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MIX DESIGN
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BASIC PURPOSE OF MIX AGGREGATE GRADING
DESIGN * Consideration:
- Maximum size 1/3 layer thickness
- Advantages of using large aggregates
To produce QUALITY asphalt with + increase strength
+ increase skid resistance
desirable aggregate matrix and + lowered OBC
appropriate bitumen content to meet + increase resistance to deformation
all specification requirements + BUT serious aggregate segregation problems
- Advantages of small sized aggregates
+ Reduce segregation problems
+ Reduce traffic noise
+ Reduce tyre wear and tear
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JKR GRADATION LIMITS
AGGREGATE BLEND
GRADATION LIMITS FOR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE
Problem Statement Mix Type Wearing Course Wearing Course Binder Course
Mix Designation AC 10 AC 14 AC 28
BS Sieve Size, mm Percentage Passing (by weight)
28.0 100
20 mm 10 mm 5 mm Filler 20.0 100 72 90
14.0 100 90 100 58 76
10.0 90 100 76 86 48 64
?% ?% ?% ?% 5.0 58 72 50 62 30 46
3.35 48 64 40 54 24 40
How many percent from each stockpile must be 1.18 22 40 18 34 14 28
taken to produce a blend, such that when re-sieved, 0.425 12 26 12 24 8 20
0.150 6 14 6 -14 4 10
will fall within the gradation limits stipulated in 0.075 48 4-8 3 -7
the specifications for, say ACW20. 9
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TARGET GRADATION BLENDING STOCKPILES
Trial and Error Method
Define gradation limits
Target gradation must be within the gradation upper Tabulate aggregate grading of each
and lower limits stockpile
Tabulate specification limits
Estimate the proportions
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AGGREGATE BLENDING AGGREGATE BLENDING
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GRADATION CHART TO THE POWER 0.45
Other methods to obtain gradations Percentage Passing
100
Fullers Method:
80
P = 100(d/D)0.45
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Superpave Method Eg:
40
Sieve size 4.75 mm equivalent (4.75)0.45 = 2.02
Aggregate gradations based on aggregate 20
packing
0
0 1 2 3 4
21
Sieve Size (mm) Raised to the Power 0.4523
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Sieve Size (mm) Raised to the Power 0.4524
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Percentage Passing
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN MIX
DESIGN
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Maximum density line
Function of aggregate structure matrix to
Maximum
transmit load
size
Nominal Function of bitumen to bind aggregate
size particles and waterproofing
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MIX DESIGN METHOD METHODS TO DETERMINE OBC
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DETERMINATION OF OBC DETERMINATION OF OBC
Quoted from SPJ2008 Prepare aggregate blend according to the specification limits
The individual test values at the mean optimum bitumen content shall
then be read from the plotted smooth curves and shall comply with
the design parameters given in Table 4.12.
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DETERMINATION OF OBC
DETERMINATION OF OBC
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Heat bitumen in oven
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DETERMINATION OF OBC MIXING
Place hot aggregates into mixer bowl,
pour bitumen and blend = HMA (Hot
Mix Asphalt)
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Put on
heat
resistant
gloves
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COMPACTION
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COMPACTION
Two modes:
1. Marshall Hammer
High capacity mixer (Impact) @ 75 blows each
available in the face
highway lab
Normally use Hobart 2. Gyratory (kneading) @
mixer known number of
gyrations, gyration angle
and axial pressure/force
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Marshall hammer
(manual)
Source: JKR
Guide
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Mix ready for compaction having reached its compaction temperature
Compaction
Gyratory method mimicks the action of a
field roller compactor
Similar mix properties (specimens compacted in
lab and cores obtained from field)
Marshall (automatic)
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COMPACTION
Measure height reduction during
compaction, hence density and
workability index
Axial force
No of gyrations
Angle of
gyration
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Moulds for the GYROPAC
COMPACTION
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MARSHALL SPECIMENS
Measure heights
Take mass in air and mass in water
Obtain saturated surface dried (SSD) mass Weigh in air and
Calculate aggregate mix specific gravity weigh in water
Calculate asphalt mix specific gravity
100 mm
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100
SGag =
P1 + P2 + . Pn
G1 G2 Gn
100
SGmix =
Pbit + 100-BC
SGbit SGagg
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CALCULATE DENSITY, AIR VOIDS AND MARSHALL STABILITY
VOIDS FILLED WITH BITUMEN
Test for Marshall stability and flow
Temp 60 deg C
Mass in Air Rate of loading
Density = 50.8 cm/min
Mass SSD Mass in Water
Stability is the
maximum load
during failure
Density Flow is the
Voids = 100 1 deformation at
SGmix the point of
failure
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BITUMEN CONTENT OF ASPHALTIC
CONCRETE MIX ACCORDING TO
SPJ2008
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DETERMINATION OF OBC
Density
BITUMEN CONTENT OF ASPHALTIC
Stability
CONCRETE MIX ACCORDING TO
Flow
SPJ2008
% binder % binder
Parameter Wearing Course Binder Course
Voids*
Stability S > 8000 N > 8000 N
VFB
% binder Flow F 2.0 - 4.0 mm 2.0 - 4.0 mm
Stiffness S/F > 2000 N/mm > 2000 N/mm
% binder Air voids in mix 3.0% - 5.0% 3.0% - 7.0%
% binder
Voids in aggregate 70% - 80% 65% - 75%
filled with bitumen
OBC is the average bitumen content at the maximum density,
maximum stability, 4% voids, 3 mm flow, 75% VFB (wearing
course), 70% VFB (binder course)
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AFTER MIXTURE DESIGN
COMPLIANCE
COMPLIANCE
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