Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Combustion Technology
Contents
Classification of fuels
Definition of lower and higher
heating value
Analysis methods of solid fuels,
combustible and ash properties,
solid fuel supply systems
Analysis methods of liquid fuels,
liquid fuel supply systems
Analysis methods of gaseous fuels,
gaseous fuel supply systems
Fuel classification
State of matter Fossil Renewable
Solid Coal Biomass:
black, brown, lignite wood, cane, grass, etc.
energy plants & waste materials
Liquid Crude Oil Biomass:
Petrol, kerosene, Vegetable oil & bio-diesel
Diesel Oil Bio-ethanol
Gaseous Natural gas Bio-gas
Digester gas,
pyrolysis-gas from gasification
Fuel features
Fuels can be delivered, stored and
burned at different power level,
according to energy demands
Fossil Renewable
Energy content High Low
Delivery even for long only for short
distance distance
Storage capacity small large
Circulation of Carbon
Heating Value
Heating value (calorific value) is the heat released by the fuel when completely
burnt, and may be determined at constant volume or constant pressure,
and flue gas is cooled back to the initial temperature (ambient temperature)
LHV = HHV mw h fg 9 m H 2 h fg
mw = mass of water vapor per unit mass of fuel
hfg = latent heat of vaporization of water vapor / at its partial
pressure in the combustion products [J/kgH2O]
mH2 = mass of original hydrogen per unit mass of fuel.
Composition of solid fuels, and analysis methods
Incombustible, ballast
General composition Combustible
Mineral Moisture, or
matter Water content
Example
A quantity of wood has a total mass of 10kg. It is dried in an oven so that all water is
removed and then weighed. Its new mass is 8kg. The moisture content is calculated as:
WET BASIS
mass of water (2kg )
moisture content ( MC ) = = 20%
mass of wet wood (10kg )
DRY BASIS
mass of water (2kg )
moisture content ( MC ) = = 25%
mass of dry wood (8kg )
Relationship between water content
and calorific value of wood
Wood as renewable
Fuel Advantages Disadvantages
Wood chips Easy to produce locally from woodland Can require greater user input, depending
thinnings etc. upon the quality of the fuel
Much cheaper fuel costs. System has a higher capital cost since wood
Expenditure on wood fuel can benefit the chips require larger storage capacity and
immediate local economy. more robust fuel handling equipment
Need the services of a specialised chipper
Only suitable for larger appliances i.e. >25
kW
Wood User input similar to conventional heating More expensive fuel costs
pellets installations Supply is less likely to be localised and so
Cheaper capital costs due to the drier and does not provide local economic impacts
more homogeneous nature of the fuel
Denser fuel means reduced storage space
and easier transport
Suitable for very small appliances
Logs Logs can be stored and transported Less suitable for automated systems
conveniently when stacked (although some do exist)
Ease of air passage through a log pile Large storage space required to allow 1 2
allows good drying years for seasoning
Can be easily produced on site or very
locally
Wood processing and woodchips collection
Pellet manufacturing from sawdust
Ash
Fuel contains incombustible parts,
known as ash,
mainly potassium (K), sodium (Na),
phosphorous (P), calcium (Ca),
silicon (Si).
Halogen content (Cl) and (F) also important
from environmental and corrosion viewpoint
Waste materials can contain heavy metals and
other pollutants
Ash softening and melting properties are very
important for combustion management
Bunte-Baum test
Bunte-Baum test result
Leitz type heated microscope
Leitz type heated microscope results
Bagged wood pellets Pellet store using partition walls and auger
Pellet store and vacuum pellet feed Pre-fabricated silo and auger
Wood chip storage and feeding
Rotary stirrer facilitates removal of chips Wood chip bunker showing stirrer and
screw conveyor
Covered area for drying and storing large A ramp allows wood chips to be tipped
quantities of wood chips into the store
Wood chip storage and feeding
Wood chip
storage and
feeding
Wood chip
storage and
feeding
base plan
Agricultural materials - straw
Form Bulk density Part mass
Kg/m3 Kg
Original 40-60 -
Small bale 70-120 8-25
Big round bale 60-120 300-400
Big quadrate bale 60-160 200-600
Briquett-pellet 300-600 0,02-0,3
Storage of bales
Straw-bale storage and feeding
Agricultural-pellet and briquette
Proximate analysis data of
agricultural materials
Material water ash Volatile fix LHV of
[%] [%] matter carbon water
[%] [%] free
material
[MJ/kg]
IDT SOT HT FT
Unit C C C C
Acacia wood 1180 1200 1220 1220
Poplar wood 1175 1205 1230 1250
Willow wood 1210 1225 1250 1275
Wheat straw 848 956 1107 1241
Intensive grass 775 935 990 1055
Sewage sludge 1120 1180 1290 1320
Municipal Solid Waste (WSW)
Current status at MSW treatment in EU
MSW categories for incineration
Original: MSW can be incinerated as it is
without any or with slight pre-selection
(LHV = 5 9 MJ/kg)
With taking out of incombustibles, chopping and baling
RDF: Refuse Derived Fuel is a non specified waste.
Its quality and environmental features
are not analysed using acknowledged methods.
SRF: Solid Recovered Fuel is a fuel derived from
non-hazardous waste produced in accordance
with the requirements of the European standards
for SRF - EN15359
Classification of SRF acc. EN 15359
SRF
example
Useful link: http://www.ecn.nl/phyllis2/
Properties of liquid fuels
Ultimate analysis is used for composition
investigation (similarly to solid fuels)
Heating value is used for energy content
evaluation (similarly to solid fuels)
Liquid fuel can not be burnt in liquid form
it has to be in gaseous form,
so it has to be evaporated
Liquid fuels can be stored in tanks
Liquid fuels can be delivered via pipelines
by means of appropriate pump
Properties of liquid fuels
Point of solidification is understood as the temperature at
which the product no longer flows upon the effect of the
gravitational force. Its value is significant first of all in
respect of transportation.
Flash point is the temperature at which as much vapor
generates from the liquid fuel under atmospheric pressure
that, mixed with the ambient air, upon approach of flame it
flashes over the whole oil surface. This value is used also
for characterization of explosion and fire protection.
Firing point is the temperature at which vaporization of the
liquid is of such extent, that with the approach of the flame
for a short time it is ignited and the burning will be
constant on the surface maintaining for at least 5 s.
The firing point is characteristic to the inflammability of
the fuel.
Conradson number The liquid fuel is heated and vaporized
in an air-tight vessel. The retained coke part related to the
initial amount of oil gives the Conradson number. The
coking liability is an important characteristic.
Inflammability Classification
There are 5 categories in inflammability classification
These are:
A - Increased danger of inflammability and explosion
B - Danger of inflammability and explosion
C - Danger of inflammability
D Moderate danger of inflammability
E Not flammable
A - Increased danger of inflammability and explosion
Wobbe index
(for assessment of gas exchange)