Name of cell Function
Xylem Vessels Xylem and Phloem are the transport tissues of Xylem Tissue consists of Xylem Vessels and Parenchyma Cells.
Phloem Vessels plants. Xylem
transports water and minerals up the plant, and
Phloem carry sugars up and down the plant.
Both are found in Vascular Bundles. These consist
of Xylem and Phloem Tissue, separated
by Meristematic Tissue (undifferentiated cells)
called the Cambium. The cells in the
Cambium differentiate to produce new Xylem
and Phloem Cells.
Root Root Hair Cells are found in the roots of plants.
Hair Their role is to absorb water and minerals in the
Cells soil.
Guard Guard cells are cells surrounding each stoma.
Cell They help to regulate the rate of transpiration by
opening and closing the stomata.
Palisade Cell Palisade cells are found in the mesophyll of a leaf
and their main function is the absorption of light
so that photosynthesis can take place.
The palisade mesophyll consists of chloroplasts
with chlorophyll that absorb the light energy.
Name of cell Function
Specialisations in the cell
Xylem Vessels are made of dead cells that have
become elongated and reinforced and waterproofed with deposits
of Lignin. The dead cells also do not have any ends, so that
successive cells form a tube with wide Lumen. Xylem transports
water up the plant can helps to support it.
Phloem Tissue is made up of Sieve Tubes and Companion
Cells. Sieve tubes line up and their ends form Sieve
Plates through which substances can move. Companion Cells
lie next to Sieve Tube Cells and allow them to stay alive.
They have a large surface area, due to their hair-like projections,
which eases uptake. They also have a large
amount of Mitochondria, which provide more energy for Active
Transport.
They are specialized in such a way that the cell wall in the inner
side of the guard cells is thicker than the outer side. This feature
helps the guard cells to bend outward when they become turgid.
This results in the opening of the stoma. If the guard cells
become flaccid, the guard cells will bend inward resulting in the
closing of the stoma.
The Upper Epidermis of the leaf is transparent and lets light
through to the Palisade Layer beneath. The Palisade
Layer consists of long, thin Palisade Mesophyll Cells. They are
specialised for carrying out Photosynthesis since they
contain large amounts of Chlorophyll, and their long
shape maximises light absorption
.
Specialisations in the cell
 Erythrocyte A red blood cell is a tiny, disc-like cell (biconcave
shape) which has no nucleus. In the cytoplasm of
a red blood cell, there is a red pigment called
haemoglobin (a protein combined with iron).
Function of red blood cell: To transport oxygen to
all respiring cells all over the body.
Neutrophil Neutrophils are a type of White Blood
Cell that ingests and destroys invading
microorganisms. They have large amounts
of Lysosomes, which contain enzymes that kill
ingested cells. This makes their Cytoplasm
appear Granular. They also have a Lobed Nucleus,
which allows for greater flexibility.
Squamous Epithelial Cell Squamous Epithelium lines the alveoli and blood
vessels.
Ciliated Epithelial Cell Ciliated Epithelial Cells are column shaped cells
that cover many surfaces.
Sperm Cell It has a large number of mitochondria and a
small vacuole containing enzyme.
There are specialised in several ways for their function. They
contain large amounts of Haemoglobin, that holds oxygen, and
many of the organelles (including the nucleus) present in normal
cells are not present in Erythrocytes, to make space for more
Haemoglobin. Their shape is biconcave, which maximises
surface area, and so the speed of movement of Oxygen into and
out of the cell.
1) The neutrophil cell contains lots of lysosomes which release
enzymes to ingest and destroy invading organisms.
2) The cell has a lobed shaped nucleus for greater flexibility.
This flexibility allows them to change shape easily so that they
can effectively surround and engulf the organism.
1) They are very thin which makes diffusion more efficient and
quick.
2) They are very smooth which makes it easier for fluid to pass
over them (such as blood in the blood vessels).
They have tiny projections on their exposed surface, called Cilia,
which beat in a synchronised pattern to move Mucus, and
produced by Goblet Cells, along the surface. They can be found,
for example, in the Trachea, the Uterus and the Bronchi.
Sperm Cells are specialised in a number of ways. They have
an Undulipodium (tail) which moves by energy generated
by many mitochondria and propels the cell. The head of the cell
contains an Acrosome, which is a specialised Lysosome that
releases enzymes so that the Sperm Cell
can penetrate the Ovum Coat of the Egg. Sperm Cells are also
very small and thin, which aids their movement.