Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
Structure
Objectives
Material Parameters and Stress-Strain Curves
Elastic behaviour
Plastic behaviour
Properties of metals
Properties of polymers
Material testing
Figures
2
Mechanical properties objectives
This experiment will enable definition and
measurement of :
Strength (tensile and yield strength)
3
Stress and Strain
TS
STRAIN (% or dimensionless)
l0
YIELD TS
5
Plastic deformation
Elastic + Plastic
stress, s
permanent (plastic)
Yield stress: u
Stress at which plastic
deformation occurs
Y
Practical limit for most
FAILURE or
applications FRACTURE
Ultimate tensile
stress:
Stress at which complete
failure occurs
STRAIN (% or
dimensionless)
Y u
8
Ductility and elongation percentage
Elongation percentage
(or breaking strain)
gives change in length
at which fracture occurs
Ductile: large breaking
strain, easy to plastically
deform. E.g. copper:
20%
Brittle: small breaking
strain, breaks rather than
Breaking Breaking
deform plastically. E.g. Strain (brittle) Strain (ductile)
Cast Iron: 0.5%
Stress and strain: These are size-independent
measures of load and displacement, respectively.
11
Elastic deformation of metals
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload
bonds
stretch
return to
initial
d
F F Linear-
Elastic means reversible! elastic
Elastic behavior determined
by atomic bonds
d
12
Plastic deformation of metals bonds
stretch
& planes
Elastic + Plastic shear
stress, s
planes
remain
sheared
permanent (plastic)
Elastic
plastic strain ep strain, e
15
Polymer molecules
Composed of structural entities, mer units that are repeated
Polymer = many parts
Polymerisation is the chemical process that causes a large
number of monomers to combine to form the polymer.
16
Types of polymer structure
Linear
Branched
Cross linked
Networked
Stress strain for semicrystalline polymer
Mechanical properties
A. Brittle polymer
B. Semicrystalline polymer
C. Elastomer
20
Stress-Strain Testing
Measures load required tensile specimen
for given extension
extensometer specimen
Applies extension
gauge
length
Tensile strength
Yield strength
Elastic modulus (Youngs Modulus)
Elastic and plastic deformation
Elongation (% at failure)
Stiff materials are not always strong and strong materials are not always stiff!