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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth

search done by the researchers. This will also present the synthesis of the art, theoretical and

conceptual framework to fully understand the research to be done and lastly the definition of

terms for better comprehension of the study.

Related Literature

Tracer study is an approach which widely being used in most organization especially in

the educational institutions to track and to keep record of their students once they have

graduated from the institution. Through tracer study, an institution able to evaluate the quality of

education given to their graduates by knowing the graduates placements and positions in the

society which later can be used as a benchmark in producing more qualified and competitive

graduates. There are books that we can use as a tool for studying different aspects of education

and for studying the present topic which is A Tracer Study on The Employment Status of AB

Journalism Graduates Batches 2009-2012.

In the book Employment and Career Opportunities after Graduation by Arcelo and

Sanyal, the existence of a huge number of educated unemployed can lead to a certain amount

of political instability in a country, for they being among the educated class and knowledgeable

about the privileges society can offer, feel doubly deprived. In this matter, the analysis of the

unemployment situation in the Philippines shown that the young graduates is still in the job-

hunting stage.1This book is concerned to the graduates of AB Journalism that will be hunting

jobs after they graduated. Also, if the trainings and learnings in the journalism program will be

used on the jobs suited for them.


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The book The Philippine Labor Code, An employer has a right to select his employees

and to decide when to engage them. He has a right under the law to full freedom in employing

any person free to accept employment from him, and this, except as restricted by valid statute

or valid contract, at a wage and under conditions agreeable to them.2This author want to give

insights about the rights between the employee and employer with regards to the employment

that should be given to any person to be employed. This will distinguish the importance of being

employed and the choice in choosing a job that are desired to apply in.

The Philippines may go beyond the standing of employment in the country, rights and

importance should be understood. As specified in the book of Labor Economics by Cristobal M.

Pagoso, it state that in view of low literacy rates in rising unemployment in developing countries

it has become imperative that greater educational opportunities should be provided for the great

proportion of adult population as well as the large number of youth outside the formal school

system to help them acquire further knowledge and skill thereby improve their livelihood and

strengthen the country.3As a student of AB Journalism, one thing we must be considered is the

notion that theres no age matter when it comes to job offerings because in the field of working,

to be fair to any person who are capable of jobs is a factor to be employed.

From the book Contemporary Social Problems and Issues, stated that the educational

levels and literacy rates of workers in the Philippines are among the highest in Asia, but

technical, manual and managerial are poorly developed and in short supply.There is an over-

abundance of college graduates that most especially in Manila area were in the field of

education, law and other professionals exceed in demand to find employment appropriate to his

educational training.4The authors wants to show on how did the graduates of journalism willused

their skills and trainings to gained and developed the technical, manual and managerial skills

that Filipino workers are lack of. This is the realization that even college graduates may find it
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difficult to be employed if they are not well-equipped of trainings and programs that their college

had.

In the book the Philippine Labor Code by CesAzucena, whenever the public interest

requires, the Secretary of Labor may direct all persons or entities within the coverage of this

Title to submit a report on the status of employment, including job vacancies, details of job

requisitions, separation from job wages, other terms and conditions, and other employment

data.5 This will make job seekers to be aware of job vacancies as well as the job suitable for

them. This will also give awareness to the public to know the standing of the employment in our

country.

Employment is the capacity of an individual to showcase his talent and to use the

trainings gathered in course program, Thomas Powers on his book Educating for Careers

stated the notion that marketable skills provided todays crop of workers employment

opportunities. The statement of Powers is relevant to the present study because he pointed out

that education is very important in having the marketability and general skills needed in finding

an appropriate job. In this study, it helps to develop such skills among the college graduates for

them to find or to get an appropriate job.

Robert W. McIntosh on his bookEmployee Management Standards aimed to determine

that the employees performance on the job and attitude about the job would depend on the

degree to which the manager fulfills the needs.7The author associated that to the employees

that will look at the performance and attitude towards the job that will be strongly affected by the

degree on where the superior may reach the fulfillment on the job desires.

The book, Unemployment and the Dual Labor Market stressed that the unemployment is

the outgrowth of a process of job search where workers have limited information about the labor

market. On the other hand, people who first begin looking for jobs lack basic information will
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help the graduates to disseminate the rejection of jobs to higher expectations.8This book mainly

wants to view that job searching is a wide-process action where in job-seekers should gain

more knowledge or information that will reaches their satisfaction on what and where to find jobs

that will bring out their profession.

McIntosh, in his book Practicing Better Human Relations aimed to determine that the

quality of a persons work life should improve as more and more needed values are satisfy by

that individuals job and career progression.9This will assess that the employee must improve the

quality of work life in determining the aspects of work situation for AB Journalism graduates.

Also, this will relate to how the graduates progress their career as graduates of the AB

Journalism program.

Philippine society nowadays has encountered so many problems in terms of labor or

employment. As it is stated in the book, Labor- only contracting in a cabo economy that some

economist would justify labor- only contracting as our only weapon to remain

competitive.10Therefore, some of the workers are seeking for better employment opportunities

abroad for a high salary. In the case of the graduates nowadays, their first problem is seeking

job after graduation. Knowingly that it is very hard to find a job suitably to their graduated course

right away after graduation that may cause to trigger them to work not aligned to the profession

they graduate for their usual reason is the salary that they can get right away. Some go abroad

to find their destiny or for some reason that they will get a high salary than to continue their

profession as a Journalist if there is no salary increase.


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RELATED STUDIES

Campus, Nuyda and Icaranom,Employment Status of the English Graduates 2006-

2008. This study aimed to present a feedback mechanism for the department and college to

come up with a more productive, competitive and effective program for the students. 11This study

presents the possible reasons on why they are graduates whos unemployed and employed.

The authors want to show the programs used in providing AB Journalism graduates adequate

skills to help them for professional careers, but the program must be open to changes that

would effectively lead graduates for a better employment.

Jarito Verona, A Tracer Study of the Employment Status of PUPQC AY 2004-2005,

The study determine the general profile and the present employment status of the respondents

which are the graduates of Polytechnic University of the Philippines academic year 2004-2005.

This research tackles about the tracer study that uses as a method in which is primarily

intended to locate graduates of academic institution, past recipient of scholarship grants, former

participants and among other situation in order to collect data and update information about this

type of people. This kind of study is also tool to generate or influence decision making and

planning of a certain institution about the development of the curriculum. It is likewise regulating

document efficiency and support on the demographic profile of a certain institution that can be

measure through the quality of graduates.

The research Tracer Study of the Graduates of Certificate in Teaching Physical

Education (CPE) from 1995 to 2005 answered the profile of the CPE graduates in terms of job

position and the employment in terms of job encountered in the CPE. Majority of the CPE

graduates are males. Based from the findings of the study, most of the CPE graduates are in

the permanent status of employment. They are employ in the national government with the
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monthly salary of 10,000 Php to 15,000 Php a month. The topmost encountered by the CPE

graduates in that they are not given equal opportunities like those of the education graduates. 13

This study may connect to the present study in terms of the employment standing or status of

the graduates. It also focuses on the job position that is also one important factor in employing a

job because as graduate of a particular course, the job should go along with the profession that

they graduated.

Bea, Daep, Fungo, Lorilla, Miraflor Jr., Muni and Ordoez, Employers Review on AB

English Graduates of Bicol University College of Arts and Letters SY 2006-2009, the study

shows that Newly established private companies in Albay hire most of the AB English

graduates, employers of AB English graduates find their job performance and attitude to be very

satisfactory, it is more appropriate to used the communication skills and skills that should be

imposed is depends on the line of work you engage in.14In this study, the researchers are

interested to know if the AB Journalism graduates will find their job performance, personally

development, professionalism, office management and time management will be obtained as

well.

A Job market offers job trainings to equip employers to develop work environment.

Belen, Employment Prospects for AB English Graduates of 2009- aimed to determine the job

opportunities available for AB English Graduates of 2009, the research aims to know the

qualifications require from the AB English graduates that would give them the edge in the job

market in terms of academic skills and special skills. It is also about to assess the training needs

required by the job market that awaits the AB English graduates. 15The findings of the authors

will reflect the idea that to the generally skills be functional in the job great demands, special

skills are required to enhance specific skills needed in work. So, graduates will enhance

competitiveness and to develop ones potential to be suitable for a particular job.


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Madriaga and Lucila, Job Opportunities for Broadcasting Students, discusses that Job

expectations of the 2nd and 3rd year AB Broadcasting students were almost inclined in the media

industry and practice their field of expertise.16This will give an overview to the kind of job that will

fit to AB Journalism graduates. Also, to analyze if there are qualified to the appropriate jobs that

they will be employed.

Raquesa D. Macaraub, Employment Motivation of Selected Media Practitioners in

Legazpi City the study showed that respondents were motivated to work due to good

relationships with their officemates. Media practitioners are the lowest paid workers and are

exploited; some are not receiving regular salary only allowance or talent fee; and are required to

solicit advertisement for their salary.17

As perceived in the study, some of the respondents claimed that they are satisfied with

the work they are motivated with their officemates. Also, the monthly income they receive and th

kind of workplace reaches their satisfaction. It is pertinent to the present study since graduates

will experience the types of satisfactory on motivation at work and providing good quality of

relationship between co-workers.

Alcovendas and Espares, A Tracer Study of AB English Honor Graduates from

1987-2009 the study discusses that AB English honor graduates are gainfully employed have

sufficient annual income, have a tendency of staying long in the company, have moderate

satisfaction in their present job, indicating a lack of sense of fulfillment in their capabilities, and a

feeling of insufficiency in the returns they get for their hard work. 18 The statement of Alcovendas

and Espares is relevant to the present study because employability is not limited only to those

who are being well-train and it is always open to all even to those handicapped.

The researchers find out that when it comes to level of job satisfaction, honor graduates

are found to be satisfied with their current job. With these, the graduates will improve learning
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and communication through experiences. Furthermore, graduate students expose to real, actual

and practical situations such as seminars, workshops and conferences are strategies that may

better prepare them for future employment.

Employers believed that applicants who have undergone job training are assumed to be

more knowledgeable and production. According to Dominguez and Romero, Employment

Status of AB English Graduates of Bicol University AB English graduates are highly employable

on both private and government sectors depending on the students interest. Also, they are

competent enough in connection to the job for there are respondents who had a problem with

their co-workers in terms of their differences in terms of principles and ideas which are expected

in an agency.19

In that study, the researchers are interested on the trainings acquired in AB Journalism

program that they can easily adapt to the society specifically in their present job. The proposed

study also aimed established to be well equipped, improvement of interests, competency and

developing working ability.

Nelita M. Lalican, Tracer Survey of Agriculture Graduates where the College of

Agriculture of University of the Philippines Los Baos traced its graduates, their aim also is to

assess its curriculum and discuss the relevance of its productivity with the present condition. In

the findings of the study found out that, employers prefer specialists rather than generalists and

the employers find the graduates effective, efficient and cooperative. They also find the

graduates knowledgeable, dependable and resourceful however, many employers describe

UPLB graduates as academically inclined, having a know it-all attitude although with assertive

personality.
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Chapter 3

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

The goal of quantitative experimental research is to gather evidence that allows a reasonable conclusion

to be reached as to whether or not a particular treatment causes a particular result. This should be done

with a representative sample under carefully controlled conditions so that the conclusion can

reasonably be generalized to a larger population. Unfortunately, threats to data validity are

commonplace. Experimental samples may be too small or may be made up of participants that do not

accurately represent the larger population. Participants may be assigned to experimental groups in such

a way that significant overall differences between groups can influence results. External forces may

introduce interference that impact results. Natural growth and development in participants may lead

toward inaccurate conclusions. Inconsistencies in the manner that treatments and assessments are

conducted can produce unaccounted for variability in results. All of these threats can cast doubt upon a

research studys conclusions. This specific research study attempted to implement good practices in

experimental design in order to defend against such threats. The goal of these methods and procedures

described below was to generate reproducible results that allowed for the formation of valid,

generalizable conclusions in regards to techniques for long-term vocabulary acquisition. The description

of these procedures will begin with the sample selection process, will continue through the research

implementation plan, and will 14 conclude with an examination of the means by which the resulting

research data were analyzed. Determination of Sample Size The researcher originally chose a minimum

target number of 20 participants before conducting any a priori calculations that made estimates of the

research studys statistical power. Subsequent statistical power estimates made using the application

GPower 3.1 (Buchner, A., Faul, F., & Erdfelder, E., 1992) supported the assertion that it was indeed

possible to attain a statistical power of at least 0.8 given this research projects design; even with a

sample size as small as 18. This was reached by first specifying an effect size of .34 which is slightly
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higher than midway between the traditional large (.40) and medium (.25) effect sizes. When the power

was calculated with an alpha value of .05 a value of 0.820 was predicted. Random Selection of Sample

Some of the threats to validity that were mentioned earlier (such as no representative sampling or

groups created with significant differences) were mitigated in some respects by random selection and

assignment. Critics attempts to attribute experimental results to other possible explanations (that is,

reasons other than the experimental treatments) become much less viable when random sampling and

designation techniques are utilized (Shadish, Cook, & Campbell, 2002). When utilized, these techniques

also help protect the researcher from accusations of bias in the performance of the selection process. 15

Computer-based systems that select potential participants from a population and assign them to

experimental groups offer speed, reliability, and efficiency. There may be some that are concerned,

however, that computers random number generation processes are not purely random (Anthes, 2011);

they are more accurately described as being pseudo-random. In real-world applications, this distinction

would be much more significant in the realms of encryption and cryptography than in this realm of

educational research. Computer functions producing numbers that are technically pseudo-random in

nature are really more than adequate for use in research study methodology. Such numbers will from

this point on simply be referred to as random numbers. In an attempt, however, to retain the

advantages of a technology-based solution while seeking to eliminate any possible random number

issues in the actual selection process, the author developed a scripted File maker Pro-based utility called

Research Database. Research Database leverages a computers ability to generate random numbers in

order to take human action almost completely out of the initial stages of the process. The system then

goes further by leaving the majority of the selection process to a table of numbers (Rand Corporation,

1955) that has undergone extensive statistical analysis and has been verified to be truly random (Brown,

1949). Research Database allows a list of potential participants to be imported, the size of the

population to be specified, and the size of the desired sample to be identified. During the importation
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process, this utility automatically assigns each member of the population an identification number

incrementing from the number one to the total number of participants in the population. 16 Once the

preliminary inputs were made, Research Databases automated processes were activated. File maker

Pros built-in random number generator was initially used to pick a column and location within the

venerable table of one million random numbers (Rand Corporation, 1955). This initial selection is

analogous to the commonly utilized method of pointing ones finger at particular point within a print

version of that random number table. The utility takes that point as a starting location and then uses

another randomly generated number to determine if the system will begin to go sequentially up or

down the list of random numbers. The numbers that were generated as a result of these processes were

compared to the incremented identification numbers of the members of the research population. These

individuals whose identification numbers matched the randomly generated numbers were, as a result,

placed into the sample that was invited to participate in the research study. The steps described above

produced a representative sampling of the population that was presumed to be free of bias. It was

presumed that reasonable generalizations were obtained about the target population in regards to

responses to experimental treatments. Population and Sample the proposed study was conducted with

students from a large Midwestern public high school in the heart of Omaha, Nebraska. The age of

individuals in this population ranged from age 14 years to 18 years within the schools four grades (9-

12). From a list of the approximately 1900 students at this school, a sample of 60 students was randomly

selected (see process described earlier). While 20 students was 17 the minimum target sample size,

additional participants were sought for enlistment. This over-recruitment was done in an attempt to

increase the probability that the target sample of 20 participants was reached. Institutional Review

Board Procedures The author has received approval from the University of Nebraska-Lincolns

Institutional Review Board (IRB 20120212385EP). Approval to conduct this research was sought and

granted by both the assistant district superintendent and the high school principal. Procedures for
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obtaining individual permission from each participant and their parent/guardian were also approved by

the Institutional Review Board. These research activities took place outside of and independent of any

other coursework at the participants high school. Within their Modular Schedule, nearly all of the

students attending this school have Independent Study Time during which they have freedom of choice

as far as activity and choice of location. Appointments for participation in the research activities were

scheduled to take place in a designated room at the building either during students Independent Study

Time, before school, or after school. Since the research activities were conducted outside of class time

with no relationship to any courses on students class schedules, there should have been no possible

direct positive or negative impact upon any participants grades or standing at the participants high

school. These conditions made participation truly voluntary. As a result, there was a concern that it

would not be possible to recruit enough fully participating individuals to reach a high enough level of

statistical power. at this school are required to complete at least sixty hours of service learning

(community service) in order to graduate.

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