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- Human beings tend to behave according to the principle of perceived personal interest .
- I dont care how you do it, but I want you to meet the deadline.
2-Front-Page Test : How would you like to see this behavior written up on the front page of your
hometown newspaper?
3- Mirror Test : How will you feel about this behavior when you look in the mirror?
4- Role Reversal Test : How would you feel about being on the receiving end of this behavior?
5- Common Sense Test : What does everyday common sense say about this behavior?
- we must distinguish between the concepts of legal and ethical: They are not the same thing. Just because
a choice made is legal does not necessarily mean it is ethical.
- One of the best ways managers can help build trust is to protect the interests of those who are not
present at the moment as if they are .
- An organization will not produce a quality product or provide a quality service unless the organization
values quality.
- Knowledge and skills are important, but by themselves, they do not guarantee results.
- This is because individual employees and organizations as a whole will most willingly apply their
knowledge and skills to what they value, what they believe in, and what they feel is important.
- Ethical behavior begins with values. Values that lead to ethical behavior include fairness, dependability,
integrity, honesty, and truthfulness.
- These values tend to encourage a work environment that involves, empowers, values, and nurtures
people
integrity and total quality
- Integrity , as a personal and organizational characteristic, combines honesty and dependability.
- When an individual or an organization has integrity, ethical behavior automatically follows.
- It is important for managers in a total quality setting to understand that although honesty is
fundamental to it, integrity is more than just honesty.
- People with integrity can be counted on to do the right thing, do things correctly, accomplish tasks
thoroughly and completely, finish work on time, and keep promises. The same is true of
organizations.
- shuns responsibility which is why ours has become such a litigious society.
- In a total quality setting, people are responsible for their actions and accountable for their performance
- Accepting responsibility helps build trust, integrity, and all the other elements of ethics that are so
important in a total quality environment.
- They are responsible for establishing high ethical standards, setting a consistently positive example of
exceeding those standards, and acting immediately when they observe unethical behavior.
- three approaches managers and professionals can use in carrying out these responsibilities :
1- Best-Ratio Approach :
- is a pragmatic approach based on the belief that people are basically good, that in the right circumstances
they will behave ethically, and that under certain conditions they can be driven to unethical behavior.
- managers should do everything possible to create conditions that promote ethical behavior and try to
maintain the best possible ratio of good choices to bad choices and ethical behavior to unethical behavior.
- situational ethics : When hard decisions must be made, managers should make the choice that will do the
most good for the most people.
2- Black-and-White Approach :
- The managers job is to make ethical decisions and carry them out.
- When difficult decisions must be made, managers should make fair and impartial choices regardless of
the outcome and do the right thing without concern for short-term circumstances
3- Full-Potential Approach :
- decisions made are based on how they will affect the ability of those involved to achieve their full
potential.
- is that people are responsible for realizing their full potential within the confines of morality.
- Choices that can achieve this goal without infringing on the rights of others are considered ethical.
1- create an ethical environment in which stakeholders know that they will be supported when making
ethical choices
2- ensure that all people in positions of authority in the organization set an example of living up to the
highest ethical standards.
- One effective way to create an ethical environment is to develop an ethics philosophy with specific
guidelines for putting the philosophy into operation, to put it in writing, and to share it with all employees.
- Managers can play a key role in promoting ethical behavior on the job by encouraging upper management
to develop written ethics philosophies , credos , or guidelines and then by modeling the behavior they
encourage.
Setting an Example
- Organizations that take the Do as I say, not as I do approach to ethics will not succeed.
- Employees must be able to trust their employers to conduct all external and internal dealings in an ethical
manner.
when providing ethics training, it is so important to observe the following rules of thumb:
Broadcasting to people about rules, regulations, and policies is ineffective as a training strategy.
- Rather, it is important to encourage open, frank, informed discussion and give participants ample
opportunities to state their views ,ask questions, and propose solutions.
- An effective approach for ensuring that training is practical is to present real-life scenarios and ask
participants to explain how they would handle each situation and why.
- It is also important to ask how the organization could help them do the right thing in each case.
- People are typically turned off by dogma. Rather, it is better to present and discuss ethical principles and
then allow participants to decide how they apply.
- The trainers role is to tactfully guide participants toward an ethical solution by helping them take their
opinions to their logical conclusion.