CASTRO, KARL ANGELO, B.
BSCE November 3, 2015
ENG 2 Y-2R
Original Text
Patton, W.J. (1986). Materials In Industry. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall
15.11 THE DIMENSIONAL STABILITY OF PAPER
Because of tension applied to the longitudinal dimension of paper
during its manufacture, paper is anisotropic like wood from which
it is made. Longitudinal dimensional changes caused by humidity
variations are minor, but in the cross-direction such changes are
more troublesome, though they vary between grades of paper.
Most papers will not elongate more than 5 percent when
tensioned to rupture. Special grades will elongate more than this
amount, especially creped papers.
Van Vlack, L.H (1975). Elements of Materials Science and
Engineering. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
1-2 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR
Deformation occurs when forces are applied to a material. We
label the amount of deformation per unit length as strain, and the
force per unit area is stress. Strength is a measure of the level of
the stress required to make a material fail.
Nuez, J.P. (2010). The Impact of the Municipal Ordinance
Regulating the Use of Plastic Bags and Styrofoam in Los Baos,
Laguna on Business, Household and Local Government. UPLB:
College of Economics and Management
The hardest hit sectors of the ordinance are the grocery stores at
P 3,412.50 additional expenses monthly. This is due to the fact that
they are the most packaging intensive sector among others. With
large quantities that shoppers usually purchase in groceries they
are compelled to secure not just paper bags but also paper boxes
which costs 5 pesos on the average.
Nuez, J.P. (2010). The Impact of the Municipal Ordinance
Regulating the Use of Plastic Bags and Styrofoam in Los Baos,
Laguna on Business, Household and Local Government. UPLB:
College of Economics and Management
Based on the survey, 41 respondents or 51% of the entire sample
size are experiencing increased cost in its monthly expenditures for
packaging. They unanimously asserted that paper bags that are
commercially available are much expensive than plastic. There is a
Notes (Revised)
Note
I. p.346, 1986
II. A1 Strength
(Paraphrase)
Paper, just like wood, cannot withstand
extreme weights without risking breakage.
Paper can tolerate pulling forces but not
weights placed on top of it. Paper bags
elongate at minute distances, unlike plastic
bags that can expand and support weights such
as grocery and other products (Patton, 1986).
II. p.5-6, 1986
II. A1 Strength
(Direct Quotation)
(Van Vlack, 1975)
III. p.33, 2010
II. C1 Increase in cost in the household and
business levels
(Prcis)
Grocery stores have the highest increase in
cost with almost Php3500 additional monthly
expenses. Packaging is one of the highest cost
generating factors in grocery stores since
people need to have primary or secondary
packaging when they buy new products. This is
where paper bags, paper boxes, and plastic
bags come into play (Nuez, 2010).
III. p.31, 2010
II. C1 Increase in cost in the household and
business levels
(Prcis)
Majority of the constituents stated that
commercially available paper bags are more
expensive than plastic bags, thus increasing
their monthly expenditures by almost 50% to
75%.
50% to 75% price differential between the two. Thus the intensity
of usage dictates how big the additional cost they incur.

Materials Recovery Facility (MRF). Retrieved from: VI. Internet Source

http://www.denr.gov.ph/index.php/component/content/article/ II. A3 Ability to be converted into energy
21.html (Prcis)

Republic Act No. 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of 2000, defines materials recovery
facility or MRF as a facility designed to receive, sort, process, and
store compostable and recyclable materials efficiently and in an
environmentally sound manner.
MRF receives biodegradable waste for composting and mixed non-
biodegradable wastes for final segregation, re-use and recycling.
Provided, that each type of mixed waste is collected from the
source and transported to the MRF in separate containers.
An MRF is a facility that prevents waste to be
directed immediately to disposal without
finding other means of usage, such as recycling
and re-using. In an MRF, waste is further
segregated to avoid too much waste in the
disposal site (DENR, n.d.).

Decena, T.C. (2010). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of

Residents in Barangay Batong Malake, Los Baos on the Use of
Paper Bags as Replacement for Plastic Bags and the
Communication Strategies Used to Promote MO 2008-752. UPLB:
College of Development Communication

Overview of LB Municipal Ordinance 2008-752 V. p.25, 2010

II. B2 Contradicting knowledge and response
LB Municipal Ordinance 2008-752 is all about the use of paper bags of the people to the ordinance
and other reusable materials as replacement for plastic bags in (Direct Quotation)
commercial establishments. Majority (69.49%) of the respondents
had an accurate knowledge on the basic information about the (Decena, 2010).
ordinance. The rest of the respondents had a misconception about
the ordinance. Almost 13% of the respondents thought that the
ordinance pertains to littering, and 9% confused the ordinance
with the other municipal order on waste segregation. Four of the
respondents even wrote that they do not know the answer.

Murray, G.T. (1993). Introduction to Engineering Materials: IV. p.16, 1993

Behavior, Properties, and Selection. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
1.4 POLYMERS
Polymers are better known to be the general public as plastics. The
term plastic is defined in the dictionary as capable of being easily
molded, such as putty or wet clay. It was adopted to describe the
early polymeric materials because such materials could easily be
molded. This was an unfortunate choice since the term plastics is
now used for all polymers.
I. A Definitions
(Paraphrase)
The term plastic can be defined as something
that can be molded easily, like clay. Plastic bags
today, just like clay, have the ability to stretch
and deform without actual breakage or
rupture in the material. Today, plastic is wildly
used in the society as one of the more
dependable packaging due to its strength and
convenience (Murray, 1993).
Patton, W.J. (1986). Materials In Industry. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall
12.3 STRESS- STRAIN BEHAVIOR
Based on stress-strain characteristics, four types of polymeric
materials can be distinguished:
1. Flexible thermoplastics, such as polyethylene, capable of
large plastic deformation
2. Rigid thermoplastics, such as unplasticized polyvinyl
chloride and polystyrene, limited in their maximum
possible strain and therefore brittle
3. Rigid thermosets, such as epoxy and phenol-
formaldehyde, also brittle
4. Elastomers or rubbers, distinguished by remarkable
elastic extensibility (most rubber are thermosets)
Energy Recovery. Retrieved from:
http://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Sustainability-
Recycling/Energy-Recovery
Plastics are high value captured energy. Plastics have
significantly more captured energy than wood, paper or even coal.
Plastics help traditional energy recovery technology work better.
Because plastics have a higher energy value than other
components of municipal solid waste, they help to significantly
increase the efficiency of the energy recovery process in
traditional energy from waste facilities.
Van Vlack, L.H (1975). Elements of Materials Science and
Engineering. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
MATERIALS IN THE SCHEME OF THINGS
Materials are all about us; they are engrained in our culture and
thinking as well as in our very existence. In fact, materials have
been so intimately related to the emergence and ascent of man
that they have given names to the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages of
civilization. Naturally-occurring and manmade materials have
become such an integral part of our lives that we often take them
for granted, and yet materials rank with energy and information as
basic resources of mankind. Materials are, of course, a part of the
matter on the universe, but more specifically they are substances
whose properties make them useful in structures, machines,
devices or products.
I. p.250, 1986
II. A1 Strength
(Paraphrase)
Plastic bags, mostly polyethylene, are capable
of large plastic deformation. This implies that
plastic bags have the ability to withstand
larger weights without breaking. This
contributes to the convenience of using
plastic bags (Patton, 1986).
VII. Internet Source
II. A3 Ability to be converted into energy
(Commentary)
As stated by the American Chemistry Council,
the technology of energy recovery is better
when wastes are composed of plastic. Plastic
has more captured energy compared to wood
or paper. Aside from the usual knowledge of
people about the uses of plastic, it also has
advantages in traditional energy recovery
technology.
II. p. ix Foreword, 1975
I. A Definitions
(Commentary)
According to Van Vlack (1975), materials, such
as plastics, have been part of our lives for so
long. Materials have been an essential tool in
our way of living, being the working substance
of our society.