Mae 493n 593t Lec1

“Tribology in Mechanical Engineering”
MAE 493N/593T
Dr. Konstantinos A. Sierros
West Virginia University
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
ESB Annex 263
kostas.sierros@mail.wvu.edu
Books
“Engineering Tribology” “Tribology: Friction & Wear
John Williams of Engineering Materials”
Cambridge Ian Hutchings, Elsevier
Fall 2010 ‐ K. Sierros
Syllabus
Please see handout…
Guidelines
• In most cases, attending class helps understanding the subject
• The aim is to form working groups that can interact with each other
• Discussion‐based interaction
• Project‐based learning
• Introduction to research methods
Understand the fundamentals of
tribology in a mechanical engineering context
Grading
Group Project – 30%
Short Lab Report – 20%
Midterm Exam – 25%
Final Exam – 25%
Course outline
• Introduction
• Surfaces
• Contact between surfaces
• Friction
• Wear and wear mechanisms
• Lubricants and lubrication
• Bearings
• Nanotribology
• Biotribology
• Tribocorrosion
• Tribotronics
Topics
1. Introduction
• History of tribology
• Bearing materials
• Lubricants
• Tribology Literature
1. Introduction
The word “tribology” comes from the combined Greek word;
Τριβἡ λὀγος
rubbing tribology study
• Professor H. Peter Jost gave birth to the word “tribology” in 1966
• The concept could be also called “triboscience and
tribotechnology”
• Jost report (1966) – Landmark in the development of the subject
• 1/3 of our global energy is consumed wastefully in friction!
Definition of tribology
“ Tribology is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in
relative motion”
Tribology
Wear Friction Lubrication
Wear ‐ Damage to one or both surfaces involving, in most cases,
progressive loss of material
Friction – Resistance encountered by one body in moving over another
Lubrication – Action to reduce frictional force between surfaces by
using lubricants
History of tribology
• 5000 years ago – Mesopotamia
Wheeled carriages were used – Bearing development
• 4000 years ago – Transport of an Egyptian stone colossus
Lubrication
• China 2400 years ago – Development of lubricated bronze bearings for use in
war chariots
• Greece 2000 years ago – Design of pivots, bearings for mechanical
devices
• The lathe was developed 2000 years ago
• Marcus Vitruvius Polio – Roman Architect & Engineer – Developed a lot
of tribological ideas
He worked on the ballista development

..and more…
• Roman Empire – Rolling element bearings used to support wooden
platforms
• Middle Ages (Anno Domini 400 – 1450)
China was leading the technological race and Europe was following
• Middle Ages – Animal fats were used as Lubricants
• Leonardo da Vinci (Anno Domini 1452 – 1519)
“All things and everything whatsoever however thin it be which is interposed in the
middle between objects that rub together lighten the difficulty of their friction”
Leonardo da Vinci
• Wear of iron axles and wooden shafts
Wood is wearing and produces debris particles that wear the harder iron surface
i.e. Three‐body abrasive wear
• His notebooks were kept in a private collection for 200 years (!) inhibiting
the rapid development of the subject at that stage
http://www.tribology.group.shef.ac.uk/teaching/about_leonardo.html
• 15th Century – Bearings start to employ metals (rather than wood and
stone)
• 15th Century – Rolling element bearings were introduced in large‐scale
machinery
• Middle part of 17th Century ‐ ‘Age of Reason’
Development of Scientific Method
Royal Society (England), Academie Royale des Sciences (France) were
created
…by the end of 17th Century the

Laws of Friction were stated and we
still use them!
• Isaac Newton (1642‐1727)
Set keystones in fluid mechanics and thus
Lubrication Theory
• 150 years later, Claude Navier defined
the coefficient of viscosity in fluid motion
equations
Lubrication
• Leonhard Euler (1707‐1783)
First mathematical approach to tribology
Static and dynamic/kinetic friction (μs , μk )
• 18th Century – Industrial revolution starts
Bearings and tribological elements of machines
Brass on steel, development of special bearing alloys based on Sn
• Charles Coulomb (1785)
Effect of load and area on frictional resistance for a range of material
combinations
Mechanical interlocking of asperities

Friction Adhesion + Deformation
Coulomb friction
• 18th Century – Nikolai Petrov (1883)

Railway friction and lubricant effects
Frictional force is proportional to bearing area, sliding speed,
lubricant velocity
• Beauchamp Tower (1885)
Friction at high velocities
Concept of hydrodynamic lubrication was born
• Osborne Reynolds (1886) – Theoretical analysis of lubricated
bearings (Royal Society)
• Heinrich Hertz (1882) – Analysis of dry contact of surfaces
Contact stresses and deformation between elastic solids
• Initiation of gas and vapour lubrication fields
Sommerfield, Michell, Lord Rayleigh, Kingsbury
• Late 19th Century – Evolution of bicycle design (Ball

bearings for bicycle hubs, steering heads etc)
•Early 20th Century – Effects of stiffness and stability of

bearings
• Sir William Hardy (1922) – Introduction of boundary
lubrication term
• Philip Bowden (1950) Cavendish Lab
• David Tabor (1964) Cavendish Lab
Both worked on fundamental mechanisms of
friction
• Professor H. Peter Jost gave birth to the word “tribology” in 1966
• The concept could be also called “triboscience and
tribotechnology”
• Jost report (1966) – Landmark in the development of the subject
…currently…
• Research is moving to smaller scales
• We need to understand individual
tribological events at small scales
http://www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/batteas/research.html
Bearings
• Practically all tribo‐systems involve bearings of some sort or
another
• Bearing: A device which permits 2 components in a
mechanism to move relative to one another in either 1D or
2D while constraining their movement in the remaining
dimensions
Bearings
Bearings
elastomeric
block
Bearing materials
• Bearing materials must withstand external loads without
undergoing dimensional changes
• Mechanisms that lead to bearing material failure include;
o Material fatigue on the load‐bearing surface
o Corrosion
o Bearing overload
o Failure of lubricant supply
o Abrasive wear by contamination
o Subsurface material imperfections
Metallic materials
Mechanical properties
•Young’s modulus, E
• Poisson’s ratio, v
• Yield stress
Sensitive to small changes
in the composition of the alloy
and the processing conditions
E,v are not really sensitive
Hardness
• Hardness measures how ‘strong’ the material is
• Hardness is the resistance of the surface of a material to deform permanently
when pressed by a hard asperity
Lubricants
• Till the middle of the 19th Century animal fats were used
• Then, due to oil drilling, mineral oils became available
• We can get mineral oils from the distillation of crude petroleum
• Mineral oils are mostly made up from hydrocarbons (C and H compounds)
• Hydrocarbons can be paraffinic, naphthenic, aromatic
No ring structures
Ring structures, single bonds
Ring structures,
Single & double bonds Much smaller quantities
than the above
Viscosity
• Extremely important in lubrication science
• The dynamic or absolute viscosity (n) of a fluid is a measure of the resistance it offers
To relative shearing motion
τ shear stress
shearing force n= .
(shear force/unit area)
between two
plates γ shear strain rate, velocity gradient
Viscosity
(shear stress)/(velocity gradient)
Pa s
Nsm‐2
Kg m‐1 s‐1
kinematic viscosity = (absolute viscosity)/(density)
Fluid property where flow is due to self‐weight or gravity
Tribology literature
• Wide variety of books, handbooks and journals for tribology
Some are given in pages 36 and 37 (Williams Ch.1)
It may be beneficial to spare a couple of minutes to go through the list.

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“Tribology in Mechanical Engineering”

Wear Friction Lubrication

He worked on the ballista development

…by the end of 17th Century the

Mechanical interlocking of asperities

• 18th Century – Nikolai Petrov (1883)

• Late 19th Century – Evolution of bicycle design (Ball

•Early 20th Century – Effects of stiffness and stability of

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