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a2 a1
f (z) = + + + a0 + a1 (z z0) + a2(z z0 )2 + .
(z z0 ) 2 z z0
Furthermore, the series can be integrated term by term over any path that
lies in the annulus 0 < |z z0| < R. Let Cr (z0 ) be any positively oriented
circle that lies in 0 < |z z0 | < R. If we integrate
! the Laurent series term
by term over Cr (z0 ) and use the fact that Cr (z0 ) (z z0)n dz = 0 if n "= 1
! !
and Cr (z0 ) zz
1
0
dz = 2i, we find Cr (z0 ) f (z) dz = a1 2i; hence
"
1
(1) a1 = f (z) dz.
2i Cr (z0 )
Proof Take small circles Crj (zj ) (j = 1, 2, . . . , n) that do not intersect each
other and are contained in the interior of C (Figure 1). Apply Cauchys integral
theorem for multiple simple paths (Theorem XX, Section 3.4) and get
! n !
" n
"
f(z) dz = f(z) dz = 2i Res (zj ),
C j=1 Crj j=1
PROPOSITION 1 (i) Suppose that z0 is an isolated singularity of f . Then f has a simple pole
RESIDUE AT A at z0 if and only if
SIMPLE POLE
(3) Res (f, z0) = lim (z z0 )f (z) "= 0.
zz0
p(z)
(ii) If f (z) = q(z) , where p and q are analytic at z0 , p(z0 ) "= 0, and q(z) has
a simple zero at z0, then
$ p(z) % p(z0)
(4) Res , z0 = $ .
q(z) q (z0 )
Proof (i) By Theorem 7, Section 4.6, z0 is a pole of order 1 if and only if the
Laurent series of f at z0 is
a1 a1
f(z) = + a0 + a1(z z0 ) + a2 (z z0)2 + = + h(z),
z z0 z z0
where a1 "= 0 and h(z) is the analytic power series part of the Laurent series.
Then, (z z0 )f(z) = a1 + (z z0 )h(z), and (i) follows upon taking the limit as
z z0 . To prove (ii), note that f has a simple pole at z0 . Using (i) and q(z0 ) = 0,
we have
# p(z) $ p(z) z z0 p(z0 )
Res , z0 = lim (zz0 ) = lim p(z) lim = # . !
q(z) zz 0 q(z) zz 0 zz 0 q(z) q(z0 ) q (z0 )
Figure 2 The path C and the Using the factorization z 4 1 = (z 1)(z + 1)(z i)(z + i), we have at z0 = 1
poles of f(z) in Example 1. 1 1
Res (1) = lim (z 1) = lim
z1 z 4 1 z1 (z + 1)(z i)(z + i)
'
1 '
' 1
= = .
(z + 1)(z i)(z + i) 'z=1 4
Section 5.1 Cauchys Residue Theorem 289
Similarly, at z0 = i, we have
'
1 1 '
' i
Res (i) = lim(z i) 4 = = ,
zi z 1 (z 1)(z + 1)(z + i) 'z=i 4
and at z = i,
'
1 1 '
' i
Res (i) = lim (z + i) = = .
zi z4 1 (z 1)(z + 1)(z i) 'z=i 4
sin(z)
Solution The function f(z) = z 2 1 has isolated singularities at z = 1; only 1
is inside C. Since
sin(z) sin(z)
lim z 1(z 1) = lim z 1 = 0,
z 1
2 z+1
it follows from Theorem 6, Section 4.6, that 1 is a removable singularity of f. Thus,
Figure 3 FIX THIS FIGURE the Laurent series of f at z0 = 1 has no negative powers of (z1), and, in particular,
FOR Example 2. a1 = 0. Hence Res (f, 1) = a1 = 0, and so I = 0. !
You should also verify that I = 0 by using Cauchys integral formula.
Example 2 brings up the following simple observation: If z0 is a removable
singularity, then Res (f z0 ) = 0.
For poles of higher order the situation is more complicated.
THEOREM 2 Suppose that z0 is a pole of order m 1 of f . Then the residue of f at z0 is
RESIDUE AT A POLE
OF ORDER m 1 dm1
(7) Res (f, z0) = lim [(z z0 )m f (z)] ,
zz0 (m 1)! dz m1
(b) This is immediate from (a) and Proposition 1(ii): Take p(z) = f(z) cos(z) and
q(z) = sin(z).
(c) Since 1 + z 4 is nonzero inside C and cot(z) has simple poles at the integers,
cot(z)
it follows that 1+z4 has two simple poles inside C at z = 0 and z = 1. Applying
Theorem 1 and using (8) with f(z) = 1+z 1
4 to compute the residues, we find
!
cot(z) cot(z) cot(z)
dz = 2i( Res ( , 0) + Res ( , 1)
C 1+z 1+z 1 + z4
4 4
, - , -
1 1 1 1 1 !
= 2i + = 2i 1 + = 3 i.
1 + 04 1 + 14 2
So far the examples that we treated involved residues at poles of finite
order. There is no formula like (7) for computing the residue at an essential
singularity. We have to rely on various tricks to evaluate the coefficient
a1 in the Laurent series expansion. We illustrate with several examples,
starting with a useful observation.
PROPOSITION 2 Suppose that 0 is an isolated singularity of an even function f . Then
RESIDUE OF AN Res (f, 0) = 0.
EVEN FUNCTION
Proof We have .to show that the a1 the Laurent series coefficient of f at 0 is 0.
Write f(z) = n= an z n, where 0 < |z| <.r. Substitue z.for z and use the
fact that f is even (so f(z) = f(z)). Then n= an z =
n
n= (1) an z ,
n n
and by the uniqueness of the Laurent series, it follows that (1)n an = an , which
implies that an = 0 if |n| is odd; in particular, a1 = 0. !
EXAMPLE 5 Residue1
at 0 of an even function
Compute Res (e z2 cos 1z , 0).
292 Chapter 5 Residue Theory
1
Solution The function e z2 cos 1z is even and has an isolated (essential) singularity
1
at 0. By Proposition 2, Res (e z2 cos 1z , 0) = 0. !
Multiplication of series is often useful in computing residues at a singu-
larity, including essential singularities.
Exercises 5.1
In Exercises 112, find the residue of the given function at all its isolated singular-
ities.
1+z 1+z 1 + ez 2
1. 2. 2 3. +
z z + 2z + 2 z2 z
, -3
sin(z )
2
z 1 1 cos z
4. 2 2 5. 6.
z (z + 1) z + 3i z3
1 cot(z) z +1
7. 8. 9. csc(z)
z sin z z +1 z 1
, - , - , -
1 1 1
10. z sin 11. ez+ 1
z 12. cos sin
z z z
Figure 5 The path R for Ex-
In Exercises 1326, evaluate the given path integral. The path R in Exercises 15
ercises 15 and 20.
and 20 is shown in Figure 5.
Section 5.1 Cauchys Residue Theorem 293
! !
z 2 + 3z 1 1
13. dz. 14. dz
C1 (0) z(z 2 3) C 1 (1) z5 1
10
! ! 2
z +i eiz
15. dz 16. dz
R (z 1 i)3 (z i) C3 (0) z 2 + (3 3i)z 2 6i
! !
dz z2 + 1
17. 18. dz
C 3 (0) z(z 1)(z 2) (z 10) (z 1)2
2 C3 (0)
! !
dz
19. z tan z dz 20.
C4 (0) R 1 + ez
! 2 ! %1& 1
ez
21. 6
dz 22. cos 2 e z dz
C1 (0) z C1 (0) z
! % 1 & !
23. z 4 e z + z 2 dz 24. z 2 cot(z) dz
C1 (0) C31/2 (0)
!
sin z
25. dz
C1 (0) z6
!
1
26. dz
C1/2 (0) z 4 (ez 1)
27. (a) Prove that if f has a simple pole at z0 and g is analytic at z0, then
Res (f(z)g(z), z0 ) = g(z0 ) Res (f(z), z0 ).
(b) Use (a) to prove (8).
# $ # $ # $
28. Show that Res f(z) + g(z), z0 = Res f(z), z0 + Res g(z), z0 .
29. Residues of the cosecant. (a) Show that csc(z) has simple poles at the
integers.
(b) For an integer k show that
# $ (1)k
Res csc(z), k = .
(c) Suppose that f is analytic at an integer k. Show that
# $ (1)k
Res f(z) csc(z), k = f(k).