Intensive SPM Seminar

2015

CHEMISTRY
Ms. Christina
 Chemistry 1

Acids
1. An acid is a compound that dissolves in water to release a hydrogen ion.
2. Acids have a pH of less than 7.
3. Acids turn blue litmus indicator paper red.
4. Acids will react with the following chemicals, which will neutralise the acid:
Bases and Alkalis
Metals (except low-reactive ones such as copper and silver)
Metal carbonates

5. The common acids that are completely ionised in water are:

HNO3 - nitric acid

HCl - hydrochloric acid
H2SO4 - sulphuric acid

6. The acids on this short list are called strong acids, because the amount of acid quality
of a solution depends upon the concentration of hydrogen ions.
7. Incompletely or partially ionised acids are called weak acids, because there is a
smaller concentration of hydrogen ions available in the solution.
8. An example of a weak acid is ethanoic acid.

9. In the list of strong acids, sulphuric acid is the only one that is diprotic, because it
has two moles of hydrogen ions per mol of acid
10. The other acids in the list are monoprotic, because it has one mol of hydrogen ions
per mol of acid

Base
1. A base is a compound that reacts with and neutralises an acid.
2. The reaction forms a salt plus water.
3. Any metal oxides and metal hydroxides are considered base

4. Alkalis are a type of base - ones that dissolve in water to form hydroxide ions.
5. Alkalis are compounds that react and neutralise acids. Like bases, they form a salt and
water in the reaction.
6. Alkalis turn red litmus indicator paper blue.

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 2 Chemistry

7. Alkaline solutions have a pH value greater than 7.

8. Alkaline solutions feel soapy and are corrosive.
9. There is a short list of strong alkali, ones that completely ionise into hydroxide ions.
10. All of the bases of Group 1 metals are strong bases/alkali
NaOH - sodium hydroxide
KOH - potassium hydroxide

11. The bases of Group 1 metals are all monobasic.

12. Example of a weak alkali is ammonia.

Write balanced chemical equations for the following:

1. Nitric acid and potassium hydroxide

2. Hydrochloric acid and zinc

3. sulphuric acid and copper

4. Sulphuric acid and copper(II)oxide

5. Sulphuric acid and magnesium carbonate

6. Hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate

Concentration of an aqueous

Amount of moles= MV M1V1=M2V2

1000

MaVa = a
MbVb b

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 Chemistry 3

Question 1

Question 2 Question 3

Question 4

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 4 Chemistry

Question 5 Question 7

Question 6

Question 7

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 Chemistry 5

Salts

Solubility of Salts
Nitrate salts, Sulphate salts, Chloride salts, Carbonate salts,
NO3- SO42- Cl- CO32-

All nitrates are All sulphates are All chlorides are All carbonates are INSOLUBLE
SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
Except:
Except: Except: Na2CO3
BaSO4 AgCl INSOLUBLE K2CO3 SOLUBLE
CaSO4 INSOLUBLE PbCl2 (NH4)2CO3
PbSO4

Salt preparation
There are 2 steps in writing out the preparation of a salt.
Step 1: Check solubility of the salt to be prepared
Step 2: Check solubility of the parent acid and parent base to be used

There are 3 main methods available for salt preparation.

1) Titration
2) Acid neutralisation ( acid +metal, acid + metal oxide, acid + metal carbonate)
3) Precipitation reaction

Potassium salts
Titration
Sodium salt
Soluble
Ammonium salts

Other soluble
Acid neutralisation
salts

Insoluble Precipitation reaction

For the following salts, choose the appropriate method of preparation and describe the
preparation with balanced equations.
a) Magnesium nitrate

b) Lead (II) chloride

c) Zinc sulphate

d) Copper (II) chloride

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 6 Chemistry

e) Potassium sulphate

f) Silver chloride

The colours of salts

FeSO4
CuSO4
FeCl2 ZnO
CuCl2
Fe(NO3)2
Cu(NO3)2
CuCO3
Fe2 (SO4)3 PbO
CuO
FeCl3
Cu
Fe(NO3)3

Making a soluble salt

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 Chemistry 7

Identification of cations
Copper(II) ions, Cu2+
1. Add a few drops of ammonia (aq) : Blue precipitate which dissolves in excess ammonia to give a
deep blue solution
2. Add sodium hydroxide (aq): Blue precipitate which does not dissolves in excess ammonia to
give a deep blue solution

Iron (II) ion, Fe2+

Add NaOH or NH3, dark green precipitate which is not soluble in excess of NH3 or NaOH

Iron (III) ion, Fe3+

Add NaOH or NH3, brown precipitate which is not soluble in excess of NH3 or NaOH

Cation A few drops of Excess NaOH A few drops of NH3 Excess NH3 (aq)
NaOH (aq)
Ca2+ White ppt WP does not --------- ---------
dissolve
Mg2+ White ppt WP does not White ppt WP does not
dissolve dissolve
A13+ White ppt WP dissolves White ppt WP does not
dissolve
Zn2+ White ppt WP dissolves White ppt WP dissolves
Pb2+ White ppt WP dissolves White ppt WP does not
dissolve

Identification of anions
Carbonate ion CO32-
Add any dilute strong acid to the suspected carbonate - if colourless gas given off, test with
limewater.
Fizzing - colourless gas - turns limewater milky cloudy
Any carbonate + acid ==> salt + water + carbon dioxide,

All carbonates except sodium and potassium carbonate will decompose when heated to release CO2.
Example: Calcium carbonate heated

Sulphate ions, SO42-

To a solution of the suspected sulphate add dilute hydrochloric acid and a few drops of barium
chloride or nitrate solution.
A white precipitate of barium sulphate.
Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) ==> BaSO4(s)
Any soluble barium salt + any soluble sulphate forms a white dense barium sulphate precipitate.

Chloride ion, Cl-

To a solution of the suspected chloride, add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution.
White precipitate of silver chloride forms.
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ==> AgCl(s)

Nitrate ion, NO3-

Brown ring test
Add diluted sulphuric acid, iron(ii) sulphate solution and then concentrated sulphuric acid
Where the liquids meet a brown ring forms.

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Intensive SPM Seminar September 2015 Brickfields Asia College Edunation
 8 Chemistry

Essay questions (1)

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 Chemistry 9

Essay question (2)

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Essay question (3)

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 Chemistry 11

Structure question

Intensive SPM Seminar September 2015 Brickfields Asia College Edunation

 12 Chemistry

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Edunation Brickfields Asia College Intensive SPM Seminar September 2015