Prace Naukowe Instytutu Maszyn, Napdw i Pomiarw Elektrycznych

Nr 62 Politechniki Wrocawskiej Nr 62
Studia i Materiay Nr 28 2008

magnetic lamination, active and reactive

power, elliptic hysteresis

Kazimierz ZAKRZEWSKI *

ELLIPTICAL HYSTERESIS APPROACH FOR

POWER EFFECT EVALUATION IN MAGNETIC LAMINATION

On the grounds the authors early works the analytical formulae for unit active power (losses) and
reactive power in magnetic lamination were presented. For analytical solution the elliptical hysteresis
approach of magnetic loops of magnetic materials was assumed.
In particular, these powers have been refereed to magnetization frequency. The universal func-
tions F1, F2 for the case of magnetic flux forcing and F3, F4 for magnetic strength application on the
booth side of lamination have been deduced in the work. The analytical formulae may be helpful in
the praxis of design of different electromagnetic devices, especially transformers and reactors.

1. INTRODUCTION

Despite many efforts, the full satisfactory analytical formulae for active and reac-
tive power in magnetic laminations used in electromagnetic devices and electrome-
chanical converters are not elaborated. The microscopic phenomena which we trans-
ferred for macroscopic effects are not exact described analytically. The numerous
approximations which model static or dynamic hysteresis loop [1, 2, 3] not enable to
calculate the power losses or reactive power with exactness acceptable in electrical
engineering. Author, for dozen years prefers the use of equivalent elliptical hysteresis
loops by approximation of real magnetization characteristics which enable to take
account the hysteresis and first kind of eddy current losses. Thanks to introduction so
called anomaly coefficient An the analytical results may be adapt to total losses ob-
tained experimentally [5, 6].

__________
* Institute of Mechatronics and Information Systems, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego
Str.18/22 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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2. FORCED MAGNETIC FLUX IN LAMINATION

The introduction of elliptic hysteresis loops is connected with assumption that all
function of electromagnetic field are sinusoidal in time.
The author formulae deduced in [4] will need for the next discussion. In the paper [4]
the active and reactive power were refereed to lamination segment with side surface
area equal to 1m2, in this work will be recalculated for 1 kG of the lamination weight.
The measured active power may be expressed
k3
P meas = An (Bav , f ) m2 (1)
2 m2 d

where: P meas measured active power, An anomaly coefficient as function of ampli-

tude Bav (average induction in a cross section of lamination) and frequency f

k = f m (2)

m magnetic permeability for Bav, conductivity of lamination material, spe-

cific weight of lamination material, d thicknees of lamination, m forced magnetic
flux in lamination cross-section 1 d m 2

m = Bav d [Wb/m] (3)

a sinh (akd ) b sin (bkd )

= , (4)
cosh (akd ) cos(bkd )

a = cos + sin , (5)
2 2

b = cos sin , (6)
2 2
angle of elliptical and symmetric hysteresis loop with amplitude Bav
The value An was called anomaly coefficient because takes into account the addi-
tional losses in relation to calculated ones, as a result of elliptical and continuous al-
ternating magnetization inside the lamination material.
In the work [6], the coefficient An for the transformer lamination ET3 0.35 mm
was investigated and described. With a same approximation it is possible to assume
the average values of An coefficients in dependence on frequency in a range
(5 300) Hz as a constant values. The function An (Bav ) is presented in tab. 1.
20

Tab. 1. Average values of for ET3 lamination

Bav T 0,2 0,5 1,0 1,1 1,3 1,5 1,7

An 2,0 2,0 1,92 1,76 1,45 1,29 1,29

The forced magnetic flux appears in laminated core of transformer by voltage exci-
tation. Essential dependence in the transformer praxis is the total losses reference to
the frequency as a measurement method for hysteresis losses extrapolation in the case.
It will be indicated that frequently used extrapolation by application a direct line is
not correct. Using (1)
P meas P P
= An (Bav ) (7) where = m2 (kd ) (8)
f f f 2 m d 2
From (8) may be introduce the universal function (not dimensional)
F1 = (kd ) (9)

This formula may be presented in dependence not dimensional value (kd ) .The rela-
2

tion between f and (kd ) is

2

f =
(kd )2 (10)
m d 2
In the case of reactive power it is possible to introduce the function
F2 = (kd ) (11)

Q
and = m2 (kd ) (12)
f 2 m d 2

b sinh(akd ) + a sin(bkd )
= (13)
cosh(akd ) cos(bkd )
The reactive power was less investigated than active power. From authors experi-
ence results that an adaptive coefficient for measured power is equal to HI/Hm rela-
tion, where HI first harmonic amplitude, Hm amplitude of magnetic strength during
sinusoidal change of induction with amplitude Bav in conditions of the real hysteresis
loop magnetization.
Q meas H I Q
= (14)
f Hm f
 21

The functions F1 , F2 are illustrated in Fig. 1

F1, F2
5

4
=0
=10 F1

3 =30
=0

2
=10
F2
=30

1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 (kd)2

Fig. 1. Diagrams of functions F1, F2

3. FORCED MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGHT ON

LATERAL SURFACE OF LAMINATION

Another means of practical generation of electromagnetic field in lamination is an

excitation by electrical current with forced magnetic field strength on lateral surfaces
of lamination.
The adequate formulae on the base [4] are
for active power (losses)
PH m 2 H
= Hm (15)
f (kd )
a sinh (akd ) b sin (bkd )
H = (16)
cosh (akd ) + cos(bkd )
for reactive power
QH m 2 H
= Hm (17)
f (kd )
b sinh (akd ) + a sin (bkd )
H = (18)
cosh (akd ) + cos(bkd )
22

Unfortunately, the formulae (15), (17) with adaptation to results of measurements

was not yet investigated (open problem).
Analogically to F1, F2 it is possible to introduce the universal functions
F3 = H/(kd), F4 = H /(kd) which are illustrated in Fig. 2

F3, F4
1,2
1,1
1 =0
F

0,9 3
=10
0,8
0,7 =30

F
0,6 =0
0,5

=10 4
0,4
0,3
0,2
=30

0,1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 (kd)2

Fig. 2. Diagrams of functions F3, F4

4. CONCLUSION

The universal functions F1 and F2 may be used for investigation of losses and reac-
tive power in a wide range of magnetic flux frequency in lamination (voltage excita-
tion). Adequately, the functions F3 and F4 are interesting for this investigation in
a case of forced magnetic field strength on lateral surfaces of lamination (current exci-
tation).
The analytical formulae may be helpful in the praxis for design of different elec-
tromagnetic devices , especially transformers and reactors.

REFERENCES

[1] JILES D.C. , ATHERTON D.L. Theory of Ferromagnetic Hysteresis, Journal of Magnetism and
Magnetic Materials 61 (1986), North-Holland, Amsterdam pp.4860
[2] MAYERGOYZ D. Mathematical Models of Hysteresis, Springer-Verlag, New York 1991
[3] SYKULSKI J. K. (editor) at al Computational Magnetics, Chapman and Hall, 1995 London, Glas-
gow, Weinheim, New York, Tokyo, Melbourne
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[4] ZAKRZEWSKI K. Berechnung der Wirk und Blindleistung in einem ferromagnetischen Blach unter
Bercksichtigung der Komplexen magnetischen Permeabilitt, Wiss. Z. TH Ilmenau (1970), H.5,
s. 101105
[5] ZAKRZEWSKI K. Method of calculations of unit power losses and unit reactive power in magnetic
laminations in a wide range change of induction and frequency, Proceedings of ISEF 99 12th In-
ternational Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engi-
neering, ISEF99, Pavia , Italy, September 2325 1999, s. 208211
[6] ZAKRZEWSKI K., KUBIAK W. , SZULAKOWSKI J. Wyznaczanie wspczynnika anomalii strat
w blachach magnetycznych anizotropowych (Determination of anomaly losses coefficient in aniso-
tropic laminations), Prace Naukowe IMNPE Politechniki Wrocawskiej, Studia i Materiay Nr 20,
Wrocaw 2000, s. 299305

OSZACOWANIE EFEKTU MOCY W BLACHACH MAGNETYCZNYCH

W UJCIU ELIPTYCZNEJ PTLI HISTEREZY

Na podstawie wczeniejszych prac autora przytoczono wzory na moc czynn ( straty ) i moc biern
w blachach magnetycznych. W celu uzyskania zalenoci analitycznych przyjto eliptyczne ptle magne-
sowania materiau magnetycznego blach. W szczeglnoci, moce te odniesiono do czstotliwoci magne-
sowania. Wyprowadzono uniwersalne funkcje F1, F2 dla przypadku wymuszenia strumienia wewntrz
blachy i F3, F4 dla przypadku narzuconego natenia pola magnetycznego na powierzchni blachy.. Wzory
analityczne mog by pomocne w praktyce projektowania rnych urzdze elektromagnetycznych,
szczeglnie transformatorw i dawikw.