Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By:
Mortada Chamas
________________________________________________
the jury:
STRUCTURAL REPORT
Design criteria-Structural Analysis-R.C Design
1. Definition of the Intervention
The aim of the present report is to conduct the structural study of the project parts and to
assess the adequacy of the preliminary structural resisting systems for gravitational and
lateral loads, as specified by the design criteria and according to the specifications.
The assessment to the structural systems adequacy will be done considering the following
factors:
In this Phase of study the basic design criteria (codes, loadings, materials) and the
analysis methods are presented. The basic assumptions of the numerical analysis are also
stated. Based on the design criteria and assumptions data, a rigorous structural analysis is
conducted with three dimensional models of the buildings using the ETABS software.
The buildings response, obtained from the analysis results, led to the determination of:
- the maximum lateral sway of buildings which allows the adjustment of the expansion
joint gap.
- the internal forces in the different structural elements, which allowed the checking /
design of the vertical structural elements (columns, walls)
- the transfer of data to other software (Safe, S-concrete) which allowed the checking of
the proposed foundations and slabs dimensions .
2. Preface
B eing a civil engineer graduate, we are going to introduce the structural skills
acquired through our learning process in the faculty of engineering-Lebanese
University. Our project is one of the engineering articles concerning structural
detailing of a building. So we chose the SKY TOWER on KHALDEH-LEBANON to be
our case of study. Designers obviously need the full data related to the building in order to
be able to start his study, and he should determine the means that may help him creating
his model.
Architectural Details:
the SKY TOWER in Lebanon is located in khaldeh, Beirut, on a rock type soil. The
project consists of ten residential buildings of various heights and floor areas, summer
club, and winter club. The current block A consists of two Basement floors, one Ground
floor, 11 residential floors.
The project consists of ten residential buildings of various heights and floor areas,
summer club, and winter club. The current block A (my project) consists of two Basement
floors, one Ground floor, 11 residential floors.
BASEMENT PLAN
USUAL
FLOOR
PLAN
GF
3. Major Constraints
The structural analysis and concrete design of the project was governed by the following
constraints:
4. Design Criteria
4.1 Codes of Practice , standards
The buildings straining forces (gravitational and lateral) and the capacity of the
structural resisting elements were determined in accordance to the following code of
practice:
- the Uniform Building Code UBC 97 for the determination of lateral forces intensity
and distribution (Earthquake and Wind pressure).
- ACI 318-02 for the determination of loads combinations, the design and detailing of
various concrete elements (slabs, beams, columns, walls and foundations).
- Autodesk AutoCAD
Draw and plan and detail any needed figure, with 2D and 3D features.
- CSI- Etabs
- CSI- Safe
- S-CONCRETE
- BEAMD
Design and draw any given beam. Get the loads and gives the resulting
forces and moments, and checks code capability with the results.
- TALREN
5.1 Materials:
Two main materials are to be used in the construction phase of the building: Concrete and
Steel.
In our project we will use concrete with fc= 20MPa, and another type of fc= 32MPa. And
steel with tensile yield fy=420MPa for longitudinal reinforcement, and fy= 280 MPa for
transversal reinforcement.
a) Slab: slabs assumptions are concerned about its type and thickness. Clearly
the designer prefers less thickness that offers him less cost. These
assumptions depend mainly on the spans found through the slab, and the type
of support used. Due to long spans found between supports (columns), we
decided to use a two way solid slab (flat plate).
We will use a two way solid slab with 25cm thickness (refer to slab design
section). As analysis results are derived, we are going to check the deflection
and reinforcement.
As our project is an residential building, in addition to car garages in the basement floors,
we can assume live loads as follows:
The UBC 97 recommends that the static lateral force procedure of Section 1630
may be used for the following structures:
1. All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone 1 and in Occupancy
Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2.
2. Regular structures under 240 feet (73 152 mm) in height with lateral force
resistance provided by systems listed in Table 16-N, except where Section 1629.8.4,
Item 4, applies.
3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height.
4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion
where both portions of the structure considered separately can be classified as being
regular, the average story stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10 times the
average story stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire structure is
not greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper portion considered as a separate
structure fixed at the base. [1--- 1629.8.3]
The sky tower is in zone 1 so the static analysis is required.
Seismic load parameters are related to the zone of study, which is Beirut in our
case. Beirut is said to be of zone 2B, referring to UBC97-TABLE 16-1, we find
Seismic Zone Factor (Z) = 0.25
Soil investigations proved that the site is of dense sand type.
Referring to UBC97
TABLE 16-N
Over-strengthFactor,
R = 4.5 (BWS)
Referring to UBC97-TABLE 16-K
50 combos.
II- Modifiers:
1- Slabs:
2- Shear Walls:
V (Eqn 2) = 0.0302W
V (Eqn 3) = 0.0060W
V (Eqn 4) = 0.0097W
Method A:
The value T may be approximated from the following formula:
TA = Ct (hn)3/4 = 0.0488 x (65.7)3/4 = 2.16s.
Where:
Ct = 0.0488 for all other buildings except the steel moment-resisting frames and the reinforced
concrete moment resisting-frames and eccentrically braced frames.
Method B:
The fundamental period T may be calculated using the structural properties and deformational
characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis. The analysis shall be
in accordance with the requirements of Section 1630.1.2.
The value of T from Method B shall not exceed a value 40 percent greater than the value of T
obtained from Method A in zone 1. (max TB adopted 1.4TA =2.04s).
The values of fi represent any lateral force distributed. The elastic deflections, i, shall be
calculated using the applied lateral forces, fi.
Note: TB is calculated through the software: ETABS
The concentrated force Ft at the top, which is in addition to Fn , shall be determined from the
formula: Ft = 0.07 T.V = 4952 KN < 0.25V = 13061.6 KN.
The remaining portion of the base shear shall be distributed over the height of the structure
according to the following formula:
For spans exceeding the above mentioned range, special design considerations shall be
taken into account for the temperature effects.
The temperature, uniform daily/ seasonal variation and the thermal gradient, were
assumed as 20C.
6 . Structural Materials
i- parameters:
Mass= 0.25 t/m2
Weight= 2.5 t/m3
f 'c= 2500 t/m2
modulus of elasticity:
Ec =57000 x sqrt( f 'c psi ) =57000 x sqrt(3626 psi ) = 343237.78 psi = 2413165 t/m2
Poisson's ratio: ACI sec 19.2.1 recommends that poisson ratio is null for perfectly elastic
isotropic material, we take it 0.2 for mare safety. ( since there is no material perfectly
elastic)
Elements in used structure are grouped into types: frame sections containing beams
and columns, and wall and slab.
i- Drawing
Drawings including slab layout and columns and walls positions, are going to be imported
from the AutoCAD software to Etabs. Thus we have a model exactly the same as the real
one.
After we insured that walls are
acting as a unit, slabs should also
act as a unit. So we must assign a
diaphragm to the slabs that
catches the whole slab to its mass
center, so transmit lateral forces
to the vertical-resisting elements.
8- Model Check
Just after finishing the model creation, and running the analysis of the structure, results
are derived. These results must be checked to have a structure adequate to the code's
recommendations. Checks are mainly concern lateral forces and dynamic loads, and the
structure response to these load.
SPEC1:
X-function: scale factor = old scale factor (g/R) = 3.397.
Z- function: scale factor= 2/3 x X-function scale factor = 2/3 x 3.397 = 2.265.
SPEC2:
Y-function: scale factor = old scale factor (g/R) =
Z- function: scale factor= 2/3 x Y-function scale factor = 2/3 x 2.555 = 1.703
Running the analysis after changing the scale factors, Etabs gives:
Method B: (30-10)
Also ACI-code says that the participating mass in the model shall be at least 90% to
assure convergence, and this condition is assured using 30 modes as shown in the
following table.
Mode Period SumUX SumUY SumUZ
UBC97 also declared limitations to the story drift. Section 1630.10.2 states that
"Calculated story drift shall not exceed 0.025 times the story height for structures
having a fundamental period of less than 0.7 second. For structures having a
fundamental period of 0.7 second or greater, the calculated story drift shall not exceed
0.020 times the story height."
As our structure has a period 2.3 > 0.7 s, then the limit will be:
Story Drift < 0.02 x story height
The following table shows the drifts resulting from the Etabs analysis:
The height if the building is 64 meters, divided by 500 it becomes 0.128. Note that
0.0125<0.128, thus the structure is approved for wind loads.
v- BWS-system Applicability
As we consider the Bearing Wall System (BWS) to resist lateral forces, then columns shall
not carry more than 10% of the total shear present at the level. Taking the least level
(basement), we calculate the percentage of the carried shear by columns to the total shear.
Results can be summarized by the following tables:
V2 V3 V2 V3
QX1 1.64 4.26 QX2 0.84 4.44
BASE 1 352.57 -149.96 BASE 1 352.92 -164.29
PERCENTAGE 0.465156 2.84076 PERCENTAGE 0.238014281 2.70254
V2 V3
V2 V3
QY1 -1.94 -55.5
QY2 -0.44 -55.9
BASE 1 -205.35 2517.21
BASE 1 -205.91 2543.67
PERCENTAGE 0.944729 2.20482
PERCENTAGE 0.213685591 2.19761
All percentages are less than 10% then the assumption of BWS is allowed.
X:
Y: Torsion is considere
9- The Structural Analysis
3D View
Floor Slabs
Slabs are first structural element that caries the direct load then transports it to beam (if
exist) then columns. Slabs mainly caries moment and shear forces, and its designed to resist
these forces, taking into consideration that slabs take no lateral forces thus it will only be
affected by gravity loads. Slabs design will pass in several steps to give its results: section
and reinforcement.
i. Pre-dimensioning:
In our project we shall use two way flat plate slab since the span length ranges
between 6 and 7 m. So a flat plate of thickness 25 cm was our choice as the
minimum thickness for deflection control.
ii. Loads:
Self-weight: dead load computed by the program, with density of concrete
2.5 T/m3.
Super imposed dead load: uniform load formed of partition (0.2T/m 2) and
finishing (0.2T/m2) on pedestrians floors while in parking floors 0.2T/m 2.
Live load: (0.25T/m2)
iii. Load combinations:
Service combination: DL+LL
Sustained load combination: DL+0.4 LL
Ultimate combination: 1.2 DL+1.6 LL
Taking basement 1 as an example, the maximum values of long term and short term
deflections are as follows:
1. DL deflection: 1.894 mm
2. Service load deflection: 2.234 mm
3. Sustained load deflection: 2.997 mm
Deflection limitations are provided by ACI_318M-05 table 9.5(b)
Short term deflection = def. (ser.) def. (dead)
< l/360 = 23.88mm
Long term deflection = DL.def (dead) + sus. (def. (sus.) - def. (dead))
=5.34 mm < l/240 = 35mm
Where:
DL= , (t =2 for five years ACI_318M-05 9.5.2.5) (ACI_318M-05
9.11)
sus= , (t=1.2 for 6 month ACI_318M-05 9.5.2.5) (ACI_318M-05
9.11)
While = 0.002, minimum compressive reinforcement in slabs.
vii. Reinforcement:
Minimum reinforcement in SLAB is shrinkage and temperature steel which is for
grade 60 (420MPa) = 0.0018bh = 4.5 cm2 (4T12/m) - ACI_318M-05 10.5.4 and
7.12.2.1.
Reinforcing the slab with minimum reinforcement, we now search for any needed
additional steel.
Additional top and bottom reinforcement to 5T12/m (5.65 cm2) at top and
5T14/m (7.7cm2)
i. Stair case
a) Stairs are common elements that are found almost in all
structures made of several floors. Stairs may differ due
to its span and assigned load. Being in a public
structure, the stairs are supposed to carry high loads,
0.25 t/m2 as super imposed dead loads and 0.48 t/m2 as
live loads. It sufficient to define only teo load
combinations, strength combination (1.2DL + 1.6LL)
and working stress combination (1.0DL + 1.0 LL).
The plan dimensions of the stairs are as shown in the
adjacent figure.
b) Design:
Stairs will be treated as one way slab supported on beams.
Supporting beam: two identical beams support the stairs, then each one carry half the
load.
DL= 0.25 x 2.2 = 0.55 t/m
LL= 0.48 x 2.2 = 1.056 t/m.
The results are as follows:
Shear and deflections (Note that deflection is L/544 < L/360) are ok, the required steel area is 4.09
cm2 then we can use 3T14@ 10 cm
Stairs
Also stairs defined on BeamD as beam of 125 cm width and 17 cm depth.
DL= 0.25 x 1.25 = 0.3125 t/m
LL= 0.48 x 1.25 = 0.6 t/m
The results are as follows:
Shear and deflections (L/1209 < L/360) are ok, the required steel area is 6.15 cm2 then we can use
6T12@ 20 cm
ii. Ramp:
Ramp is considered as a one way 25 cm thick slab supported on its adjacent shear walls.
Main reinforcement will be as joining the walls. In the second way minimum
reinforcement will be added.
Live load is to be considered 0.24 t/m2, while super imposed dead loads are null.
It is defined as one meter width, 25 cm thick slab pinned on the walls. The span equals to
6.6m.
DL= (2.5 x 0.25) x 1 = 0.825 t/m
LL= 0.24 x 1 = 0.24 t/m.
The next figure shows that shear is ok for this section (25 x 100 cm), then use T8@20
cm as stirrups. Steel area is 8.33 cm2, then we use 5T16 @20cm per meter.
Reinforcement in the second direction is going to have area as temperature steel
requirements:
As2= 0.0018 x b x h = 0.0018 x 100 x 25 = 4.5 cm2, then use 5T14 @ 20cm per meter.
12- Footings Design
Any structure is going to be supported by structural elements that carries gravity loads to
the ground, it is footings. The depth of footings depends on the supported load and column
(or wall) size, while its dimensions are related to soil strength. (Actually soil strength is
related to foundation dimensions)
After several iterations, depth and dimension of footings are determined and shown in the
following report. Three types of footings is used in our project: isolated footings, combined
footings, and mat foundation.
I - Supporting Soil
The soil present in the project location is of sand nature, where it is of 30 t/m2 bearing
capacity. Excavating for 14 meters, we can say that the soil at this level is compacted. Thus
the new bearing capacity can be considered as:
Designing on "safe" software, we have to define the soil subgrade modulus instead of
bearing capacity. A simple relation can transform the bearing capacity to subgrade
modulus:
This mat, and due to different loads will not be of uniform thickness. Columns and walls
carrying much loads need more thickness of foundation, to comply with punching limits
determined by ACI-code. The dominant thickness is 1 meter, while some regions need more
depth. The next figure will show the differences in raft thickness.
Loads applied on Raft foundation
Reaction of Soil pressure
X-Top Reinforcement
X-Bottom Reinforcement
Y-Top Reinforcement
Y-BOTTOM Reinforcement
III- Isolated Footings
The dimensions of such type of footings is determined such that its soil reaction is smaller
than soil capacity to avoid settlement. On the other hand, footing depth is determined to
support punching shear up to ACI-code section 11.11.2.1:
Eq (11-31)
( )
Defining the footings on "safe", and assigning the loads and supports, then running the
analysis, we get the following results. Footings are named up to their depth in cm.
df
13- The Microsilica in Concrete
In our project, the demanded high strength structure necessitates the usage of durable concrete. In
order to attain durability, concrete is mixed with microsilica. The later particles is very smaller in
size than those of concrete, thus allowing it to react with the cement particles to strengthen the
bond within each other, and thus prohibiting the passage of water particles through the voids that
may generate in concrete. The induced strength in concrete provide additional ability of it to resist
sulfate attacks subsequently after the voids are filled with microsilica.
Therefore we found that microsilica is an eligible subject to be discussed in the following section.
Microsilica is a mineral admixture composed of very fine solid glassy spheres of silicon
dioxide (SiO2). Most microsilica particles are less than 1 micron (0.00004 inch) in diameter,
generally 50 to 100 times finer than average cement or fly ash particles.
Frequently called condensed silica fume, microsilica is a by- product of the industrial manufacture
of ferrosilicon and metallic silicon in high-temperature electric arc furnaces. The ferrosilicon or
silicon product is drawn off as a liquid from the bottom of the furnace. Vapor rising from the 2000-
degree-C furnace bed is oxidized, and as it cools condenses into particles which are trapped in huge
cloth bags. Processing the condensed fume to remove impurities and control particle size yields
microsilica.
-As a pozzolan, microsilica provides a more uniform distribution and a greater volume of hydration
products.
-As a filler, microsilica decreases the average size of pores in the cement paste.
Microsilcas effectiveness as a pozzolan and a filler depends largely on its composition and
particle siz which in turn depend on the design of the furnace and the composition of the raw
materials with which the furnace is charged. At present there are no U.S. standard specifications
for the material or its applications.
Dosages of microsilica used in concrete have typically been in the range of 5 to 20 percent by
weight of cement, but percentages as high as 40 have been reported.
Used as an admixture, microsilica can improve the properties of both fresh and hardened concrete.
Used as a partial replacement for cement, microsilica can substitute for energy-consuming cement
without sacrifice of quality.
A.1-Pozzolanic action
Addition of microsilica to a concrete mix alters the cement paste structure. The resulting paste
contains more of the strong calcium-silicate hydrates and less of the weak and easily soluble
calcium hydroxides than do ordinary cement pastes. Because the microsilica particles are so
smalltheir average diameter is about 1100 that of cement particlesthey disperse among and
separate the cement particles. The resulting fine, uniform matrix can give markedly higher
compressive, flexural, and bond strength. Compressive strengths as high as 15,000 psi with
ordinary aggregates and 30,000 psi or more with special aggregates have been reported.
A.2-Freeze-thaw durability
The small microsilica particles are very good at infiltrating and plugging capillary pores in
concrete making pores smaller and fewer and concrete more dense. This gives the concrete good
resistance to freezing and thawing. Air entrainment improves the resistance of microsilica
concrete in the same way it does ordinary concrete. However, microsilica concrete even with
relatively low cement content can reportedly be compounded to be frost resistant without air-
entraining agents.
Comparison of compressive strengths of a proprietary microsilica concrete and a low-slump dense
concrete without microsilica, both compounded for bridge deck overlays. Early strength of the
microsilica concrete is lower. But after two days, values are about equal. After 28 days, microsilica
concrete is about 40 percent stronger and after 56 days, 50 percent stronger.
A.3-Protection of reinforcement
Concretes ability to protect embedded steel against corrosion depends mainly on the alkalinity of
the pore water. As long as the water is highly alkaline, a passive oxide film on the steel protects it.
If the passivity is destroyed by aggressive ions, either carbonates or chloride ions, the steel will
corrode at a rate depending on the concretes electrical resistivity and rate of oxygen transport
through water- saturated concrete.
Fortunately, microsilica thanks to its pore-filling capabilities reduces (in some if not all cases) the
rate of carbonation, decreases permeability to chloride ions, imparts high electrical resistivity, and
has little effect on oxygen transport. Therefore, microsilica concrete can be expected to be strongly
protective of reinforcement and embedments.
One supplier prepares a slurry which, used at the rate of 1 gallon per 100 pounds of cement, will
provide about 5 percent microsilica by weight of cement. In 1984, that supplier was quoting a price
of $1.70 per gallon at a plant in West Virginia. In Canada, patented methods have been used to
densify the microsilica for shipment to ready mix producers. Some concrete producers also use the
loose microsilica just as it is collected.
Plastic shrinkage cracking can readily develop unless precautions are taken. It is important to
finish the concrete promptly and apply a curing compound or cover immediately. With lean
concrete mixes or mixes containing fly ash replacement of cement, different effects
have been reported. For example, Reference 4 reports that mixes with less than 380 pounds of
cement per cubic yard plus 10 percent microsilica are both more cohesive and more plastic so no
extra water is needed to maintain slump.
B.4-Concrete color effects
Freshly mixed concrete containing microsilica can be almost black, dark gray, or practically
unchanged, depending on the dosage of microsilica and its carbon content. The more carbon and
iron in the admixture, the darker the resulting concrete. Hardened concretes are not much darker
than normal concretes when dry. Sometimes there is a faint bluish tinge, but when the microsilica
concrete is wet, it looks darker than normal.