Geologi Sejarah Pertemuan Ke-5

PERKULIAHAN PTG-152
GEOLOGI SEJARAH
W A H Y U D I Z A H A R . , S T. , M T / E KO K U R N I A N T O R O. , S P. , M T
Email: wahyudi_zahar@yahoo.com
Hp : 085266919292
FA K U LTA S S A I N S & T E K N O LO G I , J U R U S A N T E K N I K K E BU M I A N
P R O D I T E K N I K G E O LO G I
U N I V E R S I TA S J A M B I
MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

2 SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Resume tentang struktur-struktur yang terbentuk pada
batuan sedimen

Sedimentary Structures
3
A key to the interpretation of

the Depositional Setting of
sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary Structures
4
Sedimentary structures are features found within the sedimentary

section, and/or on, and/or between, bedding plane surfaces
subdividing that section
Related to scale and hierarchy of features they occur in, whether in
sediments that have confined (as in a channel) or unconfined
settings (as on a shelf), & associated but similar sized structures
Sedimentary structures provide critical versus general clues to
depositional setting

Bedding Planes
5
Beds are enclosed or bounded by sharply defined upper & lower surfaces
or bedding planes.
These surfaces are easiest physical features of sedimentary rocks to
identify in outcrop
Subdivide successions of sedimentary rock into beds
Used to determine relative order & timing of accumulation of sediments
forming beds
Character of bedding planes, be they eroded, cemented, bored,
bioturbated, or depositional surfaces used to aid in interpretation of
sedimentary rocks.

Bedding Planes
6
Most probably formed by erosion of unconsolidated sediment

collected at sediment surface. Weight of sediment, just beneath
sediment surface, causes sediment to dewater, compact & become
cohesive
Less cohesive sediment of surface truncated & expose surface of
firmer cohesive sediment below at bedding plane surface in
response to:
Storm waves
Fast flowing currents of water (say in tidal or fluvial channels)
Turbid flow of a density current

What determines character & hierarchies of
sedimentary structure?
7
Inter-relationships of physical processes active in depositional/and or

erosional setting with:
Grain size of the sediments
Movement of water and/or wind
Current and/or waves
Modification of depositional fabric by burrowing and/or other organisms at
& post deposition
Post depositional events including:
Hydrations/dehydration
Compaction
Chemical signals

Current Erosion/Transport & Grain Size
8
As Hjulstrom & Sundborg showed a critical current velocity is

required to move sediment of a specific grain size for a fixed water
depth
Sediment entrainment is also found to be dependent on sediment
cohesion and consolidation

Current Erosion/Transport & Grain Size
9

Hierarchy of Bedforms Formed by Flow
10
Southard and Bouchwal demonstrated that

sequence of specific bedforms develop in
response to increasing current velocity
Differing grain sizes of sediment have slightly
different bedforms
Sediment behavior is thought to be much the
same for deepwater as in shallow

11
Channels & Shelves
Both have unique processes &

structures that can be used to
identify their setting
Sedimentary Response
Confined or Channeled Flow
12
Unique processes
Flow is parallel to channel
Bounded by both sides
Minor change in flow velocity
Sediment responses
Little change in grain size
Basal/erosional contacts
Accretion: Lateral, vertical, downstream &
upstream
No gross change in sedimentary structures
Geometries
Ribbons
Lens
sheets
Unconfined Flow - Not in a Channel
13
Unique Processes
Flow is in all directions
No lateral boundaries, only upper and lower boundaries
Velocity changes: high to low
Sediment responses
Decrease in grain size: Fining outward (coarse to fine)
Erosional/sharp/gradational contacts
Accretion: Downstream, upstream and vertical
Decrease in sedimentary structures away from source
Geometries
Sheets
Thin in direction of flow
Why Use Sedimentary Structures?
14
Sedimentary structures are used to identify depositional setting of

sedimentary rocks in conjunction with:
Lithology
Bedding geometries
Subdividing surfaces
Fauna
Depositional setting of sedimentary rocks used to assess & predict
the fabric of the rocks at that locality
Extrapolate their distribution along & perpendicular to strike, or
vertically within that geologic section

Primary Sedimentary Structure
15
Formed under influence of same hydrodynamic

and/or aerodynamic conditions as entrainment,
transport and deposition of sediment particles.
Resolve:
Which way is up?
Orientation of process that dispersed sediment?
What process was responsible for transportation and
deposition of sediment?

16
Plane Bedding
Bedforms generated by Unidirectional
Currents
Bedforms generated by Multidirectional flow
Currents
Waves
Graded & Imbricate Bedding
Bedding Plane Structures
Plane Bedding
17

Plane Bedding Gravitational settling?
18
Lamar Limestone - Permian Basin W. Texas

19
Plane Bedding
Currents
Currents
Waves
Unidirectional Current Ripples
20

Unidirectional Current Ripples
21
Bedforms

Unidirectional Current
Ripples
-
increasing Flow
Velocities
22
Bedforms
-
Current
Ripples
Migrating in
Channel

Allens Classification of Ripples
23
Based on plan
view shape, with
increasing
complexity tied to
shallower water &
higher velocities:-

24
Plane Bedding
Currents
Currents
Waves
Bedforms & Tidal Current Ripples
25

Bedforms & Tidal Current Ripples
26
Bedforms
Composite Current Mega-Ripple
Bedforms
Composite Current Mega-Ripple
Slipface

Lenticular, Wavy and Flaser Bedding
27
Lenticular beds are small lenses of sand in a

predominant matrix of muddy beds
Wavy beds are subequal mixtures of small lenses of
sand and muddy beds
Flaser beds are predominantly stacks of small lenses
of sand in less than 50% muddy matrex

Lenticular, Wavy and Flaser Bedding
28

Asymmetric Current Ripples
Upper Mississippian Pennington Formation

Pound Gap
Bimodal Current History
Herring Bone Structures
Trough Cross-bed Current Ripples
Ordovician Near Winchester

Kentucky
GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

Trough Cross-bed Current Ripples
Windblown Sediments
Current driven
Multidirectional currents
Barchan Dunes!
Holocene Near Al Ain - UAE

Bedforms & Wind Current Ripple
Dunes - Algeria
Wind Ripples
Holocene Near Abu Dhabi - UAE

Wind blown Cross-bed Current Ripples
Wind Cross Beds in Carbonates
Pleistocene Near Abu Dhabi - UAE

Navajo
Sandstone
Base level change

punctuates the
sandstone with
erosion surfaces!
24
Plane Bedding
Currents
Currents
Waves
Wave Generated Ripples
Bedforms & Asymmetric Current Ripple

Generation of Wave Ripples
Water movement during generation of wave ripples. Note that the orbital
movement of water is flattening close to sediment surface and well
developed symmetrical shapes form at this surface

Bedforms - Difference of Current versus
Wave Ripples

Current Ripples
Net!

Wave Ripples
Mike Paros!

24
Plane Bedding
Currents
Currents
Waves
Forms of Sedimentary Structures

Imbricate Bedding
GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES Nolunchucky, Virginia

24
Plane Bedding
Currents
Currents
Waves
Forms of Sedimentary Structures

Graded Beds
Suspension
& transport
associated with
turbidites on a
Grain submarine fan
Size
Fines
up

Graded Beds
Newman
Limestone
-
Pound Gap
-
Grain Suspension
Size & transport
Fines associated with
up storms

24
Plane Bedding
Currents
Currents
Waves
Bedding Plane Markings
Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
Incised Channels
Sole Markings at layer base
Flute
Groove
Tool or Bounce
Current Crescent
Rills & Gullies
Mud Cracks
Rain Drops
Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
Load Casts -
Biogenic Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; desiccation cracks, pressure dissolution, soil and
other features

Incised Channels
Flute
Groove
Tool or Bounce
Current Crescent
Rills & Gullies
Mud Cracks
Rain Drops
Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts -
Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; pressure dissolution; soil and other features

Delta Mouth Bar - Kentucky
Note Incised Surface

Tidal, Storm or Tsunami Channel
Note Incised Surface

Incised Channels
Flute
Groove
Tool or Bounce
Current Crescent
Rills & Gullies
Mud Cracks
Rain Drops

Bedding Plane Formation of Flute
After Chamley, 1987

Flutes on Bedding Plane
From Net!

Large Flute

Bassoon?

Flutes on Bedding Plane
From Net!

Incised Channels
Flute
Groove
Tool or Bounce
Current Crescent
Rills & Gullies
Mud Cracks
Rain Drops

Grooves on Bedding Plane
Straight ridges the result of objects being dragged on surface
From Net!

Incised Channels
Flute
Groove
Tool or Bounce
Current Crescent
Mud Cracks
Rain Drops

From Net!

From Net!

Incised Channels
Flute
Groove
Tool or Bounce
Current Crescent
Rills & Gullies
Mud Cracks
Rain Drops

Crescent on Bedding Plane
From Net!

Incised Channels
Flute
Groove
Tool or Bounce
Current Crescent
Rills & Gullies
Mud Cracks
Rain Drops

Rills on Beach
From Net!

Incised Channels
Flute
Groove
Tool or Bounce
Current Crescent
Rills & Gullies
Mud Cracks
Rain Drops
Load Casts -

Mud Cracks
Product of desiccation &

contraction of muddy sediments

Mud Cracks - Proterozoic
Ancient desiccation &

crack filling of muddy sediments

Incised Channels
Flute
Groove
Tool or Bounce
Current Crescent
Rills & Gullies
Mud Cracks
Rain Drops
Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; pressure dissolution, soil and other features

Rain Drops on Bedding Plane
From Net!
or objects from outer space?

Rain Drops on Bedding Plane
From Net!
Incised Channels
Flute
Groove
Tool or Bounce
Current Crescent
Rills & Gullies
Mud Cracks
Rain Drops

Mud Volcano - Azerbajan
Azerbaijan has no active volcanoes, but does have mud volcanoes -

hundreds of them. c

Mud Volcanoes - Azerbajan
Cones of mud & clay, usually

less than 1-2 m tall, built by a
mixture of hot water, mud &
clay that either pours gently
from a vent in the ground like
a fluid lava flow; or is ejected
into air like a lava fountain of
escaping volcanic gas &
boiling water.

Incised Channels
Flute
Groove
Tool or Bounce
Current Crescent
Rills & Gullies
Mud Cracks
Rain Drops
Diagenetic - nodules; concretions; desiccation cracks, pressure dissolution, soil and
other features

Bedforms
Flamestructure Generation

Flame-structures
Downloaded from the Net

Flame-structures
Downloaded from the Net

Bedforms
Load Cast Generation
Load cast are similar to flame in terms of

generation

Ball and Pillow

Ball and Pillow in Berea

Incised Channels
Flute
Groove
Tool or Bounce
Current Crescent
Rills & Gullies
Mud Cracks
Rain Drops

Ichnofossils
Most trace fossils have long temporal ranges and are facies dependant
Biogenic sedimentary structures, where preserved intact, are closely
related to depositional setting
Trace fossils may be common in otherwise un-fossiliferous rocks
Non-preservation of causative organism
Multiple architects may produce a single structure so their origin may
be difficult to interpret
Same individual or species can produce different structures
corresponding to different behavior
Same individual may produce different structures corresponding with
identical behavior but different substrates
Identical structures may be produced by the activity of systematically
different trace making organisms whose behavior is similar
After http://research.eas.ualberta.ca/ichnology/
DESCRIPTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF BEDDING AND OTHER SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES
Three main stages on its way to becoming a rock.
1. Deposition of Sediment ( physical, biological, or chemical processes or

combinations of these three processes).
The SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES formed during this stage are termed PRIMARY
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES (record the processes of sedimentation): Bedding,
ripple marks, stromatolites, or any features actually formed during the processes of
deposition.
2. Immediately after deposition.

The SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES formed during this stage termed
PENECONTEMPORANEOUS SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES (record the modification
immediately after sedimentation within particular environment): shrinkage cracks,
load cast, clastic dike, and certain type of concretion.
3. Sediment has lithified into rock, SECONDARY STRUCTURES can form within the
rock: color banding, concretions, vein filling, weathering rind.
Dominant
Process
SYNGENETIC EPIGENETIC
DURING SEDIMENTATION IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING POST LITHIFICATION
(PRIMARY) (PENECONTEMPORANEOUS) (SECONDARY)
BEDDING (VERTICAL SECTION) BEDDINGS:

EXTERNAL SHAPE AND SIZE FOLDS EROSIONAL / WEATHERING FEATURES
Tabular Thick Slump folds, Convolute bedding,
Wedge Medium Teepee Struc tures Cut channels
Lense Thin LOAD FEATURES Potholes
Irregular Very thin Load casts, Flame structures, Ball & Pillow Exfoliation
Laminated Water escape structures Weathering Rind
INTERNAL RELATIONSHIP Dish and Pillar structures Paleo soils
Parallel Laminated Clastic dikes Minikarst surface
Cross Laminated Mud/sand volcanoes
Wavy Laminated Compactional faults DISSOLUTION
Convolute Laminated Convolute bedding
Physical/Chemical
Massive Slump plane Stylolites

Graded Nodules
Truncated (Scour and Fill) OTHER FEATURES: Clay seams and lumps
Imbricated clasts Air bubble sand Lenses
Intraformational conglomerate ( transposed Gas escape structures
bedding ) Crystal growth features FILINGS
Crystal aggregates Nodules and concretions, void filling,
Salt teepee structures Bird's eye structures Cave fillings
Isolated crystal and cast Armored mudballs Void fillings (Crystaline)
Void fillings (sediment)
SURFACE FEATURES SURFACE FEATURES Filled ice wedge cracks
Bedforms: Shrinkage cracks
Ripple Marks Mud / sand volcanoes CEMENTATION
Dunes, Megaripples, and Sandwaves Clastic dikes
Plane bed and current liniation Rain / hail imprints Concretions
Antidunes Ice crystal imprints Color banding
Hummocks Mineral crystal imprints and casts Reduction/oxidation spots
OTHER SURFACE FEATURES: Tool marks Halos
Swash and rill marka Foam impressions Hardgrounds
Tool marks Load casts and impressions
Adhesion ripples Salt poligons and teepee
Salt polygons Armored mudballs
Scour marks (flutes, etc.)
BEDDING
BEDDING BIOTURBATION:
Stromatolites Burrows, Resting Traces, Escape structures,
Cryptalgal laminae Mottling
Organic
Planar Laminae Homogenized bedding BORINGS :

Oncoliths ANIMAL
Frameworks (coral, bryozoan, molluscs,etc.) SURFACE FEATURES PLANT
BIOTURBATION:
SURFACE FEATURES Trails, Tracks, Body impressions, Burrows,
Mounds Mottling
Alligned fossil
SYNGENETIC PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURES
Bedding in vertical Section
The processes of sedimentation: sediment package, termed beds,
distinguished by changes in texture, thickness, color, external
shape,etc.
Thickness (Tabular shape): thick, medium, thin, laminae
External shape: tabular, wedge , lensoidal, irregular.
Each of the external shape may contain laminae: planar, cross
laminated (or bedded), convolute, wavy.
Cross laminae or Cross bedding :
Angular or planar cross laminae is cross laminae within a bed are
planar and abruptly meet the bottom contact.
Tangential or Concave cross laminae if cross laminae meet the bottom
contact tangentially and curve upward.
Trough or Festoon cross laminae if cross laminae curve upward so
much that they form troughs.
Hummocky or Swaley cross stratification (HCS) if cross laminae form in
intersecting wavy laminae.
Thin beds or laminae of sand forming lenses in mud are termed lenticular
bedding.
If sand form more continuous layers that pinch and swell in thickness is called
wavy bedding and when sand dominates so that small lenses of mud reside
in sand is called flaser bedding
Simple cross laminae: each bed contains only one set of cross laminae (cross
bed does not contain internal erosion
Surface).
Compound cross laminae: the beds contain co-set of cross laminae within
one bed, the cross beds contain erosional surfaces.
Beds that contain no distinct features are termed Massive or structureless.
If there is a gradational change in grain size through the bed then called
Graded. Normally graded, which fine upward. Inversely graded, which
coarsen upward.
SURFACE FEATURES
BEDFORMS: features formed on the bed during sedimentation by
currents: ripple marks, dunes. When bedform migrate they produce
cross bedding, cross lamiane.
Bedform profile : symmetrical or asymmetrical profile. In plan view,
crest shape : straight, sinuous, cuspate, lunate, linguoid,
rhombohedral.
If more than one form is present, the term interference ripple marks,
cross ripple.
Small-scale ripple (small ripple): ripple forms (asymmetrical or
symmetrical), spacing <60 cm, height < 5cm.
Large-scale ripples (large ripples), spacing >60 cm and height >6 cm.
Dunes : lunate and linguoid asymmetrical large ripples, height >
several decimeter, spacing >few meter.
Sandwave : very large, straight crested, height in meters, wave-lengths

of tens of meters or greater.
Antidune, a symmetrical ripples, straight crested, low relief. Spacing of
crest in the decimeter or meters.
Adhesion ripple, where dry sand is blown over wet sand.
Plane Bed , surface of the bed is smooth and flat = flat bed.
EROSIONAL FEATURES
Scour marks is the general term used for erosional sedimentary
structures.
Flute casts, limited in extent and flute shaped or triangular.
Gutter casts, continuous, linear scour.
Rill marks, erosional features form from the erosion of sand by very
shallow flows.
Swash mark, forms as the edge of the swash deposits a small ridge of
sand grains.
Tool marks, when an object (tool) transported by the flow gouges
sediment from the bottom, when sediment is deposited on top, they
form casts.
SURFACE STRUCTURE POTPOURRI
Sedimentary structures form immediately after sedimentation.
Mud cracks, Desiccation cracks,
Syneresis cracks or subaqueous shrinkage cracks,
Rain drop imprint.
STRUCTUR FORMED BY CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
Halite casts or hopper cast
Salt polygon
SOFT SEDIMENT AND WATER ESCAPE STRUCTURES.
Soft-sediment folds.
Convolute bedding, Contorted bedding
Teepe structure, Load cast or Load structure
Flame structure
Ball and pillow structure
Water escape structure are represented by myriad forms resulting
from either the actual fluid flow of the sediment itself or the flow of
water through the sediment.
Dish structure , Clastic dike
SYNGENETIC ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES.
1. Accretionary organic Sedimentary Structure
Bioherm
Stromatolites
Algal biscuits or Oncolith.
2. Bioturbation Trace fosil
- track
- trail
- burrow
Ichnofacies
Ichnofacies is concept devised by Adolph Seilacher of Tubingen
University!
It is a paleontological tool that analyses assemblages of trace
fossils to interpret ancient depositional settings & sedimentary
facies.
Ichnofacies were defined as archetypal and recurring assemblages
related to bathymetry, but water depth is only one facet of
ichnofacies and they are also sensitive to sediment dynamics,
coherence, water salinity, oxygen levels and predation
Ichnofacies are named after one distinctive trace fossil that is
commonly (but not necessarily) present in the assemblage.
Ichnofacies have been related to contemporaneous trace fossils in
modern settings
See http://research.eas.ualberta.ca/ichnology/
Seilacher's Model
Substrate
Softground
Controlled

University of Alberta Ichnology Research Group http://research.eas.ualberta.ca/ichnology/0
Examples of Ichnofossils
Crabs feeding balls
Burrowing anemone
Crabs burrowing protected mudflats in the UAE
Calianassa shrimp burrows
Examples of Ophiomorpha Burrows
Insect burrows in evaporites (anhydrite layer in UAE)
Glossifungites Burrows

Crab burrows of intertidal
Abu Dhabi, Musafah, UAE

Abu Dhabi Crab Burrows

Crab burrows in the high intertidal
Dhabaiya, UAE
Abu Dhabi Crab Condominiums

Rodriguez Key - Florida

Bioturbation
Ophiomorpha Burrows
Photo
-
Peach
Tree
Rock
-
SC

Ophiomorpha Burrows
Black Hawk Formation, Utah

photo Martin
Orphiomropha Burrows
Photo Seilacher
Ophiomorpha Burrows
Pleistocene of San Salvador

photo Martin
Ophiomorpha Burrows
Pleistocene, Florida
photo Martin
Glossifungites - Burrows
Bookcliffs, Utah (net theft)

Ichnofossils - Stromatolites
Stromatolites are products of life processes of cyanobacteria (formerly blue-
green algae).
Form mats (Abu Dhabi) and/or extensive reefs (Bahamas and Shark Bay
Australia).
On sea floor collect & precipitate calcium carbonate in layers or variously-sized
arches, spheres, or domes.
Layered stromatolite are common in Precambrian but are found throughout
Proterozoic
See http://research.eas.ualberta.ca/ichnology/
Stromatolites - Bahamas

Stromatolites
-
Bahamas

Shark Bay - Australia

Pre Cambrian
Great Slave Group
Canada
Shark Bay
Australia

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PERKULIAHAN PTG-152

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

A key to the interpretation of

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

Sedimentary structures are features found within the sedimentary

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

Most probably formed by erosion of unconsolidated sediment

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

Inter-relationships of physical processes active in depositional/and or

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

As Hjulstrom & Sundborg showed a critical current velocity is

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

Southard and Bouchwal demonstrated that

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

Both have unique processes &

Sedimentary structures are used to identify depositional setting of

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

Formed under influence of same hydrodynamic

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

Lamar Limestone - Permian Basin W. Texas

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

Lenticular beds are small lenses of sand in a

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

MATERI-05 : RESUME DASAR SEDIMENTOLOGI, STRATIGRAFI, DAN TEKTONIK

Upper Mississippian Pennington Formation

Ordovician Near Winchester

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

Holocene Near Al Ain - UAE

Holocene Near Abu Dhabi - UAE

Pleistocene Near Abu Dhabi - UAE

Base level change

Bedforms & Asymmetric Current Ripple

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES Nolunchucky, Virginia

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

Note Incised Surface

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

Note Incised Surface

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

After Chamley, 1987

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

GEOL 325 LECTURE 6: SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES