Palatal nasal

The palatal nasal is a type of consonant, used in some spoken

languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that
Palatal nasal
represents this sound is ,[1] a lowercase letter n with a leftward-
pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. The
equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J. The IPA symbol is similar to ,
the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook

extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to , the symbol for IPA number 118
the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the Encoding
bottom of the right stem; the symbol was derived from a ligature of gn,
Entity (decimal) ɲ
which represents the sound in French and Italian.[2]
Unicode (hex) U+0272
Palatal nasals are more common than the palatal stops [c, ].[3] In
X-SAMPA J
Spanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced by Spanish
orthography, this sound is represented with the letter ee (); the same is
Kirshenbaum n^

true for Occitan, the source of the Portuguese digraph ene-ag (nh), used Braille
by languages whose writing systems are influenced by Portuguese
orthography, such as Vietnamese; in Catalan, Hungarian and many Image
African languages, as Swahili or Dinka, the digraph ny is used, in Italian
and French gn is used .

The alveolo-palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some

oral languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International
Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound. If more precision is
desired, it may be transcribed n or ; these are essentially equivalent,
since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the
tongue. There is a non-IPA letter ("n", plus the curl found in the
Listen
symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives , ), used especially in
Sinological circles.
nya!
The alveolo-palatal nasal is commonly described as palatal; it is often
unclear whether a language has a true palatal or not. Many languages 0:00
claimed to have a palatal nasal, such as Portuguese, actually have an source help
alveolo-palatal nasal. This is likely true of several of the languages listed
here. Some dialects of Irish as well as some non-standard dialects of Alveolo-palatal nasal
Malayalam are reported to contrast alveolo-palatal and palatal

n
nasals.[4][5]

There is also a post-palatal nasal (also called pre-velar, fronted

velar etc.) in some languages.

Contents

1 Features
2 Occurrence
2.1 Palatal or alveolo-palatal
2.2 Post-palatal
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography

Features
Features of the voiced palatal nasal:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to
the hard palate.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or
in addition to through the mouth.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the centrallateral dichotomy does not apply.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and
diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Palatal or alveolo-palatal

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes

!Kung[6] Represented by ny

Albanian nj [] 'one'

Alveolo-palatal and
Aranda dento-alveolo-
palatal.[7]

'female
Basque andereo [ndeeo]
teacher'

'right(- Contrasts with the

Burmese[8] " [] hand voiceless palatal
side)' nasal //.

Alveolo-palatal or
Catalan[9] any [a] 'year' palatal.[7] See
Catalan phonology

Sichuanese /ny3 ren2 [y zn] 'woman' Alveolo-palatal

Chinese
Wu /gniugnin [yi] 'woman' Alveolo-palatal

May be intermediate
between palatal and
[ku] 'horse' alveolo-palatal.[5]
Czech k See Czech
phonology

Dinka nyt [t] 'very'

Not all dialects. See

Dutch[10] oranje [or] 'orange'
Dutch phonology

Alveolo-palatal or
palatal.[7] Merging
French[11] agneau [o] 'lamb'
with /nj/. See French
phonology

See Galician
Galician[12] vio [bio] 'wine'
phonology

'New Alveolo-palatal.[13]
Greek /prtochroni [protoxro] Year's See Modern Greek
Day' phonology

Alveolo-palatal with
alveolar contact.[7]
Hungarian[14] anya [] 'mother'
See Hungarian
phonology

Standard bagno [bo] 'bath' Postalveolo-

Italian Romanesco prepalatal.[15] See
niente [n te]
'nothing' Italian phonology
dialect

Irish contrasts
alveolo-palatal /n/,
palatal/palatovelar /
/, velar // and, in
Irish[4] inn [ne] 'yesterday'
some dialects,
palatalized alveolar
/n/.[16][17][18][4] See
Irish phonology

Alveolar or dento-
Japanese[19] /niwa [niwa] 'garden' alveolar.[7] See
Japanese phonology

Khasi bsei [bs] 'snake'

Alveolo-palatal. See
Korean /goni [koni] 'swan'
Korean phonology

See Latvian
Latvian mkoains [makuains] 'cloudy'
phonology

See Macedonian
Macedonian /eanje [ ta] 'itching'
phonology

Malagasy[7] Palatal.

Malay banyak [b] 'a lot'

Malayalam[20] [n] 'I'

'spiced
Mapudungun[21] achi [ t]
blood'

North
Mooring fliinj [fli] 'to fly'
Frisian

Northern[22]
Norwegian mann [m] 'man' See Norwegian
Southern[22] phonology

Northern Simultaneous
Polonha [puluo] 'Poland' alveolo-palatal and
Southern dento-alveolar or
Occitan dento-alveolo-
Gascon banh [ba] 'bath' palatal.[7] See
Occitan phonology

Alveolo-palatal. May
be replaced by a
nasal palatal
Polish[23] ko [k] 'horse' approximant in coda
position or before
fricatives. See Polish
phonology

Many Possible realization

Snia [sn] 'Sonia' of post-stressed /ni/
dialects[24]
plus vowel.

Central palatal, not

the same that //
which is pre-
palatal.[26] May
Portuguese
Brazilian[24][25] sonha [s] 'it dreams' instead be
approximant[27][12] in
Brazil and Africa.
See Portuguese
phonology

Dento-alveolo-
European[28] arranhar [na] 'to scratch'
palatal.[7]

Quechua uqa [q] 'I'

Alveolo-palatal.[29]
Transylvanian corresponds to [n] in
Romanian cine [ke] 'dog' standard Romanian.
dialects[29]
See Romanian
phonology

Alveolo-palatal. See
Scottish Gaelic[30] seinn [ei] 'sing' Scottish Gaelic
phonology

Alveolo-palatal. See
Serbo-Croatian / pitanje [pt
e] 'question' Serbo-Croatian
phonology

Slovak pee ]
[pe te 'liver' Alveolar.[7] See
Slovak phonology

Simultaneous
alveolo-palatal and
dento-alveolar or
Spanish[31] ensear [nser] 'to teach'
dento-alveolo-
palatal.[7] See
Spanish phonology

Alveolo-palatal. See
Ukrainian [tin
] 'shadow'
Ukrainian phonology

"Laminoalveolar".[32]
Vietnamese nh [] 'house' See Vietnamese
 phonology

Phonemically /nj/.
West Frisian njonken [okn] 'next to' See West Frisian
phonology

Yi /nyi [ni] 'sit' Alveolo-palatal.

Zulu inyoni [ini] 'bird' Alveolo-palatal.[7]

Post-palatal

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes

Allophone of // before and after front vowels;[33]

German Standard[33] gngig [] 'common' the example also illustrates []. See Standard
German phonology

Allophone of /n/ before palatalized velars;[34]

Lithuanian[34] menk [mke ] 'cod' typically transcribed in IPA with . See Lithuanian
phonology

Mapudungun[35] Allophone of // before the front vowels /, e/.[35]

Allophone of /n/ before /k, /.[36][37] See Polish

Polish[36][37] wgiel [vl] 'coal'
phonology

Allophone of /n/ used before the palatalized

Romanian[38] anchet [ke t]
'inquiry' allophones of /k, /.[38] Typically transcribed in IPA
with . See Romanian phonology

Uzbek[39] ming [mi] 'thousand' Word-final allophone of // after front vowels.[39]

Vietnamese Final allophone of //. See Vietnamese phonology

'strip of
Yanyuwa[40] [luwa
u] Post-palatal; contrasts with post-velar [].[40]
turtle fat'

See also
Nasal palatal approximant
Index of phonetics articles
(upper and lower case letter used in some orthographies)

References
1. Ladefoged (2005), p. xviii.
2. International Phonetic Alphabet for French (https://archive.org/details/InternationalPhoneticAlphabetForFrench).
3. Ladefoged (2005), p. 163.
4. N Chasaide (1999).
5. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 33.
6. Doke (1925), p. ?.
7. Recasens (2013), p. 11.
8. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
9. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
10. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.
10. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.
11. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
12. Mattos e Silva (1991), p. 73.
13. Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
14. Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
15. Recasens et al. (1993), p. 222.
16. Quiggin (1906).
17. de Bhaldraithe (1966).
18. Mhac an Fhailigh (1968).
19. Okada (1991), p. 95.
20. Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
21. Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 88.
22. Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105107.
23. Jassem (2003), pp. 103104.
24. Consideraes sobre o status das palato-alveolares em portugus (http://publicacoes.ufes.br/contexto/article/vie
wFile/7039/5174), p. 12.
25. Arago (2009), p. 168.
26. Cagliari 1974, p. 77. Citation:Em portugus, o [] se aproxima mais do [] do que do [n]; por isso ser
classificado como "central" e no como pr-palatal. O [] em muitas lnguas se realiza como "central"; em
portugus, [] tende a [lj] e se realiza sempre na regio prepalatal.
27. Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels (http://www.personal.psu.edu/jml34/vinho.pd
f)
28. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
29. Pop (1938), p. 30.
30. Oftedal (1956), p. ?.
31. Martnez-Celdrn, Fernndez-Planas & Carrera-Sabat (2003), p. 255.
32. Thompson (1959), pp. 460.
33. Krech et al. (2009), pp. 49, 97.
34. Ambrazas et al. (1997), p. 36.
35. Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 89.
36. Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111, 114.
37. Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41, 86.
38. Sarlin (2014), p. 17.
39. Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
40. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34-35.

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