CIV-E1030 Fundamentals of Structural Design Examination 3 2.3.

2017
1. Answer following items shortly and use drawings if needed.
a) Explain why replaced steel connection is not OK (Fig.)
Replacement doubles the load (F=>2F) at joint (washer and nut C)
What are accidental loads in Eurocode?
- Impact actions due to collisions of vehicles, airoplanes...
- Explotions due to gas leaks, dust explosions...
- Natural catastrophes as hurricane, earthquake, tsunami
- Fire
c) Describe three common types of pedestrian bridges.
Steel truss, wooden beam, steel beam bridges.. for example.
d) Describe failure modes of simple span concrete beam.
Failures due to brittle concrete compression, normal ductile tension of steel, shear, anchorage of bars.
e) Explain Service classes in design of wooden structures.
class 1: indoor, class 2: outdoor dry, class 3: external exposed outdoor conditions. Describes moisture condition and
effects to selection of k mod value in design.
Ncr
f) Euler buckling load - what does it actually mean? 2 EI
The smallest centric compressive load on straight column head ( Ncr = )
Lcr
causing elastic plane buckling of the column usually to weakest direction.
Depends of stiffness (EI) and buckling length (Lcr).

Ncr

2. Cross-section of an exhibition hall, situated in Jyvskyl, is shown in the figure. Roof trusses with
center-to-center distance of 1,2 m support the roof with an angle of 30o . Roof truss and floor slabs are simply
supported on the walls. Determinate the maximum design load [kN/m] on the highest stressed foundation slab
at ultimate limit state.
Self weights: Roof: 1 kN/m2 (inclined roof), roof truss: 6 kN, walls:2 kN/m2 , floor:1,5 kN/m2 .
Imposed crowd load on the floor: qk = 4,0 kN/m2 .
Factors to calculate snow load: 1 = 0.8, Ct = Ce =1.
Hint: Select the value for characteristic snow load s k [kN/m2 ] what do you think is reasonable in the middle of
Finland. Load factors for permanent and live loads are 1.15 and 1.5. Load combination factor = 0.7

Dimensions: l 5 m h 2.8 m s 1.2 m

l
l r
cos ( 30 deg ) l r 5.774m

Load parameters: g 1.15 q 1.5 0 0.7 1 0.8

Solution:
Loads (per 1m) on the footings of walls due to self
weights of structural parts

kN kN
Roof: g r 1.0 wr lr g r wr 5.77
2 m
m
Roof truss: Grt 6 kN Grt kN
wrt wrt 2.5
2 s m

kN kN wfm kN
Floor slab: g f 1.5 wfm l g f wfm 7.5 wfo wfo 3.75
2 m 2 m
m
kN kN kN
Walls: g w 2 wwm g w h wwm 5.6 wwo 2 wwm wwo 11.2
2 m m
m
Permanent loads on supports:
kN
g o wr wrt wfo wwo g o 23.22 outer walls
m
kN
g m wfm wwm g m 13.1 middle wall
m
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 CIV-E1030 Fundamentals of Structural Design Examination 3 2.3.2017
kN
Snow load: sk 2.5 sr 1 sk l kN kN
2 sr 10 sl 0.5 1 sk l sl 5
m m m
sr 1.5 l sl 0.5 l kN
q s q s 8.75 snow load on right wall
2 l m
Imposed load:
kN kN l qk kN
q k 4 q m q k l q m 20 q o q o 10
2 m 2 m
m

Maximum load combinations at the footing of the walls:

p m 1.15 g m 1.5 q m kN
p m 45.1 middle wall
m
kN
p o 1.15 g o 1.5 q o 1.5 0 q s p o 50.9 right wall
m

pm po

3. Calculate maximum characteristic load qk [kN/m2 ] on the floor supported by glulam beams of strength class GL32c
with cross-section b x h = 140 x 540 mm2 . The density of wood is 400 kg/m3 . Service class of wood is 1, k mod = 0.8 and
material factor M = 1.2. The spacing of the beams supporting the floor is 4 m and the weight of the floor 0,45 kN/m2 .
Load factors for permanent and live loads are 1.15 and 1.5, respectively. (CC2 and no risk of horizontal buckling).

Solution:
kg
l 9 m b 0.14 m h 0.54 m s 4 m w 400
MN 3
k mod 0.8 M 1.2 fmk 32 m
2
g 1.15 q 1.5 m

kN kN kN
Self weights: Floor: g fl 0.45 g f g fl s g f 1.8 Beam: g b b h w g g b 0.297
2 m m
m
kN
Permanent load: g g g f g b g g 2.097
m
fmk MN
Design capacity for Glulam GL32c in bending: fmd k mod fmd 21.333
M 2
M Ed m
fmd =
Max bending stress: W
Moment capacity of the glulam cross-section
2
b h 3 3
M Ed = fmd W W W 6.804 10 m M Ed fmd W M Ed 145.152 kN m
6
Max external moment due to design loads in the middle of the span equal moment capacity:
2
MEd

l
=> M Ed = g g g q q kl => 8 g g g
8 l2
By solving qkl follows max line load: q kl
q kl 7.95
kN
q m
Maximum distributed load on floor:
q kl kN kN
q k q k 1.987 q k 2
s 2 2
m m

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 CIV-E1030 Fundamentals of Structural Design Examination 3 2.3.2017
4. Determine the ultimate bending moment capacity of a reinforced concrete beam at
a cross-section in which beam dimensions and reinforcement are as in the figure. The
quality of concrete is C30 and steel B500B. Respective material safety factors are 1.5
and 1.15. (CC2).

Solution:
Material values for concrete and steelbars
fck 30MPa c 1.5 fyk 500MPa s 1.15
fck fyk
fcd fcd 20 MPa fyd fyd 435MPa Es 200GPa
c s c
fyd
cu 0.0035 sy sy 0.00217 0.8 x
Es Fc
x
Dimensions b 350 mm d 500 mm

Six steel bars 16

2 2 2
As 6 8 mm As 1206.4 mm
Fs
s = sy
As 3
6.894 10 steel ratio
b d
Equilibrium:
Fc = Fs Fc = 0.8 b x fcd Fs As fyd
Neutral axis:
As fyd
x x 0.094 m
0.8 b fcd
Moment capacity:
M cd Fs ( d 0.4 x ) M cd 242.7 kN m OK, if it is normal reinforced!

Check steel required for balanced reinforcement cu

c cu s sy
0.8 x b Fc
xb
Neutral axis
cu
x b d x b 0.308 m
cu sy Fs
Fc 0.8 b x b fcd sy
Amount of steel for balanced reinforcement
Fs Fc equilibrium

Fs 2
Asb Asb 3970 mm ( As Asb )
fyd
Asb 3
b b 22.685 10 steel ratio for balanced reinforcement
b d
Cross-section was normally reinforced b OK