Long Distance Connection and WAN Long Distance Connection and WAN

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Lecture 6
Long Distance Connection and WAN
Digital Telephone
Telephone, PCM and Nyquist Sampling Theorem
DSU/CSU, T Line Series and OC line Series
Local Loop
DSL Technologies
- ADSL, HDSL, SDSL, VDSL
C bl M
Cable Modem
d
WAN and Packet Switch
Switch Addressing and Routing
Typical WANs
- ARPANET, X.25, Frame Rely, SMDS, ATM
Wireless WANs, Cellular Networks
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Lecture 6
Long Distance Telephone Network and Others

- A single LAN cant handle an arbitrary number of computers
- A LAN is usually owned by a company, organization, university, , which
cant build their own long distance links to connect computers in arbitrary sites
- Telephone and other companies offer long distance connections which
can be
b leased
l d to build
b ld large
l computer networksk coveredd many distance
d sites
Telephone Company
Ci i Switch
Circuit S i h Analogy
A l Network
N k
Modem Modem
AD/DA AD/DA
Circuit Switch Digital
g Network
Convert Convert
Comp
LAN
Packet Switch Digital Network Comp
LAN
Other Company
Modem CATV Network Modem
Modem Satellite Network Modem

...
Lecture 6
Digital
g Telephone
p Network and PCM
Analogy telephone network: transfers analogy voice signal in the frequency range [0, 4KHz]
Digital telephone network: transfers digital voice signal
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation): a standard of conversion from analogy voice to digital voice
- Analogy signal is first sampled in sampling interval T or with sampling frequency F=1/T
- Nyquist sampling theorem: Original analogy signal can be reconstructed
from a sequence of sampled values if F>=2B where B is the maximum signal frequency
- Sampling frequency of digital voice = 8 KHz
- Each sampled value is quantized to an integer in [-127, 127]
- Encoding the integer to an 8-bit binary value
value, PCM hardware is a analogy-to-digital (AD) device
- Bit rate of one digital voice channel: 8KHz x 8 bits = 64 Kbps
00000111
00000110
00000101
00000100
00000011
00000010
00000001
00000000
T T, sampling interval
F=1/T, sampling frequency
Lecture 6
DSU/CSU
- Computer industry and telephone industry use own standards in different encoding
- DSU/CSU perform the conversion between two standards
- DSU (Data Service Unit): Translations between two encoding
- CSU (Channel
(Ch l Service
S i Unit):
U it) managementt off line
li termination
t i ti and d diagnose
di
Lecture 6
Digital Telephone Line Standard
Japan
Japan
Japan
- Specified by the telephone industry in each country,

country different from the world
- Fractional T1= 64, 9.6 or 4.8Kbps, use multiple fractional T1 with multiplxier
- Can be leased in two points
- Three campus networks in Hosei University are connected by T1 (before 2001)
To outside
Ichigaya T2
T1 T1
T1
Koganei Tama
Lecture 6
High
g Capacity
p y Digital
g Lines
- Use both electrical signal and optical signal

- Electrical standard called Synchronous
y Transport
p Signal
g (STS)
( )
- Optical standard called Optical Carrier (OC)
- Engineers usually use OC- terminology for everything
- OC-3 is popular
p p
- OC-3: three OC-1 lines, OC-3C: a single line operating at 155.520 Mbps
Lecture 6
Local Loop:
p Analogy
gy Line,, ISDN and DSL
Analogy line Local

ISDN line Central Telephone
Office network
DSL line ( CO )
Subscribers
Local Loop
Analogy line:
- Analogy signal (300~3300Hz), modem needed, low speed (34/56Kbps)
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network):
- BRI ((Basic Rate Interface)) = 2B+D,, B=64Kbps
p for data,, D=16Kbps
p for control
- PRI (Primary Rate Interface)=23B+64D=1.544Mbps=T1
- called Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN), relatively slow
- B-ISDN ((Broadband ISDN), ) 155 or 622 Mbps
p to each subscriber
xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
- use existing telephone line to provide high speed transmission, new technology
Lecture 6
xDSL Technology
g
xDSL is a family of technologies to use existing analogy telephone line (copper pair)
for deliveryy of high-speed
g p data between a subscriber and telephone
p central office.
Telephone Network
xDSL family
S
ADSL: Asymmetric
sy e c Digital
g a Subscriber
Su sc e Line e
HDSL: High-rate Digital Subscriber Line
Local Central Office (CO) SDSL: Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
VDSL: Very high bite rate Digital Subscriber Line
Analogy phone DSL
xDSL ADSL HDSL SDSL VDSL

f (KHz) Bit rate 32~640K Up 1.5M 1.5M 1.5~2.3M Up
0 20 25 Fa Fb Fc 32K~ 6.4M Down 1.5M 1.5M 13~52M Down
Upstream Downstream Mode Asymmetric Symmetric Symm Asym
wire 1 pair 2 pairs 1 pair 1 pair
Length 3.7~5.5km 3.7km 3.0km 1.4km
Phone Computer
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing

Spectrum of copper pair Frequency range (<20KHz) for analogy phone
Frequency range (>25Kz) for data transmission
Local line quality
Low frequency is better than high frequency
0 f (KHz) Characteristic of each line is different from others
Lecture 6
ADSL
DMT (Discrete MultiTone) by ANSI

- FDM and QAM modulation
- 31 channels ((carriers)) for upstream
p
- 255 channels (carriers) for downstream
Analogy
phone
f (KHz)
0 20 25 200 250 1M
Upstream Downstream
- Concurrent and independent uses of analogy phone and data transmission

p
- Upstream to 640Kbps
p and downstream to 6.4M, suited for accessing
g Internet
Lecture 6
C bl M
Cable Modem
d T
Technology
h l
Cable TV already brings high bandwidth coax into houses
Conventional Cable TV is one direction

M M
- Signal broadcast at central location
- Amplifiers boost signal through network CATV
- Amplifiers are unidirectional Center
Solutions: Amplifier
M - Cable Modem
- Alternate upstream path - e.g., dialup
- Replaced
p byy bi-directional amplifiers
p
Cable modems encode and decode data from cable TV coax

- One in cable TV center connects to network
- One in home connects to computer
Users share the cable TV TV

f (MHz)
- Each subscriber is assigned
g an address
- TDM is used like multiple computers in LAN Upstream Downstream
(shared by multiple users)
Lecture 6
WAN andd S
Switch
it h
WAN Wide Area Network: A network that can span a large geographic area,
e.g., multiple cities, countries or continents.
WAN building blocks:
(1) Long-distance connection (e.g., T1/T3 lines, OC1/OC3 lines, etc.)
(2) Packet switch
- A hardware
a d a e device
de ce coconnected
ected to ot
other
e sswitches
tc es a
and
d co
computers
pute s
- Has CPU, memory, I/O interface, etc.
- Handles packet
Packet
Header Frame Data or Payload Trailer
Dest Addr Sour Addr
Lecture 6
Illustration of A WAN
Animation
- Place one or more switches at each site

- Interconnect
Inte onne t switches:
it he LAN technology
te hnolog forfo local
lo l connections
onne tion
Leased digital lines for long distance connections
- Interconnections depend on traffic amount and reliability requirement
- Packet is sent from source
source, travels switch
switch-to-switch,
to switch and delivered to destination
- Switch stores packet in memory, examines address, and forwards it toward destination
Lecture 6
Add
Addressing
i iin WAN
- Each computer has a unique address

- It is a two-part hierarchical address including 2 integers: [Integer1, Integer2]
Integer1 for switch number Integer2 for computer number
Lecture 6
N t H F
Next-Hop Forwarding
di andd R
Routing
ti T Table
bl
Routing table of switch 2
- Packet switch must choose outgoing connection for forwarding

If destination is local computer,
computer packet switch delivers computer port
If destination is attached another switch, this packet switch
forwards to next hop through connection to another switch
- Packet switch doesn't
doesn t keep complete information about all possible destination
- A routing table just keeps next hop
- For each packet, packet switch looks up destination in its routing table and
forwards through connection to next hop
- Next hop to destination does not depend on source of packet
- Called source independence
Lecture 6
Routing Table and Graph
Graph: Node models switch

Edge models connection
Routing tables
without default routes
Routing tables
with default routes
- Each switch or node has a routing table: Left entry right entry
destination switch edge number pair
- Default route can remove duplicate routes, reduce memory and improve performance
Lecture 6
Routingg Table Computation
p
- Static routing table: fixed in switch booting and does not change
- Dynamic routing table: initialized in booting and alters as conditions in the network change
Shortest p
path computation:
p
- Label on edge represents distance
- Possible distance metric: geographic distance, economic cost, capacity, etc
- Shortest means the minimum sum of distances in all paths between two nodes
- Darkened path is minimum from node 4 to node 5
Algorithms
g for computing
p g shortest paths
p
- Dijkstras algorithm
- Distance Vector (DV) algorithm
Lecture 6
Examples
p of WAN Technologies
g
ARPANET
- The first WAN, began in 1960s, low speed: 56Kbps
- Funded by Advanced Research Projects Agency, an organization of US Defense Department
- Incubator for many of current ideas, algorithms and internet technologies
X.25
- Early
l standard
d d for
f connection-oriented d networking
k from
f ITU, which ll CCITT
h h was originally
- Early commercial service, more popular in Europe
- Predates computer connections, used for terminal/timesharing connection
Frame Relay
- Telco service for delivering blocks of data
- Connection-based service;
- Typically
yp y 56Kbps
p or 1.5Mbps;p can run to 100Mbps
p
-SMDS - Switched Multi-megabit Data Service
- Connectionless service; any SMDS station can send a frame to any other station
- Typically 1.5-100Mbps
ATM - Asynchronous
A h Transfer
T f Mode
M d
- Designed as single technology for voice, video, data, ...
- Low jitter (variance in delivery time) and high capacity
- Uses fixed size, small cells - 48 bytes data, 5 bytes header
- Can connect multiple ATM switches into a network
- Potential in future B-ISDN
- Can be worked as a LAN
Lecture 6
Wireless Networks
Wireless LANs
Wireless WANs
Region
Cellular Networks
Satellite Networks
TAXI
City
laptops, PDAs
Campus
In-Building
g
Lecture 6
Cellular Wireless Networks
Geographic
g p region
g divided into cells
Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated locations.
Co-channel interference between same color cells.
Lecture 6
Cellular Phone Networks
Lecture 6
Handoff in Cellular Networks

Base stations/main stations coordinate handoff and control functions
Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden
Lecture 6
Cellular Network Evaluation

J
Japan E
Europe A
Americas
i
1st Gen TACS NMT/TACS/Other AMPS
2nd Gen PDC GSM TDMA CDMA
3rd Gen W-CDMA/EDGE

(EDGE in Europe and Asia
EDGE cdma2000
outside Japan)
3G Performance
384 Kbps outdoors
outdoors, 1 Mbps indoors
Both voice and data
4G to provide: beyond data
Higher data rates (10 MHz or more)
More multimedia contents
Exercise 6
1. For an analogy TV signal, its frequency range is in [0, 6MHz]. To transmit the TV signal across
a digital network
network, it is necessary to convert the analogy signal to a digital TV signal
signal. What is
the minimum sampling frequency in such conversion? Suppose that every sample will be
encoded into 16 bits binary value (this is called TV PCM coding). Calculate bit rate of
the digital TV signal after PCM coding.
2. Summarize the features and performance of typical long-distance connection technologies

including T and OC series services, conventional modem, ISDN, xDSL and Cable modem.
3. Explain why bit rates of the upstream and the downstream in ADSL are not fixed?
4. In a packet switch network, the address of each computer consists two parts: one identifies
a switch and other identifies a computer attached to that switch. Why?
5. Suppose that a packet switch network with a five nodes is given below. Give a routing table
for each of the five nodes.
nodes
2 3
5
1 4

Long Distance Connection and WAN Long Distance Connection and WAN

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www.jntuworldupdates.

Long Distance Connection and WAN

Long Distance Telephone Network and Others

Modem Satellite Network Modem

- Specified by the telephone industry in each country,

- Use both electrical signal and optical signal

Analogy line Local

xDSL ADSL HDSL SDSL VDSL

FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing

DMT (Discrete MultiTone) by ANSI

- Concurrent and independent uses of analogy phone and data transmission

Cable TV already brings high bandwidth coax into houses

Conventional Cable TV is one direction

Cable modems encode and decode data from cable TV coax

Users share the cable TV TV

Dest Addr Sour Addr

- Place one or more switches at each site

- Each computer has a unique address

Routing table of switch 2

- Packet switch must choose outgoing connection for forwarding

Graph: Node models switch

Cellular Phone Networks

Handoff in Cellular Networks

Cellular Network Evaluation

1st Gen TACS NMT/TACS/Other AMPS

2nd Gen PDC GSM TDMA CDMA

3rd Gen W-CDMA/EDGE

2. Summarize the features and performance of typical long-distance connection technologies

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