Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
APD2505
Session Objectives
At the end of the module, the delegate would have understood
Dashboard items
Steering wheel
Tilt Wheel
Speedometer
Tachometer
Odometer
Fuel gauge
Center console
Door panel
Interior trim
Kiran V .R. MSRSAS
Introduction
Originally, a dashboard was the upturned screen of wood or leather
placed on the front of a horse-drawn carriage, sleigh or other vehicle
that protected the driver from mud, debris, water and snow thrown up
by the horse's hooves.
A dashboard is a control panel located under the windshield of an
automobile. It contains instrumentation and controls pertaining to
operation of the vehicle.
Earlier dashboard used to have one steering wheel and ignition switch.
Slowly as the demand grew for new need, a new gauge was added to
the panel.
Cars have enough room for items such as entertainment equipment and
GPS system
Now-a-days, manufacturers are experimenting with moving all display
portions to the center console. Various arguments are put forward for
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this, including cost savings when constructing both left- and right-
hand-drive versions.
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 3
A.C.Meti
PEPM
The comfort controls are positioned on the central panel, above which is a screen
APD2505
showing the clock, together with information on the car radio. The top part of the
dashboard is coloured to match the colour scheme used elsewhere in the passenger
compartment .
The instrument cluster helps to customise the dashboard since the background colour
of the four dials match the rest of the vehicle. The digital screen, which features an
odometer, shows the maintenance indicators and, for diesel engines, the level of engine
oil.
Padded "safety" dashboards were introduced in 1956 by Ford, but it was widely
adopted in 1970s.
The padding is commonly polyurethane
foam, while the surface is commonly
either polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or leather
in the case of luxury models.
The audio system controls (such as radio, cassette & CD player) may also be on the
dashboard, although volume and tuning, for example, may be controlled from a stalk
beside the steering wheel.
Graphic equalizers and controls for increased bass are also displayed on the
dashboard.
The top and both sides of the dashboard may contain speakers for an audio system,
and vents for the heating and air conditioning system. A glovebox is often found on the
passenger side, and sometimes on both sides.
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Steering wheels for passenger automobiles are generally circular, and are mounted to
the steering column by a hub connected to the outer ring of the steering wheel by one or
more spokes (single spoke wheels being a rather rare exception). Other types of
vehicles may use the circular design, a butterfly shape, or some other shape. In
countries where cars must drive on the left side of the road, the steering wheel is
typically on the right side of the car (right-hand drive or RHD); the converse applies in
countries where cars drive on the right side of the road (left-hand drive or LHD).
Besides its use in steering, the steering wheel is the usual location for a button to
activate the car's horn. Additionally, many modern automobiles may have other
controls, such as cruise control and audio system controls built into the steering wheel
to minimize the extent to which the driver must take his hands off the wheel
An airbag, used to protect the driver in event of a frontal collision, is mounted inside a
cover in the center of the steering wheel
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The first button added to the steering wheel was a switch to activate the car's electric
horn. Traditionally located on the steering wheel hub or center pad, the horn switch was
sometimes placed on the spokes also.
When speed control systems were introduced in the 1960s, some automakers located
the operating switches for this feature on the steering wheel. In the 1990s, a
proliferation of new buttons began to appear on automobile steering wheels. Remote or
alternate adjustments for the audio system, the telephone and voice control, acoustic
repetition of the last navigation instruction, infotainment system, and on board
computer functions can be operated comfortably and safely using buttons on the
steering wheel. This ensures a high standard of additional safety since the driver is able
in this way to control and operate many systems without even taking hands off the
wheel or eyes off the road
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The sending unit usually uses a float connected to a variable resistor. When the tank is
full, the resistor is set to its low resistance value. As the tank empties, the float drops
and the slides a moving contact along the resistor, increases its resistance, finally
reaches its highest value when the tank is empty. In addition, when the resistance is at a
certain point, it will also turn on a "low fuel" light on some vehicles.
The indicator unit (usually mounted on the instrument panel) is measuring and
displaying the amount of electrical current flowing through the sending unit. When the
tank level is high and maximum current is flowing, the needle points to "F" indicating a
full tank. When the tank is empty and the least current is flowing, the needle points to
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Temperature Gauge
This gauge measures the temperature of the engine coolant
in degrees. When one first starts the car, the gauge will
read cold. Then turns the heater on when the engine is
cold, it will blow cold air. When the gauge starts moving
away from cold, one can then turn the heater on and get
warm air.
There are two types of gauges used to monitor charging systems: a voltmeter which
measures system voltage and an ammeter which measures amperage going out of, or
coming into the battery.
When the engine is running, the charging system takes over so that the voltmeter will
read 14 to 14.5 volts and should stay there unless there is a heavy load on the electrical
system such as wipers, lights, heater and rear defogger all operating together .
If the voltage is constantly below 14 volts, one will have to check the system. If the
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voltage ever goes above 15 volts, there is a problem with the voltage regulator.
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
PEPM
APD2505
Expert studies have shown black figures on a white dial preferable to the reverse
because dark backgrounds tend to impair vision.
Otherwise very bold markings are needed and where colours are used, strong contrast
is necessary.
Experts advise of the safety aspects of providing too much information on the main
displays. As the single-channel mechanism of the brain has a strictly limited capacity
for data transmission.
It takes about 1.25 sec to read a value and 0.75 to make a check depending on the
number of excursions the eyes must take.
The location of instruments which have to be read, must be in the centre of vision and
limited peripheral vision of warning signals to within 60 degrees on each side of the
visual centre line.
The arrangement of the instruments should be in a logical order of sequence and if all
are of the analogue, pointer, type having their pointers parallel and upright for the
most usual operating condition.
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Information
C. Information appreciated only (W) warning, (G) gauge (quantitative), (D) digital, (C) check instrument
by the sophisticated driver
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
PEPM
APD2505
Center console
The center console in a car refers to the control-bearing surfaces in the center of the
front of the vehicle interior.
This is the area beginning in the dashboard and continuing beneath it, and often
merging with the transmission tunnel which runs between the front driver's and
passenger's seats of many vehicles
ConsoleVault
Made of rigid 12 gauge cold-rolled plate steel,
the ConsoleVault features rear locking pins
similar to those found in bank vaults and an
exclusive three-point locking system that cannot
be defeated, even if the lock is drilled.
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Trunk interiors do not suffer the same degree of wear, and lighter weight carpets are
generally used, sometimes bonded to a sound-deadening material. Dash mats can be
exposed to a high degree of sunlight and heat and a UV stabilized marine carpet is more
suited for this purpose.
Carpets for luxury cars tend to have some natural fiber to add bulk. The English
"Wilton," for example, manufactured for Jaguar, Rolls Royce and Range Rover, is a
blend of cotton and wool and acrylic fibers. The Mercedes, Porsche and BMW carpets
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Sun Visors
Sun visors play a critical safety role and also
complement the rest of the interior. With many
interiors becoming increasingly upscale, its
common for sun visors to incorporate illuminated
make-up mirrors, slide-out extensions and separate
right-angle visors.
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Interior trim
Polymer-based products (e.g. polypropylene) is an emerging material against pressed
woodfibre board as a trim base.
Polymer-based products are comparatively cheaper because of manufacturing process
It is good for the moulding on of fabrics and trim cloth to produce integrated trim
panel. Foam can be used as interlayers beneath the trim cloth.
Trim cloth is covered in a single closing of the mould, with vinyl, textile fabric or
carpet etc.
Surfaces can be embossed to create leather or other grain effect
Thermoforming plastics (ABS) are another alternative to cloth covered boards
Polyurethanes in various forms are also used as trim-base materials with their ability
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Pads may be produced with a variety of cover materials, such as vacuum-formed ABS
or PVC; blow-moulded, blow-formed PVC
Flooring systems can also be produced in PUR by spray-forming a PVC skin into an
electroform. The skin after curing, being filled with semi-rigid foam backed in the
foaming operation by an 0.08 mm thick sheet of PVC
Door inner panels by contrast are usually made in the material either by vacuum or
blow forming the covers in ABS
Self-skinning foams is applied in steering wheel trim and both acrylic and PUR
coating can be applied
In door panels, there is a trend away from ABS towards polypropylene due to lower
cost and better acoustic performance
Polyurethane headliners have been developed, which can be in one piece for a car roof
Glass-reinforced felt has also been developed for headliners, and has strength
characteristics which suit applications involving the suspending of sunroof frames, light
fittings or speaker grilles
Heavy covering layers of carpeting and similar materials are mounted on flexible
foams of known stiffness so that the spring/mass can be exploited in noise isolation
Flexible foam backed acoustic mats for car are use for this purposes
Polypropylene is used to manufacture instrument panel and door
Despite warnings of problems with fogging and halogen emission in manufacture,
PVC coverings have been developed which are now more environmentally acceptable
PP fabrics are now a days used for upholstering of seats. It is said to be strong,
durable, light and good heat tolerance
Kiran V .R. MSRSAS
Summary APD2505
In this session following aspects of dashboard & door panel design were explained
Dashboard items
Steering wheel
Tilt Wheel
Speedometer
Tachometer
Odometer
Fuel gauge
Center console
Door panel
Interior trim materials
Kiran V .R. MSRSAS