Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Editorial
"No h fora bruta no mundo que faa reabrir o porto ao trfico negreiro. Palavras determinadas, proclamadas a plenos pulmes pelo prtico
Francisco Jos do Nascimento, o Drago do Mar, em janeiro de 1881. Aps o devido processo legislativo, esse cidado de Aracati, no serto do
Cear, foi reconhecido no dia 18 de julho ltimo como merecedor de ter seu nome gravado no Livro dos Heris da Ptria. Fazer o certo algo
capaz de nos levar a repensar nossos conceitos. Nesse caso, o prtico-mor do porto de Fortaleza liderou uma greve contra as leis do ento Imprio
brasileiro que permitiam a escravido em nossas terras.
fcil associar praticagem com tecnologia e manobras sem acidentes. preciso, no entanto, chegar a um nvel mais elevado de conscincia,
quando a sociedade compreende que existem homens e mulheres que guardam nossos portos e vias navegveis, e deles cuidam no apenas
exercendo leis, mas, mais ainda, que tambm so induzidos, desde o primeiro minuto de seu treinamento, a conseguir o melhor resultado
possvel ao manobrar verdadeiros leviats flutuantes em canais apertados, proporcionando os meios necessrios para que as trocas comerciais por
via martima de uma determinada regio ocorram sem acidentes. E essa a centelha do paradigma mundial da praticagem.
Nesta edio contaremos como foi a visita a Tampa Bay, cuja praticagem tem sido cuidada, durante os trs ltimos sculos, por guardies dos
portos, em papel similar ao da Autoridade Martima brasileira. Teremos tambm uma matria internacional voltada para a tecnologia propulsora
de navios, escrita por nosso colega, o prtico portugus Manuel Casaca. Abordaremos a navegao em lama fluida, motivo de recente reunio
na Diretoria de Portos e Costas, por meio de um artigo publicado na revista da praticagem do Reino Unido e de uma entrevista com o prtico
Siegberto Schenk, da ZP-14. Algumas vezes a praticagem, ao garantir a segurana da navegao, protege verdadeiros patrimnios naturais que at
recentemente eram desconhecidos, caso dos corais da Amaznia, tratados em artigo do senador suplente Josiel Alcolumbre.
Para continuar no rumo certo buscamos sempre a melhor informao para nossos leitores. Gostaramos de conhecer opinies, crticas e elogios
sobre nossas matrias, pelo email rumos@conapra.org.br
"No brute force in the world would make this port open to slave trade. Determined words, proclaimed at the top of his voice by pilot Francisco Jos
do Nascimento, the Sea Dragon, in January 1881. Three years after the due legislative process, this citizen from the town of Aracati in the arid lands
of Cear state, was honored on July 18th this year as deserving to have his name engraved in the "Book of National Heroes of Brazil". Doing the right
thing is something that can make us rethink our ideas. In this case, the master pilot of the port of Fortaleza led a strike against the laws of what was
then the Brazilian Empire, which permitted slavery in its territory. And he remained resolute, even with the arrival of the 11th Battalion of the Brazilian
Army and its two thousand armed troops, refusing any attempt to embark and, as a result, Cear was the first Brazilian state to abolish slavery, four
years earlier than the Aurea Act.
It is easy to associate pilotage with technology and accident-free maneuvers. We must, however, achieve a higher level of consciousness, when
society understands that there are men and women who safeguard and care for our ports and navigable waterways. They not only uphold the laws
but even more so are also instilled, right from the start of their training, to achieve the best possible result, to maneuver floating giants in narrow
channels, providing the necessary means for accident-free maritime trade in some regions. And this is the spark for the global pilotage paradigm.
In this edition we will talk about the visit to Tampa Bay, where its pilotage has been nurtured for the last three centuries by port wardens, in a role
similar to that of the Brazilian maritime authority. We will include an international article focusing on shipping technology, written by our Portuguese
colleague, pilot Manuel Casaca. We will also discuss navigation in fluid mud, the reason for a recent meeting at the Directorate of Ports and Coasts,
based on an article published in the UK pilotage magazine and an interview with pilot Siegberto Schenk from PZ-14. Sometimes pilotage, when
guaranteeing shipping safety, protects genuine natural heritage that until recently was unknown, such as, for example, the Amazon coral reefs,
described in an article by substitute senator Josiel Alcolumbre.
To continue sailing in the right direction, we always seek the best information for our readers. Please give us your opinions, criticism and praise
regarding our topics, by contacting us through our email rumos@conapra.org.br
diretores directors
Joo Bosco de Brito Vasconcelos
17
Marcus Vinicius Carneiro Gondim
Porthos Augusto de Lima Filho
Vitor Cabral Turra
Revista do CONAPRA - Conselho Nacional de Praticagem - Ano XV - N0 40 - fev a mai/2014 Brazilian Maritime Pilots Association Magazine - Year XV - N0 40 - Fev to May/2014
redao writer
Eloyza Guardia (jornalista responsvel)
21
(journalist in charge) MTb/RJ 12.616
reviso revision
Maria Helena Torres
Aglen McLauchlan Tampa Bay Pilots
verso translation Port Wardens
Elvyn Marshall
pr-impresso / impresso
pre-print / printing
DVZ/Davanzzo Solues Grficas
32
capa cover
foto / photo: Peter Glynn
foto detalhe / photo detail: Ricardo Falco
6
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APRIL 2008 No.293
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The official organ of the United Kingdom Maritime PilotsAssociation PIL S
OTS AS
Editorial
The last year has seen several inves- SQUAT - Part 2
tigations into incidents involving pilots and
one factor emerging is that frequently there Mud navigation and negative under keel clearance
has not been a clear communication
Whilst wading through the various documents to produce the article on squat in the
14
Navegao em lama fluida no Brasil
the manoeuvre. Regardless of who is
handling the ship both the master and pilot
should be clear as to how the manoeuvre
will be undertaken to ensure the safest
outcome.
Following the Cosco Busan allision with
the Bay Bridge in San Francisco the conduct
of pilots is being examined in detail and a
timely article by Rotterdam pilot, Margriet
Torpstra, on page 11 expands on this topic
and its content should be noted by all Navigable mud can open the operational window for port operations. Photo JCB
pilots.
In addition to this article, Margriet
In This Issue Pension News
18
Conhecendo os Rotor Ships
Rotor Ships
28
Escada de quebra-peito na berlinda
Pilot ladder in the spotlight
34 Os corais amaznicos
The Amazon coral reefs
navegao
shipping
N
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negativa abaixo da quilha
AND
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M A R I TI
UNI
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ED WE F
APRIL 2008 No.293
CI
E
O
The official organ of the United Kingdom Maritime PilotsAssociation PIL S
OTS AS
Editorial
The last year has seen several inves- SQUAT - Part 2
tigations into incidents involving pilots and
one factor emerging is that frequently there Mud navigation and negative under keel clearance
has not been a clear communication
Whilst wading through the various documents to produce the article on squat in the
between the Pilot and Master as to the
January issue, I came across several references to the linked topic of muddy water
intended passage / manoeuvre. In most
navigation and the concept of negative under keel clearance (UKC).
cases the paperwork exchange has been
I must admit that until I read the research I had no understanding of this form of
correctly undertaken but the arrival of
(UKC negativa).
means that pilots must adopt a professional
therefore an attempt to de-mystify the concept.
attitude and, in addition to ticking boxes
on forms, should explain to the Captain all
relevant information for a passage and
encourage dialogue. In turn the Captain has
a duty to expand upon the information
contained on the pilot card. When it comes
to manoeuvring on or off a berth it must be
no tinha entendimento algum sobre essa forma de navegao e other traffic movements etc and monitor
the manoeuvre. Regardless of who is
handling the ship both the master and pilot
should be clear as to how the manoeuvre
achava que deveria se tratar de mais um teoricismo sem a menor will be undertaken to ensure the safest
outcome.
Following the Cosco Busan allision with
the Bay Bridge in San Francisco the conduct
possibilidade de aplicao prtica, uma vez que j temos pro- of pilots is being examined in detail and a
timely article by Rotterdam pilot, Margriet
Torpstra, on page 11 expands on this topic
and its content should be noted by all
O fundo nutico o nvel em que as caractersticas fsicas The nautical bottom is the level where physical characteristics
do leito estabelecem um limite crtico, a partir do qual of the bottom reach a critical limit beyond which contact
qualquer contato com a quilha do navio poder resultar with a ship's keel causes either damage or unacceptable
em avarias ou efeitos inaceitveis sobre a controlabilidade effects on controllability and manoeuvrability.
ou manobrabilidade.
This definition is somewhat vague in that there are so many
Essa definio um pouco vaga, pois existem tantos tipos de different ship types that what may be a critical limit for a laden
navios, que o limite crtico considerado para um graneleiro bulk carrier might have no adverse effect on a fine lined
carregado pode no causar qualquer efeito adverso sobre um containership. Fortunately the researchers have examined different
porta-contineres de formas finas. Felizmente, ao examinar ship types in detail and have concluded that the important factor is
detalhadamente os diferentes tipos de navios, pesquisadores the density of the mud in suspension and have established that a
concluram que o fator mais importante a densidade da lama em density of 1,200kg/m3 can safely be navigated by all vessels.
suspenso e assim estabeleceram que a densidade de 1.200kg/m3 However, although the nautical bottom can be established by
pode ser navegada com segurana por qualquer navio. Ainda density its effectiveness as a safe critical parameter is dependent
assim, apesar de ser possvel determinar o fundo nutico pela upon the ability to continuously monitor the density of a mud layer
densidade, sua eficcia como parmetro crtico de segurana and establish a detailed knowledge of ship behaviour in muddy
depender da capacidade de monitoramento contnuo da areas. This has been undertaken by physical tank testing,
densidade da camada de lama e de conhecimento detalhado mathematical modelling, simulation and live trials mainly involving
sobre o comportamento dos navios em reas de fundo de lama, o the pilots in Zeebrugge. The following information contains
que tem sido desenvolvido por meio de provas em tanques, extracts from papers published on the internet by many different
modelagem matemtica, simulaes e experimentaes ao vivo establishments but in particular:
envolvendo principalmente os prticos de Zeebrugge. As
informaes a seguir apresentam trechos de publicaes de Marc Vantorre: Ghent University, IR04 Division of Maritime
diferentes instituies encontradas na internet, com destaque para: Technology Michael
J. Briggs: Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer
Marc Vantorre: Universidade de Ghent, IR04 Diviso de Research and Development Center
Tecnologia Martima Klemens Uliczka: Federal Waterways Engineering and Research
Michael J. Briggs: Laboratrio de Estudos da Costa e de Institute, Harnburg
Hidrulica (Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory), engenheiro do Pierre Debaillon: Centre d'Etudes Techniques Maritimes Et
Exrcito dos EUA, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Fluviales
Klemens Uliczka: Instituto de Engenharia e Pesquisa das
Hidrovias Federais (Federal Waterways Engineering and Research
Institute), Hamburgo DEFINITION OF DEPTHS IN MUDDY AREAS
Pierre Debaillon: Centre dtudes Techniques Maritimes et
Pluviales HYDRODYNAMIC DEPTH
The exact level of the interface between moving muddy water and
stationary mud.
DEFINIES DE PROFUNDIDADE EM REAS
DE FUNDO DE LAMA PARAMETRIC DEPTH
The bed level determined by some material parameters e.g. target
strength, shear strength etc.
PROFUNDIDADE HIDRODINMICA
O nvel exato da interface entre a lama fluida mvel e a lama OPERATIONAL DEPTH
estacionria. The depth of a particular parameter relevant to some specific
operation e.g. navigation.
PROFUNDIDADE PARAMTRICA
O nvel de profundidade determinado por alguns parmetros mate- In areas where the mud bed is firm these 3 definitions will coincide.
riais, como resistncia do alvo, resistncia ao cisalhamento, etc.
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shipping
COMPARAO ENTRE PROFUNDIDADE DE frequencies, with the 210 khz being the standard for sea water and
ECOBATIMETRIA CONVENCIONAL E FUNDO NUTICO the 15khz to penetrate through to the 1200 interface. The results
reveal an additional navigable depth of over two metres in places.
Como exemplo da diferena que pode resultar da utilizao do
fundo nutico em comparao com o fundo determinado pela Muddy Navigation Areas
ecobatimetria convencional, o diagrama acima mostra dados reais
de levantamentos ecobatimtricos no Rio Ems utilizando diferentes The presence of a fluid mud layer on the bottom of a channel has a
frequncias de batimetria, com 210Khz sendo o padro para gua significant influence on ship behaviour in general, and sinkage and
do mar e 15khz para penetrar pela interface 1.200. Os resultados trim in particular. Two effects play a dominant role:
indicam profundidade navegvel adicional de mais de dois metros
em algumas reas. The pressure field around the moving hull causes undulations of
the water mud interface that modify the distribution of vertical
reas de navegao com lama forces over the length of the ship and, therefore, sinkage and trim.
A presena de uma camada de lama fluida no fundo do canal If the ship's keel penetrates into the mud layer, the hydrostatic
influencia consideravelmente o comportamento do navio de modo (buoyancy) force acting on the submerged hull increases due to the
geral, particularmente o trim e o afundamento paralelo (sinkage). higher density of the mud.
Dois efeitos tm papel importante:
The interface deformation is a function of many parameters, such
O campo de presso existente ao redor do casco provoca as ship speed, layer thickness, mud density and rheology, and the
ondulaes na interface gua/lama, o que altera a distribuio das initial UKC with respect to the mud-water interface.
foras verticais ao longo do casco, resultando, por conseguinte, em
afundamento paralelo e trim. Contact between the ship's keel and the mud layer depends mainly
on the UKC, but is also influenced by the interface undulations and
Se a quilha do navio penetrar a camada de lama, a fora the ship's sinkage. As a result, both effects are interrelated. Most
hidrosttica (flutuabilidade) que atua nas obras vivas do casco of the information available on this subject is based on experimen-
aumentar devido maior densidade da lama. tal research using models.
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Assim, ambos os efeitos esto inter-relacionados. A maior parte Additional problems with model tests are the scaling effects of the
dos dados disponveis sobre o assunto advm de pesquisas simulated mud with respect to the model and consequently for
experimentais com modelos. the port of Zeebrugge a new research program was initiated,
consisting of captive manoeuvring tests in Flanders Hydraulics
Pesquisa experimental Research shallow water tank using both fast- and real-time
simulation runs. The mud layer was simulated by means of a
Umas das maiores dificuldades inerentes pesquisa sobre navega- mixture of chlorinated paraffins and petroleum. Most runs were
o em camadas de lama a produo de um modelo preciso para carried out with a model of a 6000 TEU container as this one was
o comportamento da lama. A lama se comporta de maneira the standard type of vessel for the harbour of Zeebrugge at that
complexa, e suas caractersticas variam com a profundidade. time. Mud layer thicknesses were varied from 0.75m to 3.00m and
the UKC references to the water-mud interface were varied
A maior parte dos testes com modelos at agora realizados tem between -12.2% and +21% of draught.
utilizado uma camada sinttica de lama devido dificuldade, ou
at mesmo impossibilidade, de diversas repeties do teste sob Mud-water Interface Undulations
iguais condies em lama natural.
A ship navigating above fluid mud layers will cause vertical inter-
Outra dificuldade dos testes com modelos so os efeitos de escala face motions (internal waves and undulations) that are influenced
da lama sinttica em relao ao modelo, o que resultou em novo by the ship's forward speed as revealed in the above diagram:
programa de pesquisas para o porto de Zeebrugge envolvendo
ensaios cativos de manobrabilidade no tanque raso do Flanders a) At very low speed the interface remains practically undisturbed.
Hydraulics Research, com simulaes rpidas e em tempo real. A
camada de lama foi simulada por mistura de parafina clorada e b) At intermediate speed an interface sinkage is observed under
petrleo. A maioria das simulaes foi conduzida com um modelo the ship's bow if the fluid mud layer is relatively thick. At a certain
de porta-contineres de 6.000TEU, que era na poca o tipo de time, an internal hydraulic jump, perpendicular to the ship's
navio mais frequente no porto de Zeebrugge. A espessura da longitudinal axis, is observed. The front of this internal jump moves
camada de lama variou entre 0,75m e 3m, e a UKC em relao aft with increasing speed.
interface gua/lama variou de -12,2% a 21% do calado.
c) At higher speeds, the internal or interface jump occurs behind
Ondulaes na interface lama/gua the stern.
Um navio com seguimento sobre uma camada de lama fluida The sinkage for a ship sailing in a muddy bottom condition is
causar perturbaes verticais na interface (ondas internas e decreased relative to the condition in which the mud layer
ondulaes). Essas perturbaes sero afetadas pela velocidade is replaced by a solid bottom. This is because the ship can "feel" the
do seguimento, conforme demonstrado no diagrama da pgina 10, hard bottom more than the softer, less dense, mud layer. If the mud
layer is replaced by water (normal conditions without a mud layer)
a) em velocidades muito baixas, a interface permanece pratica- however, the sinkage would decrease relative to the condition with
mente inalterada; the mud layer. However, this does not take into account the effect
of extra buoyancy (i.e., mud is denser than water), but this is only
b) em velocidades intermedirias, observa-se um afundamento da important in very dense mud layers and/or important penetration.
interface sob a proa do navio se a camada de lama fluida for In general, the influence on trim is more important than sinkage
relativamente espessa. Em determinado momento, observa-se since the mud layer causes the ship to be dynamically trimmed
um ressalto hidrulico interno e perpendicular ao eixo longitudinal by the stern over its complete speed range. Thus, the effect of
do navio. A parte frontal desse ressalto desloca-se para r com mud layers on average sinkage is only marginal as trim is much
velocidade crescente. more important.
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O programa de simulao foi conduzido levando em considerao Determination of the limits of the controllability: According
diversos aspectos. to the PIANC definition, contact between the nautical bottom and
the ship's keel causes unacceptable effects on controllability
Validao dos modelos matemticos. O navio avaliado and manoeuvrability. In order to make an assessment in these
apresentar comportamento realista durante as provas de matters, a series of simulation runs was carried out during which
simulao? Com o objetivo de avaliar esse aspecto, foram contact occurred between the ship's keel and mud layers with
conduzidas simulaes sobre fundo slido e sobre fundos de higher density and viscosity.
lama, com folga reduzida abaixo da quilha, de acordo com
situaes existentes ou realistas. Evaluation of the navigability of mud layers: If it is decided
to determine the nautical bottom by means of a density level
Determinao dos limites de controlabilidade. De acordo higher than the present 1.15 t/m, the ship's keel will possibly
com a definio da Pianc, o contato da quilha do navio com o fundo penetrate into mud layers with reduced density and viscosity. The
nutico pode causar efeitos inaceitveis sobre a controlabilidade e ship's behaviour in such conditions was assessed by a series of
a manobrabilidade. Para avaliar esse aspecto, foi conduzida uma simulation runs.
srie de simulaes em que houve contato entre a quilha do navio
e camadas de lama de maiores densidade e viscosidade. In total, 63 runs were carried out by 15 pilots during 8 days.
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Avaliao da navegabilidade das camadas de lama. Caso These manoeuvres are typical for large container ships calling
se decida determinar o fundo nutico por meio de um nvel de at Zeebrugge, so that a feedback to the pilots' experience was
densidade superior ao atual, de 1,15t/m3, possvel que a quilha guaranteed; moreover, a broad range of hydrodynamic conditions
do navio penetre camadas de lama de menor densidade e (speeds ahead/astern, propeller rpm ahead/astern, drift angles,
viscosidade. O comportamento do navio nessas condies foi yaw rates ...) was covered during the simulation runs. During each
avaliado por meio de uma srie de simulaes. single run, the bottom characteristics were assumed to be constant
over the entire harbour area.
No geral, 63 simulaes foram conduzidas por 15 prticos durante
oito dias. The access channel to the harbour, the Pas van het Zand, is
characterised by strong cross tides beyond the breakwaters and
Essas manobras so tpicas dos grandes porta-contineres at low water the rate can be up to 2.5 knots.
que fazem escala no porto de Zeebrugge, o que proporcionou
um retorno experincia dos prticos. Alm disso, as provas As these currents greatly affect the shipping traffic arriving
de simulao abrangeram amplo espectro de condies and departing from Zeebrugge, realistic current patterns were
hidrodinmicas (seguimento avante/a r, mquina avante/a r, introduced into the simulation environment.
ngulos de deriva, razes de guinada...). As caractersticas do
fundo ao longo de toda a rea do porto foram consideradas All manoeuvres were carried out in frequently occurring, moderate
constantes durante cada prova. wind conditions (SW 4). During some runs, more severe winds
were applied. Tug assistance was provided by two tugs of 45 ton
Pas van het Zand, o canal de acesso ao porto, tem como caracte- bollard pull each; during some runs the available tug power was
rstica a presena de fortes correntes transversais de mar fora increased.
dos quebra-mares, que podem chegar a 2,5 ns na mar baixa.
Qualitative evaluation of the simulation runs
Visto que essas correntes afetam consideravelmente o trfego de
entrada e sada de navios em Zeebrugge, foram adotados padres All pilots were requested to complete a questionnaire just after
realistas de corrente no ambiente de simulao. the simulation run; this resulted in very important assessment of the
manoeuvres. The majority of the pilots considered the simulation of
Todas as manobras foram conduzidas em condies de vento the ship's behaviour and tug assistance to be "good" to "very good".
moderadas e de ocorrncia frequente (SW 4). Condies mais
severas de vento foram aplicadas ao longo de algumas provas. After each run, the pilot was asked whether it would be advisable
Dois rebocadores de 45t de trao esttica cada um deram to carry out the manoeuvre in reality. Based on this assessment,
assistncia; durante algumas provas, aumentou-se a potncia the conditions were classified as "acceptable", "marginal" and
dos rebocadores. "unacceptable".
Avaliao qualitativa das provas de simulao Analysis based evaluation of the simulation runs
Foi solicitado a todos os prticos que respondessem a um Taking account of the comments of the pilots on the simulated
questionrio logo aps as provas de simulao, o que resultou manoeuvres, it was clear that following criteria should be
em importante trabalho de avaliao das manobras. A maioria considered for assessing the feasibility of the concept:
dos prticos avaliou a qualidade da simulao, com relao ao
comportamento do navio e assistncia dos rebocadores, como Speed: Is a departing ship able to reach a speed that is suffi-
"boa" a "muito boa". cient to compensate for the cross current acting beyond the break-
waters?
Aps cada prova, foi perguntado ao prtico se seria recomendvel
ou no conduzir a manobra em situao real. Com base nessa Controllability by own means: Can a departing ship obtain a
avaliao, as condies foram classificadas como aceitveis, straight course without extreme use of rudder and propeller?
limtrofes e inaceitveis.
Manoeuvrability with tug assistance: Are the ship's rudder,
Avaliao das provas de simulao com base nas anlises propeller and the tug assistance sufficient to perform the
manoeuvres safely within acceptable time limits?
Ao considerar os comentrios feitos pelos prticos sobre as Based on the pilots' qualitative assessment, limits were
manobras simuladas, chegou-se concluso de que os seguintes determined to quantify these criteria:
critrios deveriam ser adotados na avaliao da viabilidade do
conceito: Speed: in order to keep within the fairway, a departing ship's
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Velocidade. Um navio de sada ser capaz de atingir velocidade speed should be at least 8 knots, and preferably 10 knots. These
suficiente para neutralizar o efeito da corrente transversal que atua values were selected as limits for unacceptable, marginal and
fora dos quebra-mares? acceptable conditions.
Controlabilidade por meios prprios. Um navio de sada For a departing ship's controllability by own devices, the
conseguir manter o rumo sem uso excessivo de leme e mquina? standard deviation of the rate of turn was considered to be the best
indicator. For the different bottom conditions, this value is
Manobrabilidade com assistncia de rebocadores. O displayed as a function of the water depth to draft ratio. Taking
leme, a mquina do navio e a assistncia dos rebocadores sero account of the pilots' evaluation, values of 5 and 6 deg/min were
suficientes para realizar as manobras com segurana e dentro de selected as critical limits.
limites aceitveis de tempo?
In order to evaluate the ship's manoeuvrability with tug
Com base na avaliao qualitativa feita pelos prticos, foram assistance in a quantitative way, the impulse of steering
estabelecidos limites para quantificar esses critrios: force was introduced, being the time integral of the sum of
the lateral rudder and tug induced forces. The values of these
Velocidade. Para se manter dentro da hidrovia, a velocidade de impulses were calculated for each sub trajectory and compared to
um navio de sada dever ser de no mnimo oito ns e preferivel- the pilots' evaluation of the adequacy of tug assistance. In this
mente de dez ns. Esses valores so limites estabelecidos para way, it was not only possible to quantify the third criterion
condies inaceitveis, limtrofes e aceitveis. but extrapolations to assistance by more or less powerful tugs
could be made as well.
Para a controlabilidade por meios prprios de um navio
de sada, o desvio-padro da razo de guinada foi considerado o
melhor indicador. Esse valor uma funo da razo profundidade/ CONCLUSIONS
calado para as diferentes condies de fundo. Os valores de cinco
e seis graus/minuto foram escolhidos como os limites crticos, As a result of the analysis of the real-time simulation runs with a
considerando as avaliaes dos prticos. small negative under keel clearance it can be concluded that
contact with mud layers of a density of 1,200kg/m3 or more should
Para avaliar quantitativamente a manobrabilidade do be avoided, even if sufficient tug assistance is available.
navio com assistncia de rebocadores, utilizou-se o impulso
da fora de guinada como a integral da soma das foras laterais However using a limit of 1,200kg/m3 was considered safe
induzidas pelo leme e pelos rebocadores em relao ao tempo. Os for navigation provided that tugs were available as per the
valores desses impulsos foram calculados para cada subtrajetria following table:
e comparados com a avaliao dos prticos a respeito da eficincia
da assistncia dos rebocadores. Desse modo, alm de quantificar 0% under keel clearance using 2 tugs of up to 30 ton bollard pull;
o terceiro critrio, tambm se permitiu fazer extrapolaes quanto
assistncia por rebocadores de maior ou menor potncia. 7% under keel clearance if 2 x 45 ton bollard pull tugs were
available;
CONCLUSES 12% under keel clearance if 2 x 60 ton bollard pull tugs were
available.
De acordo com os resultados da anlise das simulaes em tempo
real com pequena folga negativa abaixo da quilha, pode-se These conclusions are only valid in moderate wind conditions for
concluir que deve ser evitado o contato com camadas de lama 6000 TEU container ships. However the methodology can be
de mais de 1.200kg/m3 de densidade, mesmo com assistncia applied to any vessel or harbour. The new critical limit led to the
suficiente de rebocadores. admittance of deeper drafted vessels and an optimization of
the maintenance dredging works in the harbour Zeebrugge,
Entretanto, o limite de 1.200kg/m3 foi considerado seguro para a without jeopardizing the safety of navigation.
navegao, desde que a disponibilidade de rebocadores respeite
a tabela a seguir: However, a warning was made that pilots should always be aware
of the level of the water-mud interface, which should be indicated
para nenhuma folga abaixo da quilha, dois rebocadores de at on the nautical charts as well, for several reasons:
30t de trao esttica; If the ship's keel penetrates by more than 10% of her draft into
low density mud layers, this may result in unpredictable effects.
para 7% de folga abaixo da quilha, dois rebocadores de 45t de
trao esttica; Small positive under keel clearances relative to the mud-water
12
navegao
shipping
para 12% de folga abaixo da quilha, dois rebocadores de 60t de interface may result in a modification of the ship's behaviour
trao esttica. Esses parmetros s valem para condies and controllability.
moderadas de vento e navios porta-contineres de 6.000TEU. A
metodologia, entretanto, pode ser aplicada a qualquer navio ou A major conclusion of the simulation trials was the availability of
porto. O novo limite crtico permitiu a entrada de navios com maiores tug assistance since if insufficient tug power is available, contact
calados e a otimizao dos trabalhos de dragagem de manuteno with the mud layer should be avoided and the mud / water
no porto de Zeebrugge, sem prejudicar a segurana da navegao. interface should be used as the nautical bottom. Conversely, if
more powerful tugs are available then a larger negative UKC could
No obstante, recomendou-se que os prticos estivessem sempre be considered feasible. In the near future, the tracks, controls
atentos quanto ao nvel da interface gua/lama, que deveria and tug assistance of deep-drafted containers ships arriving at and
constar tambm nas cartas nuticas, pelos motivos que se seguem. departing from Zeebrugge at low tide will be recorded by the pilots
in order to provide a feedback to the simulation study. After an
Se a quilha do navio penetrar mais de 10% do seu calado em evaluation phase, it will be decided whether the new criteria for the
camadas de lama de baixa densidade, os efeitos podem ser impre- determination of the nautical bottom will be applied in practice.
visveis.
Other considerations
Pequena folga positiva abaixo da quilha em relao interface
lama/gua pode modificar o comportamento do navio e a sua Although the above analysis reveals that mud navigation is
controlabilidade. feasible, such navigation can result in other physical effects on the
ship. Some of my colleagues who served on freight ferries running
Uma concluso importante a partir das provas de simulao foi regularly to Zeebrugge have informed me that navigating the mud
sobre a disponibilidade da assistncia de rebocadores, pois, quando layer doesn't just keep the hull clear of growth but also removes
no houver trao esttica suficiente, o contato com a camada de the paint and dry docking reveals a clean metal hull and the
lama dever ser evitado, e a interface lama/gua dever ser propellers also become highly polished. The other obvious problem
adotada como fundo nutico. Por outro lado, a disponibilidade de is with engine cooling systems which are not designed for cooling
rebocadores com maior trao esttica poder tornar vivel a uti- by muddy water.
lizao de UKC mais negativa. Em futuro prximo, para proporcio-
nar um retorno tcnico aos estudos de simulao, os prticos faro Full details of the research project can be found via the following
registros das rotas, dos controles e da assistncia por rebocadores weblink: http:/watlab.lin.vlaanderen.be/nautische/index.hlm
durante as manobras de entrada e sada no porto de Zeebrugge
com navios porta-contineres de grande calado em mars baixas. John Clandillon-Baker, "The Pilot" editor
A deciso sobre a aplicao na prtica dos novos critrios para a
determinao do fundo nutico vir aps uma fase de avaliao.
Outras consideraes
13
navegao no Brasil
shipping in Brazil
SCHENK Os sedimentos coesivos (tais como silte e argila), pre- RUMOS PRTICOS Many people in the world of shipping are
sentes nos fundos de regies litorneas, formam uma matriz aberta still ignorant or know little about what fluid mud is. How would
com alto contedo de gua. Ondas e correntes de mar evitam a you describe it in a few words?
consolidao desse material. Dessa forma, surge uma transio
difusa entre a gua e o leito consolidado, chamada de lama fluida. SCHENK Cohesive sediments (such as silt and clay) present
Entre a gua e essa camada de lama fluida so formadas lutoclinas at the bottom of coastal regions, form an open matrix with
(gradientes de densidade que formam refletores registrados nos high water content. Waves and tidal currents prevent the
ecobatmetros). Esse material, embora reflita no ecobatmetro, no consolidation of such material. This causes a diffuse transition
est consolidado e permite que navios se desloquem com uma folga between water and the consolidated seabed, called fluid mud.
abaixo da quilha, inferior preconizada para fundos consolidados. Luthoclines (density gradients producing recorded reflectors in the
Da a importncia econmica de sua identificao e estudo. echo sounders) are formed between the water and this layer of
fluid mud. This material, although reflected in the echo sounder, is
R P Em que locais do Brasil foram detectadas situaes de lama not consolidated and allows vessels to sail with a smaller keel
fluida? clearance than that recommended for a solid seabed. Hence the
economic importance of its identification and study.
SCHENK Embora a lama fluida possa ocorrer em vrias regies
litorneas, as mais propensas formao de depsitos de lama R P Where in Brazil have fluid mud occurrences been discovered?
fluida so aquelas onde ocorre grande deposio de sedimentos
finos associada agitao por ondas ou correntes de mar. A foz SCHENK Although fluid mud might occur in a number of coastal
de um rio naturalmente um local propenso a essa situao. No regions, the places most likely to form fluid mud deposits are
Brasil, podemos listar como locais onde se realiza navegao em where a large deposit of fine sediments is associated with the
lama fluida: o arco lamoso da Barra Norte do Amazonas, formando turbulence of waves and tidal currents. The estuary of a river is a
uma rea com centenas de quilmetros quadrados de material natural site for this occurrence. Let me list some places in Brazil
nessa situao, o canal da Alumar, na Baa de So Marcos, no where there is fluid mud navigation: the mudscape of the Northern
Maranho, e o Canal da Piaaguera, na Baixada Santista. Mas h Bar of the Amazon River, covering an area of hundreds of square
outros locais onde possvel se encontrar essa situao. miles, is in this situation; so are Alumar Channel in So Marcos Bay
in Maranho, and Piaaguera Channel in the Santos coastal area
R P O tema foi discutido recentemente em um evento na Diretoria (So Paulo State). But it is also possible to find this occurrence
de Portos e Costas. Qual foi o foco do debate e a que concluses se elsewhere in this country.
chegou?
R P The subject was discussed recently at an event in the
SCHENK O foco do workshop foi verificar junto s diversas Directorate of Ports and Coasts. What was the focus of
partes interessadas a viabilidade no emprego de folga abaixo da the discussion and what conclusions were reached?
14
navegao no Brasil
shipping in Brazil
quilha reduzida, ou mesmo negativa, em reas de lama fluida, SCHENK The focus of the workshop was to check with the
particularmente no arco lamoso da Barra Norte do Rio Amazonas. different stakeholders on the feasibility in the use of reduced or,
Essa louvvel iniciativa reuniu acadmicos especializados no even, negative keel clearances in fluid mud areas, particularly in
estudo desses sedimentos e da manobrabilidade de navios, the mudscape of the Northern Bar of the Amazon River. This
representantes dos terminais, dos armadores e da praticagem, re- commendable project attracted academics specializing in the study
presentantes da Autoridade Martima e de Autoridades Porturias of such sediments and ship maneuverability: representatives of
e administraes de terminais. Cada um desses atores teve a opor- terminals, ship owners, pilots, representatives of the maritime
tunidade de apresentar seus pontos de vista, e todos ganharam authority and port authorities, as well as terminal administrations.
muito com o debate. As principais concluses foram no sentido Each of these players had the opportunity to submit his viewpoints
de que possvel ter ganhos econmicos com o emprego desse and they all benefited greatly from the discussion. The main
conceito, mas tambm h desafios no levantamento adequado dos conclusions were that it is possible to have economic gains using
dados ambientais, bem como impactos na manobrabilidade e this concept, but there are also challenges in the correct gathering
manuteno dos navios, fatores que trazem incertezas que precisam of environmental data, as well as impacts on the ship maneuver-
ser mais bem estudados pelos responsveis e interessados. ability and maintenance, factors that point to uncertainties that
need to be better studied by those responsible and the stakeholders.
R P Navegar com um navio imerso em lama fluida afeta a sua
manobrabilidade? Como? R P Does navigating a ship immersed in fluid mud affect its
maneuverability? And if so, how?
SCHENK Sim, muito. Esse impacto na controlabilidade e,
conquentemente, na sua manobrabilidade objeto de linha SCHENK Yes, very much so. This impact on controllability and,
avanada de pesquisa na Europa, mas ainda inexplorada no nosso hence, its maneuverability, is the subject of an advanced line of
pas. Resumindo de forma didtica (peo perdo aos especialistas research in Europe but still untapped in our country. In a brief
pelas simplificaes que fogem ao rigor acadmico): o navio summary (I apologize to the experts for simplifications that escape
apresenta um comportamento no previsvel e com reverses de academic rigor): the ship has unpredictable behavior with
tendncia em trs diferentes situaes: ao se aproximar o casco da backward trends in three different situations: when the hull
camada de lama fluida, ao entrar em contato com ela e ao afundar approaches the layer of fluid mud; comes in contact with it, and
nela. Nas trs situaes, o navio apresenta comportamentos sinks into it. In these three situations, the ship behaves in
completamente distintos que dependem da interao das ondas completely different ways that depend on the interaction of waves
formadas na lama fluida com o casco, leme e propulsores. Dessas on the fluid mud with the hull, rudder and propellers. These studies
pesquisas, surgiu o conceito de fundo nutico, o limite de give rise to the nautical bottom concept, the limit of foundering in
afundamento em que o navio perde sua controlabilidade, ou seja, which the ship loses its controllability; in other words, rudders and
lemes e propulsores no so mais capazes de alterar ou manter propellers are no longer able to change or maintain the ships
o rumo e a velocidade do navio. Aos interessados em saber direction and speed. For further information I suggest the studies
mais, sugiro os trabalhos do Dr. Marc Vantorre, da universidade by Dr. Marc Vantorre from Ghent University, Belgium.
de Ghent, Blgica.
R P Are there short or long-term consequences regarding the
R P H consequncias de curto ou longo prazo para o casco do ships hull? Are there any reports or studies about this?
navio? H relatos ou estudos sobre isso?
SCHENK The impact on vessels, especially in the case of contin-
SCHENK O impacto sobre os navios, especialmente no caso de ued navigation in this situation over long distances and/or periods,
navegao continuada nessa situao durante longos trechos e/ou was clearly addressed in the workshop by a ship owners represen-
perodos, foi claramente apresentado no workshop por um tative: premature wear of the antifouling paintwork, over-abrasion
representante de armador: desgaste prematuro da pintura anti- of the plating and welding of the ships bottom. Another finding
incrustante, abraso excessiva do chapeamento e soldas do fundo was deceleration, overload of the ships propulsion and high fuel
do navio. Tambm foram constatados reduo da velocidade, sobre- consumption. Other sources also reported problems of abrasion
carga da propulso do navio e elevado consumo de combustvel. and blockage in the cooling systems of the propulsion and auxiliary
Outras fontes relatam tambm problemas de abraso e entupi- machines, when unprepared for this type of navigation.
mento dos sistemas de refrigerao de mquinas de propulso e
auxiliares, quando no preparadas para esse tipo de navegao. R P Whats the next step?
R P Qual o prximo passo? SCHENK Some lines of research in Brazil are already advanced
on the occurrence of fluid mud layers and their physical
SCHENK H linhas de pesquisa j avanadas no nosso pas characteristics. It is worth mentioning the extensive work done by
sobre a ocorrncia de camadas de lama fluida e suas caractersticas the post-graduate engineering department (Coppe) of the Federal
15
navegao no Brasil
shipping in Brazil
fsicas. Cabe destacar o extensivo trabalho realizado pela Coppe/ University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) under the coordination of Dr.
UFRJ, sob coordenao da Profa. Dra. Susana Vinzon. Entretanto, Prof. Susana Vinzon. However, one of the workshop findings was
uma das constataes do workshop foi de que reas extensas that vast areas and difficult logistics, such as the mudflats of the
e de difcil logstica, como o arco lamoso da Barra Norte do Rio Northern Bar of the Amazon River, are some of the challenges
Amazonas, apresentam alguns desafios para que o servio facing the hydrographic service and bathymetric survey firms in
hidrogrfico e empresas de levantamento batimtrico identifiquem identifying and updating the situation of these layers, dynamic by
e atualizem a situao dessas camadas, dinmicas em sua their very nature. This is a line of action already identified
prpria natureza. Essa uma linha de ao j identificada e and apparently addressed. The second would be the study and
aparentemente endereada. A segunda seria o estudo e modelagem modeling of controllability in fluid mud of certain vessels by the
de controlabilidade em lama fluida de determinados navios-tipo skilled research institutes in our country. This requirement may
pelas instituies de pesquisas capacitadas de nosso pas. Essa already have been identified, but Im unaware of any concrete
demanda j pode at ter sido identificada, mas desconheo aes actions on this matter.
concretas nesse sentido.
R P What is the correct method of formally assessing shipping
R P Qual o mtodo correto de se fazer uma avaliao formal de safety in cases of negative and zero keel clearance due to
segurana da navegao para casos de folga abaixo da quilha fluid mud?
negativa e "zero?
SCHENK The ideal way to carry out this assessment is already
SCHENK A forma ideal de se fazer essa avaliao j seguida a routine in European countries that have a negative keel
rotineiramente em pases europeus que adotam folga abaixo da clearance. Basically, it consists of performing studies and formal
quilha negativa. Basicamente, consiste em realizar pesquisas e assessments in four stages: the study of the geological
avaliaes formais em quatro etapas: estudo das caractersticas characteristics of fluid mud; the study of maneuverability of
geolgicas da lama fluida; estudo de manobrabilidade de navios- intended vessels in fluid mud with these characteristics; modeling
tipo pretendidos na lama fluida com essas caractersticas; modela- and simulation of the behavior of such vessels intended for the
gem e simulao de comportamento desses navios pretendidos na studied fluid mud, and risk analysis and control measures, in order
lama fluida estudada; e anlise de riscos e medidas de controle, to operate with limits of negative keel clearance. Unfortunately, an
visando operacionalizao de limites de folga abaixo da quilha alternative to setting these limits is what is generally adopted in
negativa. Infelizmente, a maneira alternativa de se estabelecer Brazil: an unconsolidated layer of fluid mud is verified in a
esses limites o que, geralmente, se faz por aqui: verifica-se uma bathymetric survey and, without behavioral studies of the vessels
camada no consolidada de lama fluida em um levantamento in this situation, the draft is gradually increased, without knowing
batimtrico e, sem estudos de comportamento dos navios nessa for sure the impact that this will have on the controllability or
situao, aumenta-se o calado gradativamente, sem se saber ao demand for maintenance of the vessels. As problems begin to
certo o impacto que isso ter na controlabilidade ou na demanda arise, further control measures are adopted or there is a return
de manuteno dos navios. medida que alguns problemas vo to a lower limit. This approach has in the past permitted the use of
surgindo, adotam-se medidas de controle adicionais ou retorna-se negative keel clearances with varying results in terms of safety
a um limite menor. Essa abordagem tem permitido, historicamente, and economic efficiency. The approach to be taken ultimately
o uso de folga abaixo da quilha negativa com resultados variveis depends on the owners agreeing to the risk.
em termos de segurana e eficincia econmica. A abordagem a
ser adotada, em ltima instncia, depende da aceitao de risco R P How does the maritime court view the situation of the vessel
pelos proprietrios. touching the bottom, as in the case of fluid mud?
R P Como o tribunal martimo enxerga a situao de o navio tocar SCHENK There is no jurisprudence on this matter. It should be
o fundo, como o caso da lama fluida? noted that, if the hull does not touch the hard bottom, there is
effectively no shipping accident or fact that justifies opening
SCHENK No h uma jurisprudncia a respeito do assunto. an investigation. Accidents caused by the loss of the ships
H que observar que, no havendo toque do casco no fundo controllability would be more likely, but I admit that I cant say
consolidado, no h efetivamente um fato ou acidente da if this already has been a problem.
navegao que justifique a abertura de inqurito. Acidentes
causados pela perda de controlabilidade do navio seriam mais
provveis, mas confesso que no posso afirmar se isso um Siegberto Schenk prtico
problema j materializado. da ZP-14 (ES) desde 2009
Siegberto Schenk is a PZ-14
(Esprito Santo) pilot
since 2009
16
homenagem
homage
n 40 da nossa revista, publicada em maio de 1914, shortly before his 75th birthday. His story is told in the edition
2014, ano do centenrio de sua morte. No. 40 of our magazine published in May 2014, the centenary year
of his death.
O Livro
The Book
Feito em ao e depositado no Panteo da Ptria
e da Liberdade Tancredo Neves na Praa dos Trs Poderes, em The Book of National Heroes of Brazil in steel lies in theTancredo
Braslia, o Livro dos Heris da Ptria homenageia personagens Neves Pantheon of the Homeland and Freedom in the Plaza of the
que protagonizaram momentos marcantes na histria do pas. Three Powers in Brasilia, and pays tribute to the outstanding
Tiradentes foi o primeiro nome inscrito no documento. Zumbi dos protagonists in the history of Brazil. Tiradentes was the first name
Palmares, Dom Pedro I, Marqus de Tamandar, patrono da Mari- inscribed in the document. Zumbi dos Palmares, Don Pedro I, Marquis
nha do Brasil, o Baro do Rio Branco, Santos Dumont, Getlio of Tamandar patron of the Brazilian Navy, Baron Rio Branco,
Vargas, Leonel Brizola e o ambientalista Chico Mendes tambm Santos Dumont, Getulio Vargas, Leonel Brizola and environmentalist
participam da lista de homenageados. Chico Mendes are also included in the list of laureates.
17
navio rotor
rotor ship
Outros navios Much later, on August 2, 2008, the German shipbuilder Lindenau
Werft in Kiel launched the E-ship 1 (Fig. 3). However the shipyard
Em 1926, seria construdo o Barbara (Figura 2), um navio maior, j declared insolvency in late September that same year and in
com trs rotores. Encomendado pelas autoridades navais alems, January 2009 the E-ship 1 was towed to CassensWerft, Emden,
foi construdo em Bremen, nos estaleiros A-G-Weser. Tratava-se de to complete her fittings. Next, the ship returned to Cassens
navio de 2.077TB de hlice nico, acionado por duas mquinas Werft to undergo three sea trials, concluded in July 2010. Her
diesel de seis cilindros. maiden voyage in August 2010 was between Emden and Dublin,
18
navio rotor
rotor ship
Bem mais tarde, em 2 de agosto de 2008, o construtor alemo carrying nine turbines
Lindenau Werft, de Kiel, lanou gua o E-ship 1 (Figura 3). O for Castledockrell Wind
estaleiro, contudo, declarou insolvncia em setembro do mesmo Farm (Wexford). The
ano, e em janeiro de 2009 o navio foi rebocado para Cassens vessel is 130 meters
Werft, em Emdem, e os trabalhos ficaram concludos em 2010. Em long and 22.5 meters
seguida, o navio regressou a Cassens Werft para realizar trs wide, with a total dead-
testes no mar, concludos em julho de 2010. Sua primeira viagem, weight of 12,800 metric
em agosto de 2010, realizou-se entre Emden e Dublin, transpor- tons and gross tonnage
tando nove turbinas para a Castledockrell Wind Farm (Wexford). O of approximately 10,000.
FIGURA/ FIGURE 2: BARBARA
navio possui 130 metros de comprimento e 22,5 metros de boca, The ship has a bridge in
porte de 12.800T, e tonelagem bruta de 10.000TB, aproximada- the bow, a rear ramp and can operate as a RoLo cargo ship. It is
mente. Possui ponte (passadio) na proa, rampa de popa e pode fitted with fore and aft maneuvering thrusters. It has four large
operar como um cylinders (rotors) 27 meters high by four meters in diameter
RoLo. Est equipa- mounted on the ship's deck. Due to technical problems the
do com propulsores original Mitsubishi generators were replaced by four 6.3 Mw
de proa e de popa. Caterpillar diesel generators in 2013.
Possui quatro cilin-
dros de 27 metros de A Finnish provider of rotor sails, Norsepower Oy Ltd, installed on
altura por quatro the 9,700-ton RoRo carrier MS Estraden (Fig. 4) two 18-meter high
de dimetro instala- rotors (2014). The Estraden, owned by Bore, a Finnish company
dos sobre o convs. and market leader, operates an ongoing service between the
FIGURA/ FIGURE 3: E-SHIP 1
Devido a problemas Netherlands and UK, sailing the wind-blown corridors of the North
tcnicos, os geradores Mitsubishi originais foram substitudos Sea at speeds of 16 knots.
em 2013 por quatro geradores diesel Caterpillar de 6,3 Mw.
Recently, Deltamarin
Em 2014, a filandesa Norsepower Oy Ltd, construtora de velas rotor, launched their new
instalou no navio RoRo Ms. Estraden (Figura 4), com porte de 9.700T, ro-pax vessel Delta
dois cilindros rotores de 18 metros de altura. Propriedade da empresa Challenger (Fig. 5) at the
finlandesa de RoRo- Nor-Shipping 2015
Bore, lder de mercado, exhibition in Oslo.
o Estraden opera em The ship, designed to
servio contnuo entre sail at 18.5 knots speed
a Holanda e o Reino reduces fuel consumption FIGURA/ FIGURE 5: E-RO-PAX DELTA CHALLENGER
Unido, navegando nos with her six rotors giving
corredores ventosos around 10% of the total propulsion power (1.3 MW), and Azipod D
do Mar do Norte, pod propulsion.
FIGURA/ FIGURE 4: ESTRADEN velocidade de 16 ns.
What is the Magnus effect?
Recentemente, a Deltamarin apresentou seu novo ro-pax Delta
Challenger (Figura 5) durante a exposio Nor-Shipping 2005, em Since the discovery of the use of the Magnus effect on ships, it has
Oslo; o navio foi projetado para navegar velocidade de 18,5 ns, been important to understand how it works. The effect is named
e, para reduzir o consumo de combustvel, possui seis rotores, que after Heinrich Gustav Magnus, the German physicist who
adicionam cerca de 10% potncia propulsora total (1,3MW), com investigated it. The referred effect, in this case, can be described
sistema de propulso pod Azipod D. as force acting. The force acting on the rotating cylinder is known
as lift and so the side winds are converted into perpendicular
O que o efeito Magnus? motion. In other words, imagine a wind moving at some velocity in
any direction. Now let's place a stationary cylinder in this airflow
Uma vez dito que o efeito Magnus aproveitado pelos navios, and spin it on its axis. The wind will obviously pass around the
importante saber como funciona. O efeito recebeu o nome do fsico cylinder, but note the difference in the pattern of flow on both
e investigador alemo Heinrich Gustav Magnus, que o pesquisou. the sides of the cylinder. On the lower side (Fig. 6) the spinning
Esse efeito, nesse caso, pode ser descrito como: a fora que velocity of the cylinder counters the velocity of the fluid (by friction)
exercida sobre um corpo rotativo existente num fluxo de ar em thereby reducing its resulting velocity on this side. According to
movimento a qual atua perpendicularmente direo do fluxo Bernoulli's theorem, the pressure on this side will increase. At the
de ar. Essa fora que atua sobre o cilindro rotativo chamada de top, the opposite will occur. Aided by the cylinders spinning
fora ascendente, na qual os ventos laterais so convertidos em direction, the fluid will increase its velocity and, therefore, reduce
19
navio rotor
rotor ship
(por frico), reduzindo sua velocidade resultante nesse lado. De stationary cylinder to a translational motion in that direction.
acordo com o teorema de Bernoulli, a presso nesse lado aumen- Figure 7 shows the vector representation to explain how it works
tar. No lado de cima, acontecer o oposto. Auxiliado pelo sentido on a ship with one cylinder. The lift force (Magnus force or thrust)
de rotao do cilindro, o fluido aumentar sua velocidade e, em helps propel the ship.
consequncia, a presso diminuir. A diferena de presso gerada
entre os dois lados do cilindro originar uma fora vetorial na According to Glynn Garlick (The Engineer, June 2015 edition), these
direo indicada (de alta presso para baixa presso), que, por sua rotors can be used on new vessels or retrofitted on existing ships.
vez, induzir o cilindro estacionrio a um movimento de translao They are available in 18m, 24m and 30m sizes and the required
nessa direo. A Figura 7 exibe a representao vetorial que number and size of rotor sails depend on the size, speed and
explica como isso funciona num navio com um cilindro. A fora operating profile of each vessel.
ascendente (fora Magnus ou impulso) ajuda a propulso do navio.
The ETI (Energy Technologies Institute) reckons that rotor cylinders
Segundo Glynn Garlik (em The Engineer, edio de junho de 2015), are most suitable for ships with speeds below 15 knots; the most
esses rotores podem ser utilizados quer em novas construes, favorable winds should blow sideways. The higher the ratio
quer instalados em outras j existentes. Deles, h verses de 18, between wind and ship velocities the better; in other words, the
24 e 30 metros, e o nmero, bem como as dimenses dos rotores windier it is and slower the ship, the greater the thrust produced
requeridos, depende das dimenses, velocidade e do perfil da by the rotors.
operao de cada navio.
Conclusion
O Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) calcula que os cilindros
rotores so mais apropriados para navios com velocidades This article refers to several ships that adopt the technology
inferiores a 15 ns; os ventos mais propcios devero ser laterais. based on the Magnus effect. It intends to explain how it works,
Quanto maior for a razo entre as velocidades do vento e do navio, since the pilot might someday encounter a rotor ship on his
melhor, isto , quanto mais vento houver e mais lento for o watch. It is always advisable to learn something about the
navio, maior ser o impulso produzido pelos rotores. technology of the ship entrusted to him or her.
Concluso
The author is captain of the Portuguese Merchant Navy, retired
Este artigo menciona diversos navios que utilizam a tecnologia com from Lisbon port pilotage. He has a masters degree in Port
base no efeito Magnus. Pretende explicar seu funcionamento, Management, post-graduation in Marine Shipping, Port Management
prevendo a possibilidade de o prtico deparar-se com um navio and Intermodalism, Course on
rotor. Nesse caso, desejvel que conhea minimamente a Specialized Higher Studies (CESE)
tecnologia do navio que lhe foi confiado. in Administration and Maritime
Governance, degree in Maritime
O autor capito da Marinha Mercante Portuguesa, aposentado da Praticagem Governance and Technologies, and
do Porto de Lisboa. Tem mestrado em gesto porturia; ps-graduao em several courses on ship maneuvering
Transporte Martimo, Gesto Porturia e Intermodalismo, Curso de Estudos simulation. Currently he is a consultant
Superiores Especializados (Cese) em Administrao e Gesto Martima, as technical port specialist in Lloyds
licenciatura em Gesto e Tecnologias Martimas e vrios cursos de simulao Register Quality Assurance and for
de manobra de navios. Atualmente consultor como especialista tcnico other companies in the areas of
para portos da Lloyds Register Quality Assurance e para outras empresas nas port design and quality, environment
reas de projetos porturios gesto de qualidade, ambiente e segurana. and safety management.
20
praticagem no mundo
pilotage worldwide
21
praticagem no mundo
pilotage worldwide
22
praticagem no mundo
pilotage worldwide
Allen Thompson, e comeou s 3:50h, quando fui recebido pelos so that I could have special permission to accompany them. After
prticos Captain Peter Glynn e Captain Gregg MacLaren no all ISPS procedures, at 4:35 a.m. we boarded the Claxton Bay, a
escritrio da Tampa Bay Pilots. O trnsito completo desde o combined oil/chemical tanker, which set sail loaded with a 9.40m
terminal qumico at a barra de Tampa Bay havia sido previamente draft on even keel.
autorizado pela Autoridade Porturia do Porto de Tampa, e
inicialmente passamos por essa autoridade s 4:24 para que eu MANEUVER AND NAVIGATION
conseguisse uma permisso especial para acompanh-los. Aps
todos os procedimentos de ISPS, s 4:35h embarcamos no Claxton When we arrived on the bridge, Captain MacLaren exchanged
Bay, um navio misto de petroleiro/qumico, que saiu carregado com information with our captain, performing the MPX. He then placed
9,40 metros de calado em guas parelhas. his AIS/GPS antennas as support for his PPU (Portable Pilots Unit),
one on the bridge and another on the portside wing, to combine the
ships and port regions information (tide, winds, current, marking
system, bathymetry) and set them up for ready use. In Tampa Bay
today each pilot receives an iPad pro, with an installed SeaiQ App
adjusted for local requirements, and each pilot undergoes previous
training on the use of the equipment. Therefore everyone knows
how the system fully functions, its limitations and possibilities, and
is able to integrate the visual with the electronic navigation.
The first maneuver was not at all simple; this was to undock a
loaded chemical tanker, reverse for around half a mile in a straight
line, through a Y-shaped channel to veer the stern into an auxiliary
channel, in order for the bow to swing in alignment with the main
NAVIO QUMICO UTILIZADO NA VISITA CHEMICAL TANKER USED ON THE VISIT channel, and then be able to start its navigation of around 40
nautical miles. This part was helped by two Z-drive tugs, with a
A MANOBRA E A NAVEGAO propeller turning 360o in the bow and another of the same type in
the stern. Each tug had 55 tons of bollard pull, an item of
Ao chegarmos no passadio, Captain Gregg fez o procedimento de equipment that, in the USA, is only used in the State of Florida. It
troca de informaes com o comandante, o MPX, e ento colocou is known for its high maneuverability in sheltered places, but
suas antenas AIS/GPS de apoio ao seu Portable Pilots Unit (PPU), susceptible in environments with waves and not ideal for a
uma no passadio e outra na asa de bombordo, de modo a reunir rescue towing mission.
informaes do navio e da regio porturia
(mar, ventos, corrente, alteraes de bali- Navigation is regularly performed through a channel continually
zamento, batimetria) e torn-las disponveis dredged to 44ft (13.4m) by the United States Army Corps of
para seu pronto uso. Em Tampa Bay, Engineers (USACE) and its bathymetry is fully checked once or
atualmente, cada prtico recebe um iPad twice a year; every two or three years a fresh maintenance
pro, com o aplicativo SeaiQ instalado e dredging is undertaken, thereby allowing the ships to transit with
ajustado para as suas necessidades locais,
cuja utilizao demanda treinamento prvio
individual obrigatrio. Desse modo, todos
conhecem a completa funcionalidade do
sistema, suas limitaes e possibilidades, e conseguem integrar
a navegao visual com a eletrnica.
23
praticagem no mundo
pilotage worldwide
Esses detalhes fazem parte da rotina de cobrana do servio de The service is provided at the same cost model for the ship owner
praticagem, com caractersticas semelhantes s de muitos lugares as in other ports in Florida. The requisition is made with at least 24
no mundo. Um detalhe, porm, se destaca: a praticagem do Estado hours notice. First, a preset value per draft foot is established for
da Flrida em geral, assim como o servio oferecido pelos prticos the maximum draft of the vessel, and minimum values will be
de Tampa Bay em particular, tem ocorrido como um servio pblico, charged, depending on the gross tonnage (GT). This figure is then
regulado desde a sua criao para que no haja nenhum custo para os added to the product of multiplying another preset value for the largest
seus cidados mediante impostos, assim como sem risco ou responsa- gross tonnage (should the vessel have more than one measurement).
bilidades para ningum alm dos armadores ou dos prprios prticos. The value doubles for propulsion-free or ungoverned vessels. The
method also takes into account extra charges for shifting, depending
O controle estadual sobre o preo cobrado pelo servio uma das on the region where it is moored, for docking, undocking, anchoring,
caractersticas locais importantes, como pontuou em 1928 o juiz Hon. heaving in case of cancellation, and even detaining the ship, when
S.M. Sparkman em seu livro Hillsborough County History sobre o this is charged in case of delay in undocking or late arrival at the
desenvolvimento dos portos: nenhum outro local no pas talvez pilots onboarding point. Also in cases of a delay in navigation at
tenha completo controle sobre suas cobranas originais assim como the request of the captain or ships agent, or for services on route,
sobre o manejo do comrcio feito em suas guas alm de Tampa. such as an adjustment to a gyroscopic needle, machinery repair or
26
praticagem no mundo
pilotage worldwide
FINAL DA NAVEGAO test and even when waiting for the ship to provide a safe method
for the pilot to disembark.
Aps quatro horas de
navegao com o navio These details are part of the collection routine of the pilotage
em regime de toda service, with characteristics similar to other places in the world.
fora de mquinas (sea Now one outstanding detail: pilotage of the State of Florida in
speed), passamos pela general, and the service offered by the Tampa Bay Pilots in particular,
ponte Sunshine Skyway, is a public service, regulated since its creation at no cost to its
que limita o calado citizens through taxation, and without risk or liability to anyone
areo dos navios em 180 who is not a ship owner or the pilots themselves.
ps (54,86m) e navega-
FINAL DA NAVEGAO END OF NAVIGATION
mos para passar a Ilha State control on the price for the service is one of the important
de Egmont Key e logo em seguida desembarcarmos ao final do canal local characteristics, as pointed out in 1928 by the judge Hon. S. M.
balizado de acesso. Alguns cruzamentos foram feitos, nos quais Sparkman in his chapter of the book Hillsborough County History
a ferramenta do PPU ajudou todos os envolvidos a controlar os on the development of the ports: no other place in the country has
pontos mais favorveis, permitindo que ajustassem suas velocidades such complete control over its original charges and over the
o tempo todo. Desde o incio da travessia, o fato de haver informaes handling of its water commerce than Tampa.
disponveis on time permitiu que os navios com os quais cruzamos no
final j pudessem ser percebidos pelo prtico e monitorados em alto-
mar, muito antes de se aproximar e de ter um prtico embarcado, e
isso por meio de tecnologia simples e barata, disponvel pelo sinal
de AIS das embarcaes distribudo pela internet.
27
segurana
security
Cajaty, prtico no porto de Rio Grande e ex-presidente do CONAPRA, Cajaty, a Rio Grande port pilot and former president of CONAPRA,
conta que o assunto foi discutido ao longo de vrias reunies tells us that the matter was discussed over several meetings of
28
segurana
security
Para um leigo em questo de praticagem ou at mesmo para "English is the language used for these solutions, and each word is
pessoas inseridas no mundo da navegao, mas sem conheci- discussed so as not to leave any different interpretations, because
mento sobre as atividades de um prtico, discusses longas sobre a tiny detail could later give rise to legal or financial consequences
o tamanho da escada quebra-peito ou sobre a madeira usada para for the member countries", Cajaty explained.
29
segurana
security
confeccion-la podem parecer exageradas mas, alm da In the case of the IACS request, what mattered was the question
importncia em termos da segurana dos prticos, no se of the pilots safety, he added. "Were talking about a ladder that is
pode perder de vista as consequncias futuras de se questionar vertical, not a normal ladder, which is full of steps and allows you
pontos aparentemente, menores, acredita Marcelo Cajaty. to pause at any time. But you cant pause on a vertical ladder,
you have to continue to the end, even if your arms are tired".
Para o representante do CONAPRA na delegao brasileira junto
ao IMO, "uma coisa aparentemente inocente d azo a brechas According to Cajaty, the subject was discussed and, in the end,
na segurana por questes puramente econmicas e abre a was not approved. He said: "Apart from anything else, it was quite
possibilidade de se discutir uma srie de assuntos, que podem ridiculous since it would endanger a persons safety. In the end, a
prejudicar no s a praticagem, como tambm o Brasil". solution was found that satisfied the safety issues and also was
restricted to cases that caused concern to the industry".
"As coisas mais absurdas podem ser debatidas no momento em
que voc abre uma discusso sobre algo j estabelecido, porque The former CONAPRA president pointed out that since large ships
elas podem gerar consequncias em escala. Por esse motivo, already have a boarding ladder, the IMO decision only affects the
importante estar sempre vigilante. E a delegao brasileira est very few cases of small and medium-size ships".
vigilante, acompanhando todo e qualquer assunto que possa ser
contra os interesses do Brasil", advertiu Cajaty.
OBSTRUCTIONS
outward
In accordance with SOLAS V/23 & IMO Resolution A.1045(27)
the winch in position.
Clearance
Minimum
D BOARDING ARRANGEMENTS FOR PILOT
Min. 91.5cm
220cm
H.Q.S. Wellington Temple Stairs, Victoria Embankment, London WC2R 2PN Tel: +44 (0)20 7240 3973 Fax: +44 (0)20 7210 3518 Email: office@impahq.org
winches.
Pad eye
This document and all IMO Pilot-related documents are available for download at: http://www.impahq.org
Max. 80cm
Handholds
Min. 70cm
A
RIGGING FOR FREEBOARDS COMBINATION ARRANGEMENT PILOT LADDER WINCH REEL
75cm
Max. 80cm
Handholds
Min. 70cm
NO!
OF 9 METRES OR LESS FOR SHIPS WITH A No shackles,
knots or splices
FREEBOARD OF MORE
Clearance
Minimum
Minimum
NO!
220cm
91.5cm
HANDHOLD Handholds
Max. 80cm
Handholds
Min. 70cm
91.5cm
equally spaced
220cm
Max. 80cm
Min. Diam. 32mm NO! Handholds
A
C
B
NO! NO
secured to deck
LADDER
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME PILOTS ASSOCIATION
45 slope Should lead aft All pilot ladder winch reels should
under the steps must be
Lower
NO!
be equally spaced
Between spreaders
The steps should
dirty or slippery
Side ropes must
Minimum
knots or splices
Spreaders must
not be painted,
platform
tightly secured
equally spaced
between steps
NO!
horizontal
ALL STEPS lines present a 220cm Min. 70cm operative on manually operated
Min. 40cm
self-igniting light
NO!
NO!
NO!
NO!
NO!
Lifebuoy with
freeboard mark
5th STEP
Recommended
From bottom C
STERN BOW
45 slope Should lead aft
6 METRES Handholds
FOR SHIPS WITH A
Accommodation Minimum
Min. 70cm
THAN 9 METRES
unobstructed
0.5m
be secured to 220cm
Required by Pilot Ships side doors
2m
2m
(Using eyepad,
ladder should
be secured to
outward
Lower
magnetic or
above the sea
pneumatic
ships side
of 5 metres
The lower
system)
minimum
shall be a
platform
pneumatic
Minimum
system) Bulwark & Pilot ladder 91.5cm
Lifebuoy with secured to deck
PILOT LADDER
requires a climb
of not less than
firmly attached
Ladder must be
no more than
to ships side
Must extend
above lower
platform
9 metres
platform
30
9 STEPS
DS
eaders
reader
Long
R
segurana
security
The request submitted by IACS was not the only one with regard to
the pilot ladder. The wood used to build the ladder was also a
recent contentious issue.
"IMO reacted strongly: the ruling on knot-free rungs has existed for
decades. The knots weaken the wood, which could break during
the pilots ascent and/or injure his/her hands due to its irregular
surface that may have splinters, said Cajaty.
31
histria
history
32
histria
history
Ainda em sua primeira misso, o jovem comandante presenciou o lethal industry of extermination. It was no surprise to learn that
que descreveu como "a mais tenebrosa das vises da minha vida, a the sawmills all belonged to the regions politicians.
qual nunca se apagou da minha memria": a invaso do seu navio
por grupos de leprosos, que chegaram em canoas, todas com uma Also on his first mission, the young commander witnessed what he
cobertura de palha, e subiram rapidamente a bordo. "Eles estavam described as "the most sinister sight I have ever seen, which has
por toda a parte, coitados, horrivelmente mutilados, pediam comida, never left my mind: the invasion of my ship by groups of lepers,
roupas, objetos de uso pessoal. Enfim, tudo lhes era dado pelos who arrived in straw-canopied canoes and rapidly climbed on
marinheiros, atnitos, perante aquele espetculo infinitamente board. "They were everywhere, poor things, horribly mutilated,
constrangedor. No sei quanto tempo passei para convenc-los a ir asking for food, clothes and objects for personal use. In short, the
embora, mas foram os minutos mais longos da minha existncia". sailors, shaken by that unforgettable distressing scene, gave them
everything they wanted. I cannot say how long it took me to convince
Fronteiras da Amaznia, porm, muito mais do que um retrato them to leave, but they were the longest minutes of my life".
sombrio da vida dos brasileiros na regio naquela poca. Em muitos
de seus captulos, o autor descreve verdadeiras aventuras, como Fronteiras da Amaznia, however, is rather more than a dark portrait
misses de salvamento a navios encalhados e at a avies, of the life of Brazilians living in that region at the time. In many of the
como a um aparelho anfbio Catalina da Panair do Brasil que fez chapters, the author describes real adventures, namely the rescue of
um pouso de emergncia no Rio Solimes, em frente cidade de grounded ships and even aircraft, such as a Catalina seaplane
So Paulo de Olivena. "... A manobra de salvamento durara dez belonging to Panair do Brasil that made an emergency landing on the
minutos. Trouxemos o avio at o barranco do porto e para que a sua Solimes River, in front of the town of So Paulo de Olivena."... The
asa no se chocasse contra as rvores, arriamos uma chalana com rescue maneuver lasted ten minutes. We towed the plane to
um ferro, fazendo com que o aparelho encostasse de popa no bar- the harbor bar, and in order that its wing wouldnt knock
ranco e, em seguida, atracamos ao lado". against the trees, we lowered a barge with iron, so that the plane
would rest the stern on the bar, and then we anchored alongside".
Outras passagens relatam a vida a bordo, os momentos de folga em
praias e igaraps da regio, os jogos de futebol dos marinheiros e a Other tales describe life on board, the leisure moments on beaches
tentativa de captura de um boi no meio do mato por marujos and islands in the region, the crews soccer games and the attempt
travestidos de vaqueiros. "Um garoto de uns doze anos, l pras to capture an ox in the middle of the forest by sailors disguised as
tantas perguntou se queramos que ele pegasse o boi, pois da cowboys. "A lad of around 12 years old, after watching for some
maneira que os marujos agiam no havia como o navio ser time, asked us if we wanted him to catch the ox, since there was
reabastecido de carne bovina. Em cinco minutos, o garoto laou o no way that the crew members would manage to restock the ship
boi e o amarrou no tronco onde foi sacrificado". with beef. Five minutes later the boy lassoed the ox and tied it to
the tree trunk where it was slaughtered".
Apesar da vida dura dos marinheiros, havia momentos tambm de
socializao com as populaes, especialmente com as moas. " Despite the hard life of the mariners, there were also moments of
tarde, os marinheiros me procuraram, pedindo permisso para uma socialization with the population, especially with the girls. "One
festinha... pretendiam fazer um baile utilizando um toca-fitas a bateria afternoon, the mariners asked me for permission to hold a party...
do navio e depois haveria um 'show' com os artistas da guarnio..." they wanted to host a dance using a cassette player on the ships
battery and later a show with the crews artistes..."
Contador de histrias nato, o autor recheia alguns captulos com cau-
sos da regio, alguns, aparentemente, presenciados por ele, como a The author, a born storyteller, regaled some chapters with tales
luta do caboclo com uma jiboia de mais de trs metros no meio do rio. of the region, some apparently witnessed by him, such as the
struggle in the middle of the river between a caboclo (individual of
Em todas as misses, constantes referncias aos prticos que Amerindian-European race) and a boa constrictor almost ten feet long.
acompanhavam o Garcia D 'vila e as corvetas, e ajuda
que prestavam. "Graas aos conhecimentos dos prticos, em vez He mentions in every mission the pilots that accompanied the
de descermos o Rio Par, brao direito da foz do Amazonas, para Garcia Dvila and corvettes and their help. "Thanks to the pilots
entrarmos na imensa Baa de Maraj, 'enfiamos pelo furo', situado knowledge, instead of sailing down the Par River, the right arm of
logo em frente a Belm e, em menos de trs the Amazon estuary to enter the vast Maraj Bay, 'we slipped
horas, j singrvamos as guas da baa, through the hole situated right in front of Belem and, in less than
aproados costa do territrio do Amap, three hours, we were soon sailing across the bay, towards the
localizado a cem milhas de distncia." coast of the territory of Amap, a hundred miles away".
Publicado no ano 2000, pela editora Razo Published in 2000 by publishers Razo Cultural, the book is sold
Cultural, o livro est esgotado, mas ainda pos- out but possibly a few copies may still be found in secondhand
svel encontrar alguns exemplares em sebos. bookstores.
33
meio ambiente
environment
Sabe-se tambm, entretanto, que a barreira de corais tem quase From the scientific viewpoint, information on this huge collection of
mil quilmetros no espao em que o Rio Amazonas encontra o corals is preliminary with regard to data other than size and beauty,
Oceano Atlntico, com profundidade varivel entre 25 e 210 metros, but it is common knowledge that all marine biome runs a risk
tendo na formao gigantescas esponjas de mais de dois metros of being strongly impacted by oil exploration already underway in
de comprimento, conforme informou imprensa o bilogo da that area.
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Fabiano Thompson.
It is also already known, however, that the coral reef stretches
As expedies cientficas realizadas ou patrocinadas por almost a thousand kilometers into where the Amazon River meets
organizaes no governamentais coletam informaes que the Atlantic Ocean, with depths varying between 25 and 210
podem melhorar os dados cientficos necessrios para definio de meters. In the formation there are gigantic sponges over two
modos de proteger o bioma recm-descoberto. Segundo o meters in length, as the biologist Fabiano Thompson from the
professor Ronaldo Francini Filho, docente da Universidade Federal University of Rio de Janeiro informed the press.
Federal da Paraba, h indcios de que a rea seja duas vezes
ou trs vezes maior. Ele participou de uma das expedies The scientific expeditions undertaken or sponsored by non-
cientficas realizada foz do Rio Amazonas. governmental organizations gather information that might improve
the scientific data required to define ways to protect the recently
Essa regio da foz do Rio Amazonas, no h mais dvidas, guarda discovered biome. According to Prof. Ronaldo Francini Filho, who
um rico tesouro do ponto de vista ambiental, aspecto que precisa teaches at the Federal University of Paraba, signs show that
ser ajustado em funo do potencial da rea para a explorao the area is twice or three times larger. He took part in one of the
do petrleo, que j realizada por, pelo menos, trs petroleiras, scientific expeditions to the Amazon River estuary.
uma francesa, uma britnica e uma brasileira, que desembolsaram
recentemente pouco mais de 346 milhes de dlares pela This Amazon River estuary region undoubtedly holds a rich treasure
concesso do campo de extrao. from the environmental viewpoint, an aspect that needs to be
adjusted in terms of the areas potential for oil exploration, which
J est pacificada a concluso dos cientistas e pesquisadores no is already in progress by at least three oil companies one French,
sentido de que a explorao de recursos naturais na rea demanda one British and one Brazilian - which have recently invested a little
tcnicas e cuidados especiais para garantir tanto a explorao over 346 billion dollars for the concession of oil fields.
da riqueza fssil quanto a preservao do ambiente marinho
sem comprometer o desenvolvimento saudvel de um e de outro A conclusion has been reached by scientists and researchers that
sistema, bem como das vidas subaquticas. the exploration of natural resources in the area requires special
34
meio ambiente
environment
A explorao do petrleo pode representar a melhoria da qualidade techniques and care to ensure not only exploitation of the fossil
de vida da populao dessa regio, mas no deve servir de wealth but also preservation of the marine environment without
argumento para dificultar a preservao do meio ambiente, uma detriment to the healthy development of each system and also to
vez que todas as medidas tcnicas foram antecipadas nos underwater life.
estudos de impacto ambiental, avaliado por todos, includos
os preservacionistas e ambientalistas. Oil exploration could represent a better quality of life for the
population living in this region, but should not be an argument
Alegaes apressadas podem prejudicar o desenvolvimento dessa against preserving the environment, since, in everyones opinion,
regio que precisa, to somente, da inteligncia dos cientistas da including preservationists and environmentalists, all technical
rea ambiental e da expertise dos governantes para integrar as measures have been foreseen in the environmental impact studies.
duas riquezas na corrente de atendimento das necessidades
da populao amaznica. Hasty allegations could jeopardize the development of this region
that simply needs the intelligence of environmental scientists and
A natureza oferece, mais uma vez, oportunidades, e cabe ao the expertise of governing bodies to integrate the two sources of
homem saber aproveit-las, delas tirando proveito, mas preser- wealth in the rush to meet the needs of the Amazon population.
vando o equilbrio.
Nature again offers opportunities, and it is up to humankind to
know how to use and benefit from them but also to preserve the
balance.
OURIOS BRANCOS E RODOLITOS EM CORAIS NA FOZ DO RIO AMAZONAS WHITE SEA-URCHINS AND RHODOLITHS ON CORALS IN THE RIVER AMAZON ESTUARY
35
Professor lana livro e alerta contra interferncia poltica na praticagem
Professors book launch and warning against political interference in pilotage
O professor doutor Matusalm Gonalves Pimenta acaba de lanar o livro Praticagem, Meio Ambiente
e Sinistralidade, obra que aponta a praticagem como servio essencial para a segurana da navegao
e da proteo do meio ambiente a partir de uma abordagem de trs ramos do direito (martimo,
internacional e ambiental). Durante o lanamento, realizado na Escola da Magistratura do Estado do
Rio de Janeiro (Emerj), que contou com a presena do prtico e diretor-presidente do CONAPRA,
Gustavo Martins, o doutor Matusalm, que tambm um prtico, explicou, para um auditrio lotado, a
evoluo de resolues no setor, a partir da experincia de acidentes graves. Um dos acidentes
destacados pelo especialista foi o do petroleiro Exxon Valdez, ocorrido em 1989 na costa do Alaska, que
lanou 40 mil toneladas de leo ao mar, provocando a morte, nos meses seguintes, de cerca de 260 mil
pssaros marinhos, 2.800 lontras marinhas, 250 guias e 22 orcas, alm da perda de bilhes de ovas
de salmo. A companhia ExxonMobil, proprietria do navio, gastou mais de dois bilhes de dlares
somente para limpar a rea afetada e outros 500 milhes de dlares em pagamento de multas e
indenizao de danos decorrentes do acidente, causado pela opo de no usar os servios de um
prtico, j que, na zona em questo, a praticagem era de acionamento facultativo. Tudo para evitar o
GUSTAVO MARTINS COM/WITH custo da praticagem que, na ocasio, era de cinco mil dlares, destaca o professor. Segundo ele,
MATUSALM o comandante era experiente, mas ignorava que as correntes martimas locais se tornavam bem mais
fortes no perodo de degelo, detalhe que faz parte do conhecimento de um prtico. No lanamento do
livro, o Dr. Matusalm abordou tambm a necessidade de abolir a interferncia de presses polticas na praticagem. O professor lamentou
que a atividade no Brasil sofra tentativas de interferncias polticas dos que buscam uma regulao tcnica e econmica que atenda a
interesses escusos e pediu o alerta da sociedade. Os pilotos martimos, como so tambm conhecidos os prticos, desempenham papel
essencial na segurana martima e na proteo do meio ambiente. Esto em permanente treinamento. elementar a independncia
funcional da praticagem, destacou o Dr. Matusalm.
Dr. Professor Matusalm Gonalves Pimenta has just launched his book Praticagem, Meio ambiente e Sinistralidade (Pilotage, Environment
and Accidents), which highlights pilotage as a key service for shipping safety and environmental protection, based on an approach to three
branches of law (maritime, international and environmental). During the launch at the Rio de Janeiro State Magistrates School (Emerj), which
was attended by the pilot Gustavo Martins, director-president of CONAPRA, Dr. Pimenta, who is also a pilot, explained to a crowded
auditorium about the development of resolutions in the sector based on the experience gained from serious accidents. One of the accidents
described by the specialist was when the oil tanker Exxon Valdez, in 1989, spilled 40,000 tons of oil into the sea off the coast of Alaska,
causing the death in the months that followed of around 260,000 seabirds, 2,800 marine otters, 250 eagles
and 22 orcas, in addition to the loss of billions of salmon roe. The company ExxonMobil, the ships owner,
spent more than two billion dollars just to clean up the affected area and another 500 million dollars paying
fines in compensation for damages arising from the accident. The accident occurred after deciding not to use
pilot services, since pilotage was optional in the zone in question. This was all the result of refusing to spend
USD 5,000 in pilotage on that occasion, stresses the professor. He said that the captain was experienced
but did not know that the local sea currents were much stronger when the ice melts, a detail that every
pilot knows. At the book launch, Dr. Pimenta also addressed the need to abolish the interference of political
pressures in pilotage. The professor regretted that the activity in Brazil suffers attempts of political
interferences from those seeking an economic and technical regulation that attends ulterior motives and he
asked society to be on its guard. Marine pilots, or simply pilots, play a key role in maritime safety and
environmental protection. They are constantly training. The working independence of pilotage is elementary,
Dr. Pimenta pointed out.
36
Praticagem da Amaznia realiza mais uma operao de salvamento
Pilotage on the Amazon in another rescue operation
Membros da Bacia Amaznica Prticos (BAP) participaram, em julho ltimo, de outra ao de salvamento no Rio Amazonas, quando dez
pessoas ficaram deriva, devido falta de combustvel em uma voadeira (canoa com motor de popa) alugada, que regressava a Macap
depois de buscar uma criana doente na localidade de Furo Grande, no Par. Por volta das 19h10, a praticagem responsvel por aquela zona
foi acionada pela Capitania dos Portos para o socorro na rea da Fazendinha. s 20h30, a lancha dos prticos localizou e resgatou o grupo
em meio a forte correnteza. Como no havia risco segurana, a voadeira foi rebocada. A ao terminou s 21h10. A voadeira transportava
quatro menores de cinco anos e seis adultos. Esse foi o segundo salvamento realizado este ano pela praticagem da Bacia Amaznica, que j
havia resgatado no dia 29 de maro outra pequena embarcao com quatro pessoas a bordo, prximo ao farol da Ilha de Santana.
This July, members of the Amazon Basin Pilots (BAP) participated in another rescue operation on the Amazon River. Ten people were adrift
in a hired outboard motor boat that ran out of fuel, and was returning to Macap after picking up a sick child from a place called Furo Grande
in the State of Par. Around 7:10 p.m., the Port Authority alerted the pilotage in charge of that zone for the rescue in the Fazendinha area. At
8:30 p.m. the pilots boat located and rescued the group amidst a strong current. Since there was no safety risk, the motor canoe was towed
back. The operation ended at 9:10 p.m. The canoe was carrying four children under five years old and six adults. This was the second rescue
operation this year by the Amazon Basin pilotage, which on March 29th had rescued another small vessel with four people aboard close to
the Santana Island lighthouse.
Vice-Admiral Wilson Pereira de Lima Filho, director of Ports and Coasts, this July
visited the facilities of the Brazilian National Pilots Association (CONAPRA)
in downtown Rio de Janeiro. On this first visit to CONAPRA of a representative of
the maritime authority since the publication of the Waterway Traffic Safety Act in
1997, the Vice-Admiral attended a presentation on how CONAPRA carries out the
responsibilities given to it by the Maritime Authority in its Normam-12 standards
regulating the pilotage service. GUSTAVO MARTINS E/AND ALTE. ADMIRAL LIMA FILHO
37
Compromisso com a navegao segura
Commit to Safe Navigation
The Way of the Ship tells the story of the four hundred years of commercial transportation
of passengers and goods from port to port and how it contributed to the economic
and material growth of the American nation. The book includes details about the ships
and ports that played major roles and the entrepreneurs who were at the forefront of
the process over the centuries. Complete with 16 stunning illustrations taken from
seascapes by the distinguished artist John Stobart, the book casts a new light on
the USAs fascinating maritime past and analyzes the different factors that influence
"The Way of the Ship " in the 21st century.