW
Loss Of Felling Control
Dutchman Cut Only On One Side
( Improper Facing Felling Direction Altered )

Actual
Felling
Direction

HW

Back Face Desired

Cuts Cuts Felling
Direction

Sloppy Face Cut HW Cut On One Side

(HW Lost)

Felling Process Unconstrained By The Side Of The Tree With No HW

The HW Side Of The Tree Secures The Tree To The Stump
Pulls (Pivots) The Tree To The HW Side Of The Tree
HW Is Eventually Broken When The Face Cuts Close
Tree Does Not Fall In The Desired Direction (Loss Of Felling Control)
Used For Felling Trees In A Direction Different From Natural Lean
Concept Behind Swing Dutchman
Face Not Cleared Out On One Side
( Improper Facing Felling Direction Altered )

Actual
Felling

HW
Direction
Back Face
Back Face Desired Cut
Felling
HW Cuts
Cuts Cuts
Direction

Chainsaw Bar Too Short

(Obstruction) Obstructed Face

One Side Of The Face Closes On The Obstruction

The HW Behind The Obstruction Is Broken
The HW On The Other Side Of The Tree Pulls The Tree In That Direction
But Tree Does Not Fall In The Desired Direction (Loss Of Felling Control)
Used For Felling Trees In A Direction Different Form Natural Lean
Concept Behind Step Dutchman
 Outline
Felling in the Direction of Slight Lean Facing Issues

Felling Difficult Trees Felling Trouble Shooting

 Significance of Tree Diameter
Moderate To Large Diameter Trees Small Diameter Trees

Chainsaw Bar Too Short To Not Enough Room For

Reach Completely Across Chainsaw Bar And Wedges
The Stump In The Kerf

Difficult To Execute Back Cut Difficult To Prevent Sit-back

Fast Enough To Prevent Loss
Of Control Or Barber-chair

Unwanted Actual Felling

HW Direction
?
HW

Desired

HW
Felling
Desired
Face Direction Natural
Felling
Cuts Lean
Natural Direction
Back Lean
Cuts Back Face
Cuts Cuts

Chainsaw Blade Too Short No Room For Wedges

Felling Difficult Trees
( Moderate to Large Diameter )

Head Lean Heavy

Side-boring
Side-notching
Boring The Face
Opposite of Head Lean Slight
Lift With Wedges
Opposite of Head Lean Heavy
Lift With Jacks & Wedges
Head Lean Heavy & Side Lean Slight
Side-boring (Vary Holding Wood Width)
Side-notching (Vary Holding Wood Width)
Head Lean Heavy & Side Lean Heavy
Swing Dutchman
Step Dutchman
 Head Lean Heavy
Cleavage (Side-boring)
Line
3

Holding Wood
Maintain
Back 5 2
Felling Holding
Cuts 5 6 Wood
Face Direction
Cuts 7
8 7 1 2 Lean
6 3 4 1
Direction 8
Cleavage
Line
4

Face The Tree In The Felling Direction (1 & 2)

Clip Outside Holding Wood On Each Side To Prevent Side Scarring (3 & 4)
Bar Is Pushed Straight In On Both Sides (5 & 6) (Leave Holding Wood)
Continue The Back Cut In The Opposite Direction Of The Face (7)
Stop The Back Cut Short Of The Tree Falling
Remove The Saw Blade Before The Back Wood Is Severed
The Trigger Cut (8) (Made In The Felling Direction)
Releases The Tree To Fall Without Pinching The Saw Blade
Allows Sawyer And Saw Blade To Readily Escape The Falling Tree
 Head Lean Heavy
(Side-notching)

Maintain
3 Holding
Holding Wood Wood 2
Felling 3 4 5
Face
Direction
Cuts
5 Lean
1 2 1
Direction
4

Face The Tree In The Felling Direction (1 & 2)

Back Cut Across Each Side (3 & 4)
These Cuts Clip The Holding Wood On Each Side
Prevent Side Scarring
Make Final Back Cut In The Felling Direction (5)
 Head Lean Heavy
Cleavage
(Boring The Face)
Line
3
Maintain

HW
Face Holding
Sweep 6 2
Cuts Felling Wood
Cut
Direction
6 Lean
1 2 5 Sweep 3 4 1
Direction Cut

Face The Tree In The Felling Direction (1 & 2)

Clip The Holding Wood On Each Side To Prevent Side Scarring (3 & 4)
Bore The Chainsaw Bar Through The Holding Wood
Sweep Cut Through The Center Of The Tree (5)
Leaving Holding Wood On Each Side
Do Not Sweep Too Close To The Back Of The Tree
Make The Back Cut In The Felling Direction (6)
 Opposite of Head Lean Slight
Saw Maintain

Holding Wood
Lean Direction

Blade
Holding
Wood 2
Back Face
Cut Cuts 3
1 2 Felling
3 1
Direction
Saw
Blade

Face The Tree In The Felling Direction (1 & 2)

Start The Back Cut (3)
Insert Two Wedges When Room Is Available
Remove Bark Around The Wedges To Improve Lifting Efficiency
Drive Wedges Alternatively Until They Are Tight
Retighten The Wedges Every 3-6 Inches Of Back Cut
Continue The Process Until Tree Tips Forward (Do Not Cut Holding Wood)
 Opposite of Head Lean Heavy
Wedge 1
Bearing Maintain
Wedges

Holding Wood
Lean Direction

Plate Holding
Wood 2
Face
Back Cut
Cuts 3
3 1 2 Felling
4 1
Direction

4 Hydraulic Jack
Wedge 2 and Footing

Face The Tree In The Felling Direction (1 & 2)

Start The Back Cut (3)
Cut the Hydraulic Jack Footing (4) (Measure Down From The Back Cut)
Remove Bark Around The Wedge Locations To Improve Lifting Efficiency
Insert Hydraulic Jack With Bearing Plate & Two Wedges For Lifting Stability
Raise The Jack And Retighten The Wedges (Every 3-6 Inches Of Back Cut)
Multiple Jacks May Be Necessary (Always Use Wedges For Stability)
Continue The Process Until Tree Tips Forward (Do Not Cut Holding Wood)
Head Lean Heavy & Side Lean Slight
Cleavage Side-boring (Vary Holding Wood Width)
Line
3

HW
Maintain
Back 5 Holding
Face Felling 6 Wood
2
Cuts
Cuts Direction
8 7 1 2 7
3 4 1
8
Cleavage
Line
4 Natural Falling
Direction

Face The Tree In The Felling Direction (1 & 2)

Bar Is Pushed Straight In On Both Sides Leaving The Holding Wood (3 & 4)
Clip The Holding Wood On Each Side To Prevent Side Scarring (5 & 6)
Continue The Back Cut In The Opposite Direction Of The Face (7)
Stop The Back Cut Short Of The Tree Falling
Safer To Remove The Chainsaw Before The Back Wood Is Severed
The Trigger Cut (8) Releases The Tree To Fall Without Pinching The Saw Blade
Head Lean Heavy & Side Lean Slight
Side-notching (Vary Holding Wood Width)

Maintain

HW
3 Holding
Felling Wood 2
Face 3 4 5
Direction
Cuts
5 1 2
1

Natural Falling
Direction

Face The Tree In The Felling Direction (1 & 2)

The Back Cut Consists Of Three Different Cuts
One Cut Across Each Side (3 & 4)
One Cut Across The Back In The Felling Direction (5)
Clip The Holding Wood On Each Side To Prevent Side Scarring
Head Lean Heavy & Side Lean Heavy
( Swing Dutchman )
Cleavage Side View
c a
Lines Maintain

HW
d Holding
4 Wood 2

HW
Face b
Cuts 5 3 1
4
1 2 Felling
5 Angled View
Direction
Maintain
2
B 3 Holding
C
D 4 Wood
A Natural Falling
Direction 3 5 HW
Side View 1
Face The Tree In The Felling Direction (1 & 2)
The Dutchman Cut (3) Is In The Same Plane As The Horizontal Face Cut (1)
The Side-boring Back Cut (4) Maintains Holding Wood (HW)
Must Extend Across The Cleavage Plane (Minimizes Lean Side Holding Wood)
Should Not Extend Completely Across Tree (Lose Stump Shot & Pinch Saw Blade)
The Trigger Cut (5) Releases The Tree To Fall Without Pinching The Saw Blade
Head Lean Heavy & Side Lean Heavy
( Step Dutchman )

Rock

Rock

Rock 3

Face The Tree In The Felling Direction (1 & 2)

The Dutchman Cut (3) Is In The Same Plane As The Horizontal Face Cut (1)
Place An Obstruction (Rock Or Block Of Wood) In The Lean Side Of The Face Cut
Size The Obstruction Such That Immediately After The Tree Is Committed To The Fall
The Sloping Part Of The Face Strikes The Obstruction
The Side-boring Back Cut (4) Maintains Holding Wood (HW)
Must Extend Across The Cleavage Plane (Minimizes Lean Side Holding Wood)
Should Not Extend Completely Across Tree (Lose Stump Shot & Pinch Saw Blade)
The Trigger Cut (5) Releases The Tree To Fall Without Pinching The Saw Blade
Felling Difficult Trees
( Small Diameter )

The Theory Does Not Change

Modify Large Diameter Felling Techniques
Examples
Head Lean
Divided Back Cut
Opposite Head Lean
Back Cut First
 Head Lean -- Small Diameter Tree
( Divided Back Cut )
1 Inch

Holding Wood
4 Felling Maintain
Face Direction Holding
Back 2
Cuts Cuts 3 4 Wood
Natural Falling
1 2
Direction
3
1

Face The Tree In The Felling Direction (1 & 2)

Cut Half Of The Total Back Cut (3)
Watch Out For Saw Kickback
Maintain Holding Wood (HW)
Place A Small Wedge In The Kerf
Located One Inch From The Remaining Back Cut
Wedge Will Prevent The Tree From Setting Back (Wind)
Finish With Back Cut (4) (Watch Out For Saw Kickback And Maintain HW)
Head Lean Slight Normal Back Cut (Back Of Tree To HW)
Head Lean Heavy Side-boring Back Cut (HW To Back Of Tree)
Opposite Head Lean -- Small Diameter Tree
( Back Cut First )

Holding Wood
Maintain
Back Face Holding 3
Cuts Cuts 1 Wood
Natural Felling
Falling 2 3 Direction
1
Direction
2

The Order Of The Cuts Is Different, But The Theory Is The Same

Complete The Back Cut First (1)

Not Enough Space Available For Both The Saw Blade And Wedges
Maintain Holding Wood (HW)
Insert Two Wedges Into The Kerf And Drive Them In Tight
Complete The Face Cuts (2 & 3)
Alternately Drive The Wedges Until Enough Lift Is Achieved To Fell The Tree
 Outline
Felling in the Direction of Slight Lean Facing Issues

Felling Difficult Trees Felling Trouble Shooting

 Tell a Felling Story

13 Inch Diameter Tree, 70 Feet Tall

Father (47) And Two Sons (23 & 25) Very Strong
Tree Lean Parallel To House
Felling Parallel To House
Close Enough To Fall On The House (Not Leaning Toward The House)
Tree Sit-back On Chain Saw Bar (Misjudged The Direction Of Lean)
Oldest Son Climbed The Tree And Tied A Rope 20 Feet Up
Both Sons Pulling On Rope Eventually Freed The Chainsaw
Father Cutting And Two Sons Pulling Ropes Chainsaw Hung Up Again
Tied The Ropes To The Pickup Truck Enough To Remove The Chainsaw
Disconnected The Truck From The Ropes
Eventually Started Cutting On The Other Side Of The Tree And The Tree Fell
 Felling Trouble Shooting
Tree Hang-up
Falling Tree Hung-up Into A Support Tree
Sawyer Failed To Notice Intertwined Branches
Trees Or Branches Became Bound Together While Falling

Tree Sit-back
Tree Shifts In An Unexpected Direction
Sits Back On The Chain Saw Blade (Pinching The Blade In The Kerf)
Usual Reasons For A Sit-back
Wind
Misjudge The Correct Lean Direction

Snag Felling
Before Attempting To Fell A Tree The Nearby Snags Must Be Felled First
A Snag (Standing Dead Or Dying Tree)
Very Dangerous Situation To The Sawyer
May Fall At Anytime And In Any Direction
 Felling Trouble Shooting
Tree Hang-up Hung-up
Falling Tree Hung-up Into A Support
Tree Tree
Sawyer Failed To Notice Intertwined Branches
Trees Or Branches Became Bound Together While Falling

Tree Sit-back
Pinched
Tree Shifts In An Unexpected Direction
Saw BladeThe Blade In The Kerf)
Sits Back On The Chain Saw Blade (Pinching
Usual Reasons For A Sit-back
HW
Wind
Misjudge The Correct Lean Direction
D
Snag Felling
Before Attempting To Fell A Tree The Nearby Snags Must Be Felled First
A Snag (Standing Dead Or Dying Tree)
Very Dangerous Situation To The Sawyer
May Fall At Anytime And In Any Direction
 Tree Hang-up
Falling Tree Gets Hung-up Into A Support Tree
Too Dangerous To Be Near Or Attempt To Fell The Support Tree
The Top Of Either Tree Could Break Off And Fall
A Widow Maker Could Fall (Hanging Dead Limbs)
The Partially Felled Tree Could Finish Falling
Support Tree
Under High Torque From Weight Of Partially Felled Tree
Could Barber-chair Anytime After Being Faced

Solutions Available To Clear The Hang-up

Identify A Nearby Tree And Fell It Into The Hung-up Tree
Technique Called: Using A Driver Tree
Use Normal Techniques To Fell The Driver Tree
Mark The Problem And Leave It
Get Help (Heavy Equipment, Explosives, Etc.)
 Pinched

Tree Sit-Back Saw Blade

HW

Tree Shifts In An Unexpected Direction D

Proper Cutting Techniques Almost Always Eliminate Sit-backs

Use Wedges At The Earliest Possible Moment During The Back Cut
If The Tree Sits Back Wedges Prevent The Bar From Being Pinched
Holding Wood Prevents The Tree From Falling Backwards
If Chain Saw Bar Becomes Pinched (Continue With An Alternate Chain Saw)

Solutions To The Sit-back (Assume Wedges Were Used)

Attempt To Lift The Tree With Wedges
Chop Bark Away From Wedges To Improve Lifting Efficiency
Alternate Between Two Or More Wedges To Accelerate The Process
Use A Driving Tree (Sit-back Tree May Fall In Any Direction)
Reface The Sit-back Tree In The Direction Of Lean
Second Face Located
One Tree Diameter Above The First Face
In The Direction Of Lean
Only Fell A Sit-back In The Direction Of Lean
Mark The Problem And Leave It
Get Help (Heavy Equipment, Explosives, Etc.)
 Snag Felling
A Snag May Fall At Anytime And In Any Direction
Snag Felling Procedure (Assume Unstable With Rotten Wood)
Swamp Out Underneath
Look For Widow-makers Above
Bore A Hole With Cordless Drill Or Chainsaw
No Chopping (Attempt To Remove The Bark By Prying)
Vibrations May Cause A Bark Slide
Snag May Break Anywhere Along Its Length
Only Face A Snag In The Lean Direction
Face Cut Should Be Deeper And More Open Than Usual
Confirm The Face Is Fully Cleaned Out
Back Cut Considerations
Side-boring Or Side-notching Are The Most Gentle
Never Attempt To Lift A Snag With Wedges In The Back Cut
Quickly Follow Prearranged Escape Path When The Snag Starts To Fall

Other Snag Felling Considerations

Use A Driver Tree
Never Attempt To Reface A Snag
Get Help (Heavy Equipment, Explosives, Etc.)
 Conclusions
Always Be Willing And Able To Walk Away After Assessing
The Trees Lean, Quality Of Holding Wood, Felling Difficulty,
And Risk To People Or Property

Perform A Post Mortem On The Stump Of Each Felled Tree

To Evaluate What Went Right And What Went Wrong

Choose A Back Cut Type Consistent With The Length And

Width Of The Chainsaw Bar

Mark Up The Tree In Accordance With Lean And Falling

Direction Like An Artist Marks Up A Canvas Before Painting

Through Understanding Of The Principles Associated With

Holding Wood, Stump Shot, And Types Of Back Cuts Allow On
The Fly Cutting Modifications For Additional Constraints
 References

Dent, Douglas D., Professional Timber Falling (A Procedural Approach), 1974

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/logging/mainpage.html

National Wildfire Coordinating Group, Wildland Fire Chain Saws (S-212), 2004