Geo - Report

ENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATES ENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATES
ALCON NIGERIA LIMITED

IDU FLOWSTATION PHASE II

REPORT ON CONFIRMATORY GEOTECHNICAL

INVESTIGATION
Enoch George Associates

Ltd
(Consulting Engineers)
61 Moorehouse Street
JULY 2011
PMB 6168
CONTENTS
S/No. Description Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION AND GEOLOGY 2
3.0 FIELD INVESTIGATION 3

3.1 Soil Borings 3
3.2 Cone Penetration Testing 3
4.0 GROUND WATER CONDITIONS 5
5.0 LABORATORY TESTING 6
6.0 GROUND CONDITIONS 7
7.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN 10

7.1 Estimation of Axial Pile Capacity API Method 10
7.1.1 Shaft Resistance 10
7.1.2 Base Resistance 11
7.2 Estimation of Axial Pile Capacity Pile Driving Formula 11
8.0 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13
TABLES
Table 1 SOIL CLASSIFICATION (Atterberg Limits, Moisture Contents, Specific Gravity)
Table 2 SOIL CLASSIFICATION (Particle Size Distribution - Sand)
Table 3 STRENGTH TEST (Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test - UU)
Table 4 STRENGTH TEST (Undrained Shear Strength CPTu Derived)
APPENDICES
Appendix A Borehole Logs
Appendix B Particle Size Distribution Curves
Appendix C Diagrams Showing Cone Resistance, Sleeve Friction and Friction Ratio Profiles
Appendix D CALCULATIONS
Appendix E Pile Driving Records
Appendix F PHOTOGRAPHS
1
Enoch George Associates Ltd
IDU FLOW STATION EXTENSION PHASE II

REPORT ON THE CONFIRMATORY GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Nigerian Agip Oil Company Limited (NAOC) in carrying out their Phase 2
completion project intends to install a LP Gas Compressor for gas flare-down. Fifty four pre-
cast concrete piles, square in dimensions have been installed at the site for the foundation of the
compressor and its ancillary structures prior to this investigation. Enoch George Associates
Limited were requested by Alcon Nigeria Limited to conduct a ground investigation at the
site to ascertain whether the working pile loads adopted for the project are safe enough in
comparison to the calculated safe pile loads.
Investigation procedures comprising the drilling of one geotechnical borehole with soil
sampling, laboratory testing of the retrieved samples and in-situ testing consisting of standard
penetration tests and cone penetration tests using the piezocone were adopted.
28/07/2011
61 Moorehouse Street, PH, Nigeria. Tel: 08033099571, 084794349 enochgeorge@yahoo.com
2
2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION AND GEOLOGY

The site designated for the project was once under water and was reclaimed with sand-fill
to provide a suitable ground for the project. The Idu Flow-Station lies within an area covered
by medium dense tropical vegetation.
The project site lies within the sub-recent Sombreiro Warri Terrace geological unit which
was probably formed during the Pleistocenic period. This geological zone falls between the
Coastal plain Sand Terrace and Meander Belt of the Niger. The superficial deposits in this area
are characterized by sandy clays, silty clays, sands and gravels.
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3
3.0 FIELD INVESTIGATION

The field work commenced on the 4th of July and was completed on the 8th of July 2011.
One geotechnical borehole was drilled with sampling to the depth of 20.0m and one cone
penetration test carried out also to the depth of 20.0m using the piezocone.
3.1 Soil Borings

The soil boring was carried out between the period July 5 and July 7, 2011. The boring was
carried out in accordance with procedure recommended in BS 5930 (1999).
A light cable percussion boring method using a Dando mobile rig with a winch of 20kN
capacity was used for the work. In the boring operation, disturbed samples were regularly
collected at depths of 0.75m intervals and also when change of soil type is noticed. Undisturbed
cohesive soils were taken from the boring with sampling tubes of 100mm diameter and 450mm
long. The open tube sampler consists of aluminium tube with screw threads at each end. A
cutting shoe is fitted to a non-return valve to permit the escape of air or water as the sample
enters the tube. The sampling tube is forced into the ground by gentle hammer driving. On
withdrawal of the sampler, the non-return valve assists in retaining the sample in the tube. All
the samples recovered from the boring were examined, identified and roughly classified in the
field before transporting them carefully to the laboratory.
Standard penetration tests were performed in the borehole to assess the relative densities of
cohesionless. The tests were performed in accordance with the procedure described in BS 1377,
Part 9, and 1990:3.3. The tests were performed every 1.5m advance through the cohesionless
soils. In this test a 50mm diameter spoon sampler is driven 450mm into the soil with a 63.5kg
hammer falling freely a distance of 760mm. The sampler is driven into the soil in two stages.
The initial 150mm obtained with two penetrations of 75mm is the seating drive and the last
300mm penetration obtained with four 75mm penetrations is the test drive. The number of
blows required to effect the last 300mm penetration below the seating drive provides an
indication of the relative density of the cohesionless soil layer tested.
The diagram showing the penetration N with depth is plotted on the borehole log shown in
Appendix A.
3.2 Cone Penetration Testing

One cone penetration test was conducted at the site using GeoMil type, 200kN capacity
penetrometer and a piezocone of 10cm2 cone area. The test was carried out in accordance with
the procedure described in the ISSMGE (1999) International Reference Procedure for the
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and the Cone Penetration Test with Pore Pressure (CPTU).
A GeoMil type, hydraulically powered static cone penetrometer of 200kN capacity and a
piezocone of cone area 10cm2 were used for the cone sounding. This made it possible to obtain
continuous profile of the cone resistance, sleeve friction and excess pore pressure over the
required depth below the ground at a rate of 2cm/sec until the target depth is reached. The
sounding rods are connected to the piezocone with the sensors measuring the cone resistance,
sleeve friction and pore pressure as the cone penetrates. A signal cable is connected to the
piezocone and passing through the sounding rods transmit measured data to the data acquisition
system; the GME 500 IP65. The system uses the software CPTest to record all measured
parameters detected by the sensors and displays graphically these during sounding in the
computer. The friction ratio is derived by calculation and is also displayed during sounding.
The measured data is processed, interpreted and presented using the software CPTask which
gives graphic plots of all the measured parameters as well as parameters derived by calculation.
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4
The profile showing the cone resistance, sleeve friction and friction ratio is presented in
Appendix C.
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5
4.0 GROUND WATER CONDITIONS

The ground water levels were measured in the borehole using the dip-meter. This was done
at the beginning of the boring operation and at the end daily. Measurements of the levels
revealed the following:-
(i) The ground water was encountered initially at the depth of 1.90m. This is
considered a perched ground water within the sand-fill.
(ii) Subsequent measurements showed the levels to fluctuate between 3.5 and
4.3m.
(iii) It is suggested that a depth of 3.0m be taken for the design ground water
level.
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6
5.0 LABORATORY TESTING

Classification and shear strength tests were conducted on the retrieved soil samples. The
tests were conducted in accordance with relevant British Standards as recommended in BS
1377 (1990).
Laboratory classification tests were carried out on representative samples to improve the
field identification and classification. The laboratory tests included natural moisture content,
Atterberg limits and particles size analysis. The results for the classification tests are presented
in Table 1 and 2 and Appendix B.
Unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression tests were carried out on the clay specimens
38 mm diameters and 76mm long using standard triaxial testing equipment.
The results of the tests are shown in Table 3.
28/07/2011
7
6.0 GROUND CONDITIONS

On the basis of the data obtained from the boring and the field and laboratory tests, the
stratal sequence of the soils encountered within the depth explored was obtained. The following
soil profile was obtained.
(i) 0.00 3.50m

A layer of fine to coarse sand, loose to medium dense, yellowish brown in colour used
in reclaiming the site.
(ii) 3.50 5.00m

This is a layer of soft silty clay, of low plasticity index, bluish grey in colour with red
and brown mottlings.
(iii) 5.00 6.70m

A band of fine to coarse sand, medium dense and yellowish brown in colour.
(iv) 6.70 8.30m

A layer of very soft silty dark grey clay, of high plasticity index, high natural moisture
content and low undrained shear strength.
(v) 8.30 11.25

This is another layer of clay of firm to stiff consistency, of low plasticity index, brown
to grey in colour and contains occasional seams of sand.
(vi) 11.25 16.00m

A layer of fine to coarse sand, medium dense to very dense, yellowish brown to grey in
colour, with fine gravel and occasional seams of clay.
(vii) 16.00 17.30m

A layer of medium to coarse sand and fine to coarse gravel, very dense and grayish
brown in colour.
(viii) 17.30 20.00m

A layer of medium to coarse sand, dense to very dense, reddish brown in colour and
contains fine gravel.
The index and engineering parameters measured and derived from the field and laboratory
tests are evaluated to produce ranges of soil parameters for the purpose of foundation design.
The ranges of the parameters are presented in Table A.
The following notations are used to denote the soil parameters.
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8
(i) Clay
w natural moisture content (%)
LL liquid limit (%)
PL plastic limit (%)
PI plasticity index (%)
bulk unit weight (kN/m3)
d dry unit weight (kN/m3)
Cu undrained shear strengh (Lab) (kPa)
Su undrained shear strength (CPT) (kPa)
qc cone resistance (MPa)
(ii) Sand
d10 effective particle size (mm)
d50 mean particle size (mm)
Cu coefficient of uniformity
Cc coefficient of curvature
N SPT penetration resistance (blows/0.3m)
angle of shear resistance (deg)
Dr relative density (%)
qc cone resistance (MPa)
28/07/2011
9
TABLE A
SUMMARY OF SOIL PARAMETERS FOR DESIGN PURPOSES
Soil Profile Soil Parameters
Location Layer Description of Soil

Layer
Thickness Min Max Ave
No.
(m)
d10 (mm) = 0.17 0.18 0.18
d50 (mm) = 0.28 0.28 0.28
cu=d60 = 2.2 2.3 2.3
d10
FILL, sand, fine to coarse, loose c =d2 = 1.0 1.2 1.1
c 30
1 0.80 9.70 to medium dense, yellowish d10.d60
brown. N(blows/0.3m) = 9 16 13
(deg) = 29 32 31.5
Dr (%) = 37 46 43
qc (MPa) = 4 12 8
w (%) = 29 60 39
LL (%) = 30 80 47
PL (%) = 15 38 22
CLAY, silty, soft to very soft to PI (%) = 15 42 25
Idu stiff, vluish grey to dark grey to
2 9.70 16.00 brown, with a band of sand (kN/m3) = 16.5 20.2 18.1
Flowstation d (kN/m3) = 10.1 15.3 13.1
between 5.00 and 6.70m 18 35 25
Cu (kPa) =
Su (kPa) = 25 60 40
qc (MPa) = 0.72 1.40 0.93
d10 (mm) = 0.10 0.23 0.17
d50 (mm) = 0.35 0.50 0.42
SAND, fine to coarse, medium cu=d60 = 2.5 5.0 3.7
dense to very dense, yellowish d10
brown to reddish brown, with a cc=d230 = 0.8 1.7 1.2
3 16.00 30.00 band of grey fine to coarse d10.d60
gravel between 16.20m and N(blows/0.3m) = 34 69 52
17.30 and clay seams at 14.3m (deg) = 37 43.5 41
and 15.9m. Dr (%) = 64 >80 >80
qc (MPa) = 13.6 28.3 20.8
28/07/2011
10
7.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN

The main objective of the investigation is to carry out pile foundation design using the
geotechnical data from the investigation and the characteristics of the piles installed as to
ascertain the competence of the piles. Pre-cast concrete piles of 360mm square cross-section
were adopted for the project. Two methods were used for the estimation of the ultimate
capacities of the piles American Petroleum Institute (API) method and the Delmag pile
driving formula method. The API method uses the data from the standard penetration tests
(SPT) and the Delmag formula from the pile driving records.
7.1 Estimation of Axial Pile Capacity API Method

7.1.1 Shaft Resistance
The equations shown below are used for the determination of the unit shaft resistance of the
pile.
f s = vs k s. tan (Sand)
f s = cu (Clay)
where vs = average effective overburden pressure over the soil layer
ks = coefficient of lateral earth pressure against shaft wall
= effective interaction angle between pile wall and the soil
= pile wall adhesion factor
cu = average undrained shear strength of clay over the pile

penetration depth considered
The soil parameters used for the calculations are shown below. The calculations were
carried out at intervals of 0.5m along the depth of the pile and accumulated to obtain ultimate
shaft resistance at the required depth of pile.
Description
of Soil
vs (kPa) (deg) Ks (deg) Cu (kPa)
From
correlation
From
between
Sand laboratory 0.7 0.7 From tests ____
SPT, N
tests
values and

0.5
= 0.5( )
From From
for 1.0
Clay laboratory - - laboratory
tests tests = 0. 5 ( )
0.25
for > 1.0

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11
7.1.2 Base Resistance

The equations shown below were used in computing the unit base resistance of the pile.
f b = vb .N q (Sand)
f b = Cu .N c (Clay)
where fb = unit base resistance
vb = effective overburden pressure at pile base

cu = undrained shear strength of the clay at the pile base
Nq, Nc = bearing capacity factors
The following soil parameters were used for the calculations.
Description vb Nq cu (kPa) Nc
of Soil (kPa)
From API
From lab.
Sand recommended - -
tests
values
From lab.
Clay - - 9
tests
The results and details of the calculations are presented in Table B and Appendix D.
The safe pile working load was obtained by applying a safety factor of 3 to the calculated
ultimate axial pile capacity.
7.2 Estimation of Axial Pile Capacity Pile Driving Formula

The ultimate bearing resistance of the pile is given by the expression shown below which is
usually known as the Delmag formula.
E h .Wh
Ru =
(cl + s )(Wh + W p )
where Ru = ultimate pile resistance (tonne)
Eh = energy of diesel hammer per blow (m.kg)
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12
Wh = weight of hammer (kg)
c = 0.3 ie factor for elastic deformation of the pile (mm/m)
L = length of pile (m)
S = average plastic deformation of the pile per blow (mm)
S = 1000
B
Where B = number of blows for the last 1.0m of the penetration of the pile.
The least average value and highest average value of the blows for the last 1.0m of the pile
penetration obtained for each pile length were used in the estimation of the ultimate pile
resistance. The allowable pile load is determined by applying a safety factor of 3 to the ultimate
pile resistance.
The lengths of the fifty four piles installed at the site ranged from 11.0m to 17.75m. Some
of the pile driving records showing the blows counts per 0.25m penetration are presented in
Appendix E.
The results of the computation are shown in Table B.
TABLE B
SUMMARY OF THE PREDICTED PILE WORKING LOADS
Depth of Pile Driving Formula

Penetration API Method Minimum Maximum
of Pile (m) (kN) Value (kN) Value (kN)
11.00 338 393 767
11.25 349 263 793
11.50 360 238 873
11.75 371 320 432
12.00 382 327 -
15.25 340 351 449
15.50 307 332 -
15.75 328 473 -
16.00 351 503 -
16.50 603 506 526
17.00 555 261 440
17.25 643 374 581
17.50 580 396 516
17.75 670 274 577
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13
8.0 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The investigation was conducted with the objective to confirm the competence and safety
of the pre-cast reinforced concrete piles driven to various depths to support the LP Gas
Compressor. Two methods were employed for the analysis; a static method and a dynamic
method. The pile lengths were found to fall into three groups 11.00 to 12.0m, 15.25 to
16.50m and 17.00 to 17.75m.
Estimated Pile Design

Group Pile Lengths Working Maximum Pile
No. (m) Loads (kN) Working Load
Min Max (kN)
1 11.00 12.00 238 873
2 15.25 16.50 307 603 182.3
3 17.00 17.75 261 670
The pile working loads from the analysis showed that the adopted maximum pile working
load for the project is well below the lower bound values obtained for the pile lengths. The
piles are competent and can support the intended foundation loads safely.
28/07/2011
TABLES
TABLE 1
SOIL CLASSIFICATION (Atterberg limits, Moisture Contents, Specific Gravity)
ASTM D854 00, BS 1377, Part 2, 1990
Unified Soil
Natural
Sample Classification
Borehole Moisture Liquid Plastic Plasticity
Depth Description of Soil System
No Content Limit Limit Index
(m) Group Symbol
(%) (%) (%) (%)
(USCS)
4.50 Soft silty clay 30 37 17 20 CL
7.50 Very soft silty clay 60 80 38 42 CH

BH 1
9.00 Soft silty clay 29 30 15 15 CL
10.50 Soft to firm silty clay 37 42 19 23 CL

TABLE 2
SOIL CLASSIFICATION (Particle Size Distribution Sand)
BS 1377, Part 2, 1990; 9.2, ASTM D422 98
Sample d 60 d 302 USCS

BH d10 d30 d50 d60 Cu = Cc = SPT, N
Depth Description Group
No. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) d10 d10 .d 60 (blows/0.3m)
(m) Symbol
1.50 Fine to coarse SAND with fine gravel - 0.21 0.43 0.60 - - SP 9
3.00 Fine to coarse SAND 0.15 0.23 0.35 0.45 3.0 0.8 SP 16
6.00 Clayey fine to coarse SAND 0.18 0.27 0.43 0.48 2.7 0.8 SP SC 26
12.00 Clayey fine to coarse SAND 0.16 0.23 0.55 0.70 4.4 0.5 SP SC 34
BH-1
15.00 Fine to coarse SAND with fine gravel 0.17 0.23 0.30 0.35 2.1 0.9 SP 53
Medium to coarse SAND and fine to
16.50 0.18 0.22 0.29 0.30 1.7 0.9 SP 29
coarse GRAVEL
18.00 Medium to coarse SAND with fine gravel 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.47 2.2 1.0 SP 50
20.45 Fine to coarse SAND with fine gravel 0.19 0.28 0.35 0.43 2.3 1.0 SP 55
TABLE 3
STRENGTH TEST (Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression - UU)
BS 1377: Part 7, 1990: 8
Natural Bulk Dry Maximum Undrained

Sample Confining Axial
Borehole Moisture Unit Unit Deviator Shear
Depth Description of Soil Pressure Strain
No Content Weight Weight Stress Strength
(m) (kPa) (%)
(%) (kN/m3) (kN/m3) (kPa) (kPa)
4.50 Soft clay 32 20.2 15.3 90 70 14.2 35
7.50 Very soft clay 63 16.5 10.1 95 36 14.8 18

BH 1
9.00 Soft clay 33 17.3 13.0 160 46 16.3 23
10.50 Firm clay 29 18.2 14.1 190 130 10.5 65

TABLE 4
STRENGTH TEST (Undrained Shear Strength CPTU Derived)
Undrained Shear
Penetration Inferred Soil Strength (kPa)
Location
Depth (m) Description
Min Max
4.50 Soft to firm clay 38 64
5.00 Soft to firm clay 38 64
7.00 Very soft clay 17 29
7.50 Very soft clay 18 31

BH 1
8.00 Soft clay 24 40
9.50 Firm to stiff clay 70 116

APPENDICES
Appendix A
Borehole log
ENOCH GEORGE ASSOCIATES LTD
PROJECT..........Idu Flowstation Extension. DATE.........Started 05-07-11, Completed 07-07-11.
DEPTH OF BOREHOLE (m)..........20.0 COORDINATES - EASTING NORTHING ELEV (m)

- - -
DRILLING METHOD..........Percussion
GROUND WATER LEVEL (m).........Initial 1.90m, final 4.32m.
LOCATION...........Idu Flowstation
SAMPLES RETRIEVED....... Disturbed Sample
PROJECT ENGINEER.......T. George
Undisturbed Sample
SITE ENGINEER.........M. Oju Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
BOREHOLE No.1
SOIL PROFILE TEST RESULTS
MOISTURE CONTENT (%)
SAMPLE
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH(kPa)
STRATA
STANDARD
Moisture content PENETRATION
PLOT
DEPTH Plastic limit UU TEST
(m) DESCRIPTION OF SOIL Liquid limit CPTU (blows/0.3m)
0.00 0 20 40 60 800 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
FILL, sand, fine to coarse,

9
loose to medium dense,
yellowish brown, with
occasional stones.
16
3.50 WL
CLAY, silty, firm, bluish grey,
with red and brown mottlings.
5.00
SAND, fine to coarse,
medium dense, yellowish 26
6.70 brown.
CLAY, silty, soft, dark grey. 80
8.30
CLAY, silty, firm to stiff, brown

to grey, with occasional seams
of sand. 93
11.25
34
SAND, fine to coarse,

medium dense to very dense, 49
yellowish brown, grey, with
fine gravel and clay seams.
53
16.00
SAND, medium to coarse and 69
GRAVEL, fine to coarse, very
17.30 dense, greyish brown.
50
SAND, medium to coarse,
dense to very dense, reddish
brown, with fine gravel.
55
20.00 END OF BOREHOLE
Appendix B
Particle Size Distribution Curves
PROJECT: Idu Flow Station Phase 2 BOREHOLE No.: 1
ENOCH GEORGE ASSOCIATES
LOCATION: Idu SAMPLE No.: 3 DEPTH (m) 1.50 - 1.95
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

BRITISH STANDARD SIEVE SIZES
micron mm
37.5
3.35
1.18
600
425
300
150
212
6.3
75
63
20
50
14
63
75
10
28
2
5
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
PARTICLE SIZE (mm)
FINE MEDIUM COARSE FINE MEDIUM COARSE FINE MEDIUM COARSE
CLAY COBBLES
SILT SAND GRAVEL
DESCRIPTION OF SOIL: Yellowish brown (fmc) SAND with (f) gravel.


micron mm
37.5
3.35
1.18
600
425
300
150
212
6.3
75
63
20
50
14
63
75
10
28
2
5
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
PARTICLE SIZE (mm)
CLAY COBBLES
SILT SAND GRAVEL
DESCRIPTION OF SOIL: Yellowish brown (fmc) SAND.


micron mm
37.5
3.35
1.18
600
425
300
150
212
6.3
75
63
20
50
14
63
75
10
28
2
5
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
PARTICLE SIZE (mm)
CLAY COBBLES
SILT SAND GRAVEL
DESCRIPTION OF SOIL: Yellowish brown, clayey (fmc) SAND.


micron mm
37.5
3.35
1.18
600
425
300
150
212
6.3
75
63
20
50
14
63
75
10
28
2
5
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
PARTICLE SIZE (mm)
CLAY COBBLES
SILT SAND GRAVEL
DESCRIPTION OF SOIL: Grey clayey (fmc) SAND.


micron mm
37.5
3.35
1.18
600
425
300
150
212
6.3
75
63
20
50
14
63
75
10
28
2
5
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
PARTICLE SIZE (mm)
CLAY COBBLES
SILT SAND GRAVEL
DESCRIPTION OF SOIL: Yellowish brown (fmc) SAND with (f) gravel.


micron mm
37.5
3.35
1.18
600
425
300
150
212
6.3
75
63
20
50
14
63
75
10
28
2
5
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
PARTICLE SIZE (mm)
CLAY COBBLES
SILT SAND GRAVEL
DESCRIPTION OF SOIL: Grey (mc) SAND and (fmc) GRAVEL.


micron mm
37.5
3.35
1.18
600
425
300
150
212
6.3
75
63
20
50
14
63
75
10
28
2
5
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
PARTICLE SIZE (mm)
CLAY COBBLES
SILT SAND GRAVEL
DESCRIPTION OF SOIL: Reddish brown (mc) SAND with (f) gravel.

LOCATION: Idu SAMPLE No.: 28 DEPTH (m) 20.45

micron mm
37.5
3.35
1.18
600
425
300
150
212
6.3
75
63
20
50
14
63
75
10
28
2
5
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
PERCENTAGE PASSING
60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
PARTICLE SIZE (mm)
CLAY COBBLES
SILT SAND GRAVEL
DESCRIPTION OF SOIL: Reddish brown (fmc) SAND with (f) gravel.

Appendix C
Diagrams Showing Cone Resistance,
Sleeve Friction and Friction Ratio
Profiles
Cone resistance (qc) in MPa Friction ratio (Rf) in %
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 10 8 6 4 2
0
G.L. : 0.00 m NAP
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
Depth in m below ground level (G.L.)
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
f s = 0.13 qc = 24.78 Final depth = 21
-22
-23
u2
-24
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
150 cm
10 cm Sleeve friction (fs) in MPa
Test according NEN 5140 class 1 Date : 6-7-2011
Cone no. : C10CFIIP.C10271
CPTask V1.28
Project : IDU FLOW STATION PHASE 2

Project no. : 30
Location: Idu CPT no. : 1 1/1
Appendix D
CALCULATIONS
Enoch George Associates
Project: Idu Phase II Project
Pile characteristics
Straight shafted, square, precast concrete pile
Pile dimensions : 360 x 360mm
Shaft perime 1.440
Base Area 0.1296
AXIAL PILE DESIGN - (CPT)
Depth (m) 0 cu Ks = 0.7* tan Nq fb fb(max) fs fs(max) Ab(m2) As(m2) Qb Qs Qult(KN) Qsafe(KN)
0.00 0.00 0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.00 0 0.00 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.50 5.00 0 0.000 0.000 28.0 0.700 20 0.356 8 40.00 1900 1.25 47.8 0.1296 0.720 5 1 6 2
1.00 10.00 0 0.000 0.000 28.0 0.700 20 0.356 8 80.00 1900 2.49 47.8 0.1296 0.720 10 3 13 4
1.50 15.00 0 0.000 0.000 28.0 0.700 20 0.356 8 120.00 1900 3.74 47.8 0.1296 0.720 16 5 21 7
2.00 20.00 0 0.000 0.000 35.2 0.700 25 0.459 20 400.00 4800 6.42 81.3 0.1296 0.720 52 10 62 21
2.50 25.00 0 0.000 0.000 32.0 0.700 22 0.412 16 400.00 3850 7.21 74.2 0.1296 0.720 52 15 67 22
3.00 30.00 74 2.467 0.399 0.0 0.700 0 0.000 0 666.00 0 29.52 0.0 0.1296 0.720 86 36 123 41
3.50 35.00 0 0.000 0.000 28.0 0.700 20 0.356 8 280.00 1900 8.72 47.8 0.1296 0.720 36 43 79 26
4.00 40.00 0 0.000 0.000 28.0 0.700 20 0.356 8 320.00 1900 9.97 47.8 0.1296 0.720 41 50 91 30
4.50 45.00 0 0.000 0.000 28.0 0.700 20 0.356 8 360.00 1900 11.22 47.8 0.1296 0.720 47 58 105 35
5.00 50.00 38 0.760 0.574 0.0 0.700 0 0.000 0 342.00 0 21.79 0.0 0.1296 0.720 44 74 118 39
5.50 55.00 0 0.000 0.000 36.2 0.700 25 0.474 25 1375.00 6000 18.23 84.9 0.1296 0.720 178 87 265 88
6.00 60.00 0 0.000 0.000 33.0 0.700 23 0.427 16 960.00 3850 17.91 74.2 0.1296 0.720 124 100 224 75
6.50 65.00 0 0.000 0.000 32.0 0.700 22 0.412 14 910.00 3375 18.75 70.6 0.1296 0.720 118 113 231 77
7.00 70.00 17 0.243 1.015 0.0 0.700 0 0.000 0 153.00 0 17.25 0.0 0.1296 0.720 20 126 145 48
7.50 75.00 18 0.240 1.021 0.0 0.700 0 0.000 0 162.00 0 18.37 0.0 0.1296 0.720 21 139 160 53
8.00 80.00 24 0.300 0.913 0.0 0.700 0 0.000 0 216.00 0 21.91 0.0 0.1296 0.720 28 155 183 61
8.50 85.00 21 0.247 1.006 0.0 0.700 0 0.000 0 189.00 0 21.12 0.0 0.1296 0.720 24 170 194 65
9.00 90.00 29 0.322 0.881 0.0 0.700 0 0.000 0 261.00 0 25.54 0.0 0.1296 0.720 34 188 222 74
9.50 95.00 70 0.737 0.582 0.0 0.700 0 0.000 0 630.00 0 40.77 0.0 0.1296 0.720 82 218 299 100
10.00 100.00 0 0.000 0.000 38.4 0.700 27 0.507 30 3000.00 7200 35.48 88.5 0.1296 0.720 389 243 632 211
10.50 105.00 0 0.000 0.000 39.0 0.700 27 0.516 35 3675.00 8400 37.94 92.1 0.1296 0.720 476 270 747 249
11.00 110.00 0 0.000 0.000 42.2 0.700 30 0.567 50 5500.00 12000 43.64 114.3 0.1296 0.720 713 302 1015 338
11.25 112.50 0 0.000 0.000 42.4 0.700 30 0.570 50 5625.00 12000 44.88 114.3 0.1296 0.360 729 318 1047 349
11.50 115.00 0 0.000 0.000 42.4 0.700 30 0.570 50 5750.00 12000 45.88 114.3 0.1296 0.360 745 335 1080 360
11.75 117.50 0 0.000 0.000 42.6 0.700 30 0.573 50 5875.00 12000 47.14 114.3 0.1296 0.360 761 352 1113 371
12.00 120.00 0 0.000 0.000 43.6 0.700 31 0.590 50 6000.00 12000 49.52 114.3 0.1296 0.360 778 369 1147 382
12.50 125.00 0 0.000 0.000 41.4 0.700 29 0.554 50 6250.00 12000 48.46 114.3 0.1296 0.720 810 404 1214 405
13.00 130.00 0 0.000 0.000 42.2 0.700 30 0.567 50 6500.00 12000 51.57 114.3 0.1296 0.720 842 441 1284 428
13.50 135.00 0 0.000 0.000 43.6 0.700 31 0.590 50 6750.00 12000 55.71 114.3 0.1296 0.720 875 481 1356 452
14.00 140.00 0 0.000 0.000 41.0 0.700 29 0.547 50 7000.00 12000 53.65 114.3 0.1296 0.720 907 520 1427 476
14.50 145.00 0 0.000 0.000 42.4 0.700 30 0.570 50 7250.00 12000 57.85 114.3 0.1296 0.720 940 562 1501 500
15.00 150.00 0 0.000 0.000 43.2 0.700 30 0.583 50 7500.00 12000 61.21 114.3 0.1296 0.720 972 606 1578 526
15.25 152.50 0 0.000 0.000 36.0 0.700 25 0.471 20 3050.00 4800 50.23 81.3 0.1296 0.360 395 624 1019 340
15.50 155.00 0 0.000 0.000 31.0 0.700 22 0.398 14 2170.00 3375 43.18 70.6 0.1296 0.360 281 639 921 307
15.75 157.50 0 0.000 0.000 32.2 0.700 23 0.415 16 2520.00 3850 45.76 74.2 0.1296 0.360 327 656 983 328
16.00 162.50 0 0.000 0.000 33.6 0.700 24 0.435 18 2925.00 4325 49.51 77.7 0.1296 0.360 379 674 1053 351
16.50 167.50 0 0.000 0.000 44.0 0.700 31 0.596 50 8375.00 12000 69.90 114.3 0.1296 0.720 1085 724 1809 603
17.00 172.50 0 0.000 0.000 40.0 0.700 28 0.532 40 6900.00 9600 64.20 95.7 0.1296 0.720 894 770 1665 555
17.25 175.00 0 0.000 0.000 41.8 0.700 29 0.560 50 8750.00 12000 68.63 114.3 0.1296 0.360 1134 795 1929 643
17.50 177.50 0 0.000 0.000 40.0 0.700 28 0.532 40 7100.00 9600 66.06 95.7 0.1296 0.360 920 819 1739 580
17.75 180.00 0 0.000 0.000 39.0 0.700 27 0.516 50 9000.00 12000 65.03 114.3 0.1296 0.360 1166 842 2009 670
ESTIMATION OF AXIAL PILE CAPACITY USING DELMAG FORMULA
1.0 Fifty four service piles for the foundation of the LG Gas Compressor for the gas
flare-down were installed using Delmag D19 32 diesel hammer. The
characteristics of this hammer are not available and it is envisaged that the
characteristics of Delmag 22 will be similar to that of Delmag D19 -32.
2.0 Delmag 22
Maximum energy output per blow = 6700kg
Total weight of hammer = 2200kg
3.0 Pile Characteristics

Material = pre-cast reinforced concrete
Dimensions = 360mm x 360mm
Weight pf pile = 311.04 kg/m
4.0 Delmag Piling Formula
E h .Wh
(cl + s )(Wh + W p )
Ru =
(i.) Pile Length = 11.00m; Lower bound value, S=18.9mm
Eh =6700(m.kg)
Wh = 2200(kg)
Wp = 3421.44(kg)
C = 0.3
L = 11.0m
S = 18.9mm
6700 x 2200
Ru =
(0.3x11 + 18.9)(2200 + 3421.44)
14740000
=
124795 .968
= 118tons
= 1180kN
1180
Pile working load = kN
3
= 393 kN
(ii) Pile Length = 11.00m; Upper bound value, S = 8.1mm
6700 x 2200
Ru =
(0.3x11 + 8.1)(2200 + 3421.44)
14740000
=
64084.416
= 230tons
= 2300kN
2300
Pile working load = kN
3
= 767kN
The above procedure was adopted for all other pile lengths.
Appendix E
Pile Driving Records
Appendix F
PHOTOGRAPHS

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ENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATES ENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATESENOCHGEORGEASSOCIATES

ALCON NIGERIA LIMITED

IDU FLOWSTATION PHASE II

REPORT ON CONFIRMATORY GEOTECHNICAL

Enoch George Associates

2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION AND GEOLOGY 2

3.0 FIELD INVESTIGATION 3

4.0 GROUND WATER CONDITIONS 5

5.0 LABORATORY TESTING 6

6.0 GROUND CONDITIONS 7

7.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN 10

8.0 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13

IDU FLOW STATION EXTENSION PHASE II

2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION AND GEOLOGY

3.0 FIELD INVESTIGATION

3.1 Soil Borings

3.2 Cone Penetration Testing

4.0 GROUND WATER CONDITIONS

5.0 LABORATORY TESTING

6.0 GROUND CONDITIONS

(i) 0.00 3.50m

(ii) 3.50 5.00m

(iii) 5.00 6.70m

(iv) 6.70 8.30m

(v) 8.30 11.25

(vi) 11.25 16.00m

(vii) 16.00 17.30m

(viii) 17.30 20.00m

The following notations are used to denote the soil parameters.

Soil Profile Soil Parameters

Location Layer Description of Soil

7.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN

7.1 Estimation of Axial Pile Capacity API Method

where vs = average effective overburden pressure over the soil layer

ks = coefficient of lateral earth pressure against shaft wall

= effective interaction angle between pile wall and the soil

= pile wall adhesion factor

cu = average undrained shear strength of clay over the pile

for > 1.0

7.1.2 Base Resistance

where fb = unit base resistance

vb = effective overburden pressure at pile base

Nq, Nc = bearing capacity factors

The following soil parameters were used for the calculations.

7.2 Estimation of Axial Pile Capacity Pile Driving Formula

Eh = energy of diesel hammer per blow (m.kg)

Wh = weight of hammer (kg)

c = 0.3 ie factor for elastic deformation of the pile (mm/m)

L = length of pile (m)

S = average plastic deformation of the pile per blow (mm)

Depth of Pile Driving Formula

8.0 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Estimated Pile Design

4.50 Soft silty clay 30 37 17 20 CL

7.50 Very soft silty clay 60 80 38 42 CH

10.50 Soft to firm silty clay 37 42 19 23 CL

Sample d 60 d 302 USCS

Natural Bulk Dry Maximum Undrained

4.50 Soft clay 32 20.2 15.3 90 70 14.2 35

7.50 Very soft clay 63 16.5 10.1 95 36 14.8 18

10.50 Firm clay 29 18.2 14.1 190 130 10.5 65

5.00 Soft to firm clay 38 64

7.00 Very soft clay 17 29

7.50 Very soft clay 18 31