Scheduling

Contents
1. Scheduling Overview
2. Downlink Scheduling Feature
3. Uplink Scheduling Feature
4. Relevant Monitoring

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 Scheduling Functionality

A B C
Ideal Resource (based
Users
on QoS) for this
subframe (1ms TTI)

Loading and scheduling

issues need managing

eNB
Available Cell
Resources
Time

Scheduling Function: Ensure high spectrum high spectral efficiency

while providing the required.

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 Scheduling Scheme

Dynamic scheduling

Period: 1ms (per TTI)

Service application: all service

Semi-Persistent Scheduling

Period: 20ms (Huawei eNodeB)

Service application: Real time service, etc.
VoIP

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 Scheduler Introduction

The scheduler is located at the MAC layer of LTE system

Function:
Guarantee system signaling sending
Ensure QoS requirements
Take user differentiation and fairness into account
Maximize the system throughput

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 Scheduling Execution

DCI info

DCI/UCI info for scheduling

Resource allocation header: indicate allocation type
Resource assignment block
MCS (Modulation Coding Scheme)
MIMO scheme
NDI( New Data Indication)
HARQ process number

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 Contents
1. Scheduling Overview
2. Downlink Scheduling Feature
3. Uplink Scheduling Feature
4. Relevant Monitoring

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 Contents
2. Downlink Scheduling
2.1 Scheduling Priority Processing
2.2 MCS Selection & Resource Allocation

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 DL Scheduler

DL
Scheduler

Channel Quality Priority Selected

calculation
UE
HARQ feedback MCS
RB
selection
number
QoS parameters
Resource
allocation MCS/MIMO
UE Capability
Every scheduling
period

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 DL Scheduling Priority

Start Schedule CCCH (SRB0)

Schedule common control Schedule CCCH

info (Paging & SIBs) (SRB1/SRB2/IMS signaling)

Schedule semi-persistence
service Schedule DL retransmission

Schedule common control info

(random access response) Schedule initial transmission

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 Control Information Scheduling
Common control information: Include SIBs, paging and RA response
message
Dedicated control information: Include SRB0, SRB1, SRB2.
Generally, control information has higher priority than user plane data, it
uses fixed lower phase MCS to ensure the quality.
IMS signaling is a special user plane data which has the same priority and
mechanism as SRB1 and SRB2

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 DL Retransmission Scheduling
DL retransmission adopts synchronized HARQ process, the minimal delay is
8 ms and maximum delay is 8+DrxReTxtimer ms
Priority handling: Based on the waiting time, eNodeB determine the
priority for retransmission.
MCS selection & resource allocation: the same mechanism as initial
transmission.
eNodeB stop scheduling when retransmissions for all UEs are complete or
all resources are allocated.

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 Constraint of HARQ Retransmission
HARQ retransmissions cannot be performed for a UE in any of the
following scenarios:
The UE is in a measurement gap or enters a measurement gap
The UE enters sleep time in DRX
The UE is not synchronized with the eNodeB or a radio link failure (RLF) occurs

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 DL Initial Transmission Scheduling
Of the remaining (EPF)
GBR Remove users which are
- CQI, PDB, GBR (QCI) In measurement gap
Non-GBR In DRX mode
- CQI, AMBR, Out of synch
Min_GBR, QCI Screen users/ bearers
Remove the beares
which are:
Experience HARQ
scheduling
Priority Calculation
Fulfills GBR
Fulfills AMBR

Schedule users according to prio MCS Selection

until until all RBs used up By AMC mechanism,
Frequency Selective eNodeB selects
Scheduling appropriate MCS to
- Sub band CQI maximum system
Resource Allocation throughput.
Non-Frequency Diversity
Scheduling
- Wide band CQI

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 Scheduling Strategy for Initial Transmission

Scheduling Application
Effect Factor Scheduling Priority
Strategy Scenario
The UE with better channel To verify the
Max C/I Channel quality quality has a higher priority in maximum system
scheduling. throughput
To verify the upper
Each UE has equal
RR None limit of scheduling
opportunity to be scheduled.
fairness
The UE with a small ratio
To verify the system
Service rate and between the service rate and
PF throughput and
channel quality channel quality has a higher
fairness
priority in scheduling.
Service rate,
Intergraded priority with
channel quality,
EPF service rate, UE category, In operating networks
UE capability, and
QoS and CQI.
QoS requirement

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 Priority of GBR Service Scheduling
The priority of GBR service is determined by the following formula:

f(CQI): indicates the channel quality.

f(delay): indicate packet delay budget which is specified in 3GPP

Pr iority GBR f (CQI ) f (delay )

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 Priority of Non-GBR Service Scheduling

The priority of non-GBR service is determined by the

following formula:

eff: Indicates the channel quality

Alpha: indicates the capacity adjustment factor for EPF
(eRAN6.0 enhancement)
r: indicates the historical number of transmitted bits for the
UE per unit of time

QCI : indicates scheduling priorities corresponding to
different QCIs
f(delay): indicates the delay for the service to wait for
scheduling on the eNodeB side. Using a delay factor, the
eNodeB converges multiple DL data packets before sending
them, which helps shorten the transmission delay of the non-
GBR service packets. (eRAN6.0 enhancement)
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 Capacity Factor (eRAN6.0 Enhancement)
Introduce a capacity factor to adjust the cell throughput and edge
throughput.
Factor > 1: More RBs tend to be allocated to the higher SINR UE. The larger factor is,
the higher cell total throughputs.
Factor =1: Default setting. RBs tends to be allocated fair.
Factor <1: More RBs tend to be allocated to the lower SINR UE to increase cell edge
performance.

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 QoS Guarantee
GBR services take precedence over non-GBR services if both services are
running simultaneously, because non-GBR services have a lower priority
than GBR services.
Scheduler can ensure the PELR and PDB as well as the service rate for GBR services.
Scheduler can ensure only the PELR for non-GBR services and uses a best-effort
policy in terms of the non-GBR service rates

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 Enhanced Proportion for Non-GBR

When the Uu resources of a cell are congested, there

is a possibility that non-GBR services cannot be
allocated resources if there is a larger proportion of
GBR services in the cell. Huawei allows operators to
set the following parameters to address this issue:
NonGbrResourceRatio: This parameter specifies the
preset proportion of time-domain resources reserved for
non-GBR services. (eRAN6.0 enhancement)
DLminGbr: This parameter specifies the minimum service
rate for non-GBR services.

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 Enhanced Proportion for Non-GBR (Cont.)

Congestion Congestion
Normal Normal Non-GBR avoid

Throughput (bps)

Throughput (bps)
Non-GBR is starving starvation

100 100
K GBR K GBR
GBR GBR

Non-GBR Non-GBR Non-GBR

0K Non-GBR 0K
0 time 0 time

In congestion scene, Non-GBR service will

be starving Non-GBR service should be protected
The priority of Non-GBR service is when cell congestion.
lower than GBR service.
Resource reservation for non-GBR
services

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 Relevant Configuration

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 Relevant Configuration (Cont.)

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 Contents
2. Downlink Scheduling
2.1 Scheduling Priority Processing
2.2 MCS Selection & Resource Allocation

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 MCS Selection

The eNodeB obtains the ITBS according to the adjusted

CQI.( eNodeB internal mapping )
If frequency diversity scheduling is used, UE will adopt full
band CQI report
If frequency selective scheduling is used, UE will adopt
sub_band CQI report
If CQI adjustment is enabled, the eNodeB adjusts the CQI
reported by the UE and selects an MCS based on the adjusted
CQI, otherwise eNodeB use the original UE CQI report
The eNodeB selects IMCS according to the mapping from
ITBS to IMCS. ( Specified in 3GPP)
For the handover in UE, eNodeB use fixed MCS to
ensure the quality until eNodeB receives the valid CQI
report

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 Classification CQI Report
Regarding the delivery channel:
Periodic CQI report: Delivered by PUCCH, the period is configured by RRC
Aperiodic CQI report: Delivered by PUSCH
Regarding report bandwidth:
Wide bandwidth CQI report: Reflect DL quality for whole band
Sub_band CQI report: Reflect DL quality for some sub_bands,
For 1.4 MHz bandwidth, it only supports wide band CQI report

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 CQI Adjustment
The UE-reported CQI cannot always reflect the actual channel quality.
Consider the following situations:
The CQI reporting period is far greater than the scheduling period, which leads to a
difference between the CQI at the reporting time and the CQI at the scheduling time
CQI report will be delayed due to the transmission delay and eNodeB process
capability, If the CQI reporting delay is longer than the channel coherence time, the
CQI reported by the UE is inconsistent with the channel quality at the time of
scheduling.

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 CQI Adjustment (Cont.)
If CqiAdjAlgoSwitch is set to Off, the DL CQI adjustment algorithm is not
used. The scheduler selects an MCS based on the reported CQI.
If CqiAdjAlgoSwitch is set to ON, eNodeB adjusts the reported CQI, make
the IBLER convergent with the target.

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 IBLER Target
The IBLER target could be adjusted by eNodeB
If DlVarIBLERtargetSwitch is set to OFF, eNodeB adopts 10% as IBLER target
If DlVarIBLERtargetSwitch is set to ON, eNodeB adopts 10% or 30% as IBLER target
If DlEnVarIBLERtargetSwitch is set to ON, eNodeB adopts 5% or 10% or 30% as
IBLER target

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 RB Calculation & Allocation

RB calculation:
The scheduler obtains the amount of data to be scheduled
and the ITBS and estimates the number of RBs to be scheduled
based on the 3GPP specification
Based on estimate RB number and remaining power, eNodeB
finally decide the RB number
RB allocation:
If frequency diversity scheduling is used, eNodeB allocate all
the RB from lower end to the higher end of a frequency band
based on full band CQI report
If frequency selective scheduling is used, eNodeB schedules
the UEs to frequency bands with the optimum channel
quality. This brings frequency selective gains.

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 Frequency Selective Scheduling Scheme

UE1 UEn UEn UE2 UEn UE1 UEn UE2

1 RBG or 1 subband

UE1 12 10 9 6 8 13 6 5

UE2 11 12 8 10 6 6 5 8

UEn 10 13 10 9 11 10 7 5

Required aperiod sub_band aperiod CQI report

Calculate users priority in each sub-band with user queue
Allocate the resource in each sub-band based on user
queue

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 FSS VS FDS

FSS FDS

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 Contents
1. Scheduling Overview
2. Downlink Scheduling Feature
3. Uplink Scheduling Feature
4. Relevant Monitoring

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 Contents
3. Uplink Scheduling
3.1 Scheduling Priority Processing
3.2 MCS Selection & Resource Allocation

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 UL Scheduling Overview

UE eNodeB
Scheduling Request
(On PUCCH)
Periodic or BSR & PHR (OnPUSCH)
Event triggered
Scheduling
among UEs
UL grant

Logical Channel Prioritization &

Multiplexing

UL data

Scheduling on the uplink is more difficult than on the

downlink
Limited visibility of quantity of queued data per radio bearer
Scheduler is unable to offer per-radio bearer grants

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 UL Scheduler in eNodeB

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 UL Scheduling Flow

Allocate resource for Msg3 Schedule UE with unsatisfied GBR

Schedule UE with unsatisfied

Semi-persistent scheduling AMBR

UL HARQ Retransmission Schedule UE for virtual MIMO

scheduling (Optional)

Allocate resource for SRS Schedule UE for UL-CoMP

(Optional)

Allocate resource for control plane

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 UL Scheduling Resource Acquisition
The PUSCH occupies the available UL resources in addition to PUCCH and
PRACH resources in the UL bandwidth
The PUCCH occupies RBs at two ends of a cell bandwidth, and the number of RBs
depends on the resources used to carry information on the PUCCH.
The PRACH periodically occupies 6 RBs at an interval specified by a related
parameter. Continuous UL resources are allocated and the number of allocated RBs
is, where,, andare not minus integers.

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 Pre-reserved Resource on PUSCH
The following resource should be reserved on PUSCH:
Msg3 transmission: Msg3 is a special message during the random access, to ensure
the receiving performance, eNodeB adopts the fixed MCS for transmission.
SRS: Sounding reference signal occupies the last symbol on PUSCH, the period of SRS
is configurable.

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 Control Plane Data Scheduling
Similar as downlink, UL control plane data consists of SRB0,SRB1,SRB2 and
IMS signaling
Fixed MCS will be adopted to ensure receiving performance

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 Initial Transmission Scheduling
eNodeB scheduler determines the priority of each UE and ensure the QoS
for UE level.
If multiple QCIs exists in UE, then UE schedulers determine the priority and
QoS for each QCI

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 QoS Guarantee in eNodeB

QoS guarantee
Guarantee the bit rate
requirement for GBR services
with specific logic channel
group
Enforce the Aggregate
Maximum Bit Rate for Non-
GBR services.
Minimum Bit Rate is set for
Non-GBR services to avoid
starvation

Adopt token
bucket
algorithm to
guarantee the
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 Contents
3. Uplink Scheduling
3.1 Scheduling Priority Processing
3.2 MCS Selection & Resource Allocation

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 MCS Selection

Whether message
3 is transmitted on
UL SRS UCI UE
IBLER IBLER target transmission transmission capability
measuremen
t

SRS SINR Adjusted Initial MCS

MCS adjustment
measurement adjustment SINR selection

Final
MCS
The process of determining MCSs for UL scheduling
consists of three parts: SINR adjustment, initial MCS
selection, and MCS adjustment

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 SINR Adjustment
The SINR adjustment scheme is adopted to adjust the SINR reported by the
physical layer in order to correct the SINR measurement errors.

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 Resource Allocation
The following info are required to determine number of RB
Buffer report from UE
Power headroom report from UE
QoS satisfaction rate
UE capability: Maximum data volume in each TTI

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 Contents
1. Scheduling Overview
2. Downlink Scheduling Feature
3. Uplink Scheduling Feature
4. Relevant Monitoring

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 Scheduled User Statistic Monitoring

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 UE MCS/PRB Monitoring

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 Summary
The functionality of scheduling
Scheduling flow for DL and UL.
Enhanced EPF scheduling in eNodeB.

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 Abbreviation

BSR: Buffer Status Report

CQI: Channel Quality Index
EPF: Enhanced Proportional Fairness
MCS: Modulation Coding Scheme
PF: Proportional Fairness
PHR: Power Headroom Report
RR: Round Robin
SINR: Signal Interference Ratio
SR: Scheduling Request

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