COMPLEX VARIABLES

Introduction
Complex numbers
Consider the equations

x 2 1 0
x 2 3 0
x 2 10 x 40 0

There is no real number x which satisfies these equations. To get solutions of

these equations the set of complex numbers was introduced.
Definition:- A complex number z is of the form z = x+iy where x and y are real
numbers and i = 1 . Here x is called the real part and y is called imaginary part
of the complex number z . These are denoted by x = Re z and y = Im z.
Equality:- To complex numbers Z1 = x1+i y1 and Z2 = x2+iy2 are said to be equal if
x1=x2, y1=y2
Addition:- Let Z1 x1 iy1 , Z2 x2 iy2 then Z1 Z 2 (x1 x2 ) i( y1 y2 )

Multiplication:- Let Z1 x1 iy1 , Z2 x2 iy2 then Z1Z 2 (x1 x2 y1 y2 ) i( x1 y2 x2 y1 )

Complex plane:- We can represent z x iy in the XY-plane. X-axis is called the

real axis and the y-axis is called the imaginary axis. We can plot z = (x,y) as the
point P with co- ordinates x, y. The XY-plane in which the complex numbers are
represented is called the complex plane or Argand diagram.
Division:-
z1 xx yy x y x y
Let Z where Z1 x1 iy1 , Z2 x2 iy2 , then Z= 1 22 12 2 i 2 21 12 2
z2 x2 y2 x2 y2

Complex conjugate:- Let z x iy then z x iy is called the complex conjugate

of z.
Polar form of complex numbers:- z x iy = re i then
y
r | z | x 2 y 2 , tan 1
Where r is called the Modulus of z denoted by | z |
x
and is called the Argument of z denoted by arg Z.
The XY-plane in which the complex numbers are represented is called the complex
plane or Argand diagram.
Curves and Regions in the complex plane:-

Equation of a circle C with center at z = a and radius r is given by c : | z a | r.

| z a | r
denotes the interior of the circle (open circular disk or neighborhood of
the point a of radius r) and | z a | r denotes the exterior of the circle.
The region between two concentric circles of radii r1 and r2 ,(r2 r1 ) is represented
by r1 | z a | r2 . Such a region is called open annulus. A closed annulus is of the
form r1 | z a | r2 . | Z | 1 is called unit circle. The upper half plane we mean the
set of points z x iy such that y > 0. Similarly y < 0 defines the lower half plane,
x > 0 defines the right half plane and x < 0 defines the left half plane.
Set:- A set of points in the complex plane we mean a collection of finitely or
infinitely many points.
Open set:- A set S is said to be open if every point of S has a neighborhood
consisting only of points of S.
Ex: Open circular disk
Closed set:- A set S is called closed if its complement is open.
Ex: Closed circular disk
Bounded set:- A set is called bounded if all of its points lie within a circle of
sufficiently large radius.
For example, the points inside a rectangle form a bounded set. The points on a
straight line do not form a bounded set.
Connected set:- An open set S is said to be connected if any two of its points can
be joined by a polygonal line of finitely many line segments , all of whose points
belong to S.
Domain:- An open connected set is called a domain.
 COMPLEX FUNCTION
Definition:- Let S be a set of complex numbers. If to each complex number z in S
there corresponds a unique complex number w according to some rule then w is
called a complex function of z and we write w f ( z ) . Z is called a complex
variable. If w f ( z ) u iv then u Re w, v Im w. The set D is called the domain of
f and set of all w f ( z ) where z D is called the range of f.
Limit of a function
A function f ( z ) is said to have the limit l as z approaches z0 and if for every
positive real number however small it may be, we can find a 0 such that
| f ( z ) l | for all z z0 where | z z0 | . This is written as lim f ( z ) l.
z z0

Remark:-
(1) Here z may approach z0 from any direction in the complex plane
(2) We say limit exists if it is unique and finite.

Continuity:- A function f(z) is said to be continuous at z = z0 if lim f ( z) f ( z0 ).

z z0

Example:-Consider the function f(z) given below

z2 , z i
F ( z)
0, z i
lim f ( z ) i 2 1
z i

f (i ) 0
lim f ( z ) f (i )
z i

Therefore it is not continuous function.

Differentiability:- A function f(z)is said to be differentiable at a point z = z0 if

f ( z z ) f ( z0 )
lim
z 0
exists and is denoted by f '( z0 ) .
z
Example1:- Find the derivative of f ( z ) z 2
( z z )2 z 2
f '( z ) lim 2z
z 0 z
Example2:- Let f ( z ) z

f ( z z) f ( z) z z z

z z
( x x) i ( y y ) ( x iy ) x i y

xi y xi y
x i y
lim 1
x 0 x i y

x i y
lim 1
y 0 x i y

Therefore f ( z ) z is not differentiable.

Neighborhood:- A neighborhood of a point z0 in the complex plane is the set of all

points z such that | z z0 | , where is a small positive real number.

Geometrical meaning:- If z0 x0 y0 . Then | z z0 | ( x x0 ) ( y y0 )

2 2

Therefore | z z0 | ( x x0 ) 2 ( y y0 ) 2 2 , which is a circle with centre (x0, yo)

and radius . Geometrically a neighborhood of a point z is the set of all points
inside the circle having z0 as the centre and as the radius.

Analytic Functions:
Definition: A function f (z) is said to be analytic in a region R if f (z) is defined
and differentiable at all points of R.
A function f (z) is said to be analytic at a point z z0 in R if f (z) is
analytic in a neighborhood of z0 or f(z) has derivative exists at every point in a
neighborhood of z0 .

Examples: 1) 1, z , z 2 ,.. and more generally polynomials are all analytic in the
entire complex plane.
1
2) The function f (z) = is analytic everywhere in the complex plane
1 z

except at z=1.
2 2
3) z , z , z , z are not analytic anywhere in the complex plane.
Note: Analytic function is also called a regular function or holomorphic function.
Theorem: The necessary and sufficient condition for a function
f (z) = u(x , y) + iv(x , y) to be analytic for every z in a region R are
u u v v
(i) , , and are continuous in R;
x y x y
(ii) Its real and imaginary parts satisfy Cauchy-Riemann Equations
u v u v
and .
x y y x
Proof: ( ) Let f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) be analytic at a point z = x+iy.
f ( z z) f ( z)
Then f ' ( z ) lim ----------- (1) exists where z xi y .
z 0 z

Let z 0 along real axis. Then x 0, y 0 .

u ( x x, y ) iv( x x, y ) u iv u v
Therefore f ' ( z ) lim = i ----- (2)
x 0 x x x

Let z 0 along imaginary axis, then y 0 , x 0 .

v u
Therefore f ' ( z ) i ----------- (3)
y y

Since f (z) is analytic, both the values of f ' ( z ) given by (2) and (3) must be the
u v v u
same and hence i = i
x x y y

u v u v
and
x y y x

Which are called Cauchy- Riemann (C-R) equations.

() Suppose f (z) = u+iv having partial derivatives
u u v v u v u v
, , , and ; .
x y x y x y y x

Then by Taylors theorem for function of two variables,

f ( z z ) u ( x x, y y ) iv( x x, y y )

u u v v
u ( x, y ) x y ..... i[v( x, y) x y .....]
x y x y
 u v u v
f ( z) ( i ) x( i ) y
x x y y

u v v u
f ( z z) f ( z) ( i ) x ( i ) y
x x x x
u v u v
=( i ) x i y( i )
x x x x
u v
=( i ) ( x i y)
x x
f ( z z) f ( z) u v
f ' ( z) lim = i
z 0 z x x

Therefore f (z) is analytic in R.

Examples: (1) Show that f ( z ) e z is analytic everywhere. Find f ' ( z ) .
Solution: f ( z ) e( xiy ) e x .eiy
e x (cos y i sin y)

u e x cos y, v e x sin y

u v
e x cos y; e x cos y
x y

u v
e x sin y; e x sin y
y x

f '( z ) e x cos y ie x sin y

= e x (cos y i sin y) = e x eiy

= e ( x iy ) e z .
(2) f ( z ) z 2 is analytic function.
(3) f ( z ) z is nowhere analytic.
(4) Show that f ( z ) log z is analytic everywhere except at z=0.
1 y
Proof: f ( z ) log r i log( x 2 y 2 ) i tan 1
2 x
 x iy x iy
f ' ( z)
x y
2 2
( x iy )( x iy )

Therefore C-R Equations are satisfied.

(5) Show that f ( z ) sin z is analytic everywhere and find f ' ( z ) .
Proof: sinz = sin(x+iy) = sinx cosiy + cosx siniy
= sinx coshy + icosx sinhy
Hence u = sinx coshy and v = cosx sinhy
u v u v
= cosxcoshy ; = cosxcoshy ; sin x sinh y ; sin x sinh y
x y y x

Since C-R equations are satisfied , f(z)= sinz is analytic everywhere in the complex
plane . Therefore f ' ( z ) = cosz
(6) Show that f (z) = coshz is analytic and find f ' ( z ) .
e z e z e x [cos y i sin y ] e x [cos y i sin y ]
Proof: cosh z
2 2
cos y cosh x i sin y sinh x

Therefore f ' ( z) sinh x cos y i cosh x sin y sinh z

(7) If f (z) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y) is analytic, prove that the family of curves u(x, y) = c1
is orthogonal to the family of curves v(x, y) = c2 for every arbitrary constants
c1 and c2 .

Proof: The slope of the tangent to the family of curves u(x, y) =c1is obtained by
u u dy
differentiating u(x, y) = c1 w.r.t. x ; + = 0,
x y dx

u
= - x m1 ---------------- (1)
dy
dx u
y

v v dy
Similarly for v(x, y) = c2 , + =0, implies
x y dx
 v
= - x m2 ---------------- (2)
dy
dx v
y

Therefore m1.m2 1
Hence the two family of curves are orthogonal to each other.
Harmonic function: A function A(x, y) is said to be a harmonic function if it
2 A 2 A
satisfies the Laplaces equation 2 A 0 i.e., 0.
x 2 y 2

Theorem: If f (z) = u+iv is analytic, then u and v are u and v are harmonic.
Proof: Since f (z) is analytic, C-R equations are satisfied.
u v u v
------------- (1) and --------------- (2)
x y y x

Diff. (1) w.r.to x and (2) w.r.to y;

2u 2u
0 which implies that u is harmonic.
x 2 y 2

2v 2v
Similarly, 0 which implies v is harmonic.
x 2 y 2

Note: (1) If f (z) is analytic, then u is called the conjugate harmonic function of v
and vice versa.
(2)u and v are harmonic does not implies that f (z) = u+iv is analytic.

C-R equations in polar form:

Let x r cos , y r sin . Then z x iy rei
So f ( z) u iv f (rei ) (1)
Diff. partially w.r.to r and ;
u v
i f ' (rei )ei (2)
r r
u v
i f ' (rei )irei (3)

1 u 1 v
i f ' (rei )ei (4)
r r

From (2) and (4), we get

u v 1 u 1 v
i i
r r r r
u 1 v u v
Therefore ; r [since C-R equations]
r r r
u v
And f ' ( z ) ei ( i )
r r

Result:
2u 1 u 1 2u
If f ( z ) u iv is analytic where z rei then 0 (Laplace
r 2 r r r 2 2
equation in polar form).
Proof:
u 1 v u v
We have and r
r r r

2u 1 v 1 2v

r 2 r 2 r r

2u 2v
r
2 r

1 v 1 2v 1 u 1 2v
Thus ( r )0
r 2 r r r r r 2 r
Milne-Thomsons method:
Given a harmonic function u(x,y) to determine an analytic function
f(z)= u(x,y)+I v(x,y), we have f ( z ) u x ( x, y ) ivx ( x, y ) u x ( x, y ) iu y ( x, y ) by
zz zz
C-R equations. Since x Re z and y Im z , we have
2 2i
zz zz zz zz
f ( z ) u x ( , ) iu y ( , ) . This holds for all z and z .
2 2i 2 2i

In particular for z = z , we have f ( z ) u x ( z, 0) iu y ( z, 0) .

Hence f ( z) ux ( z,0) iu y ( z,0) dz c

Properties of analytic functions:

i. If f ( z ) and g ( z ) are analytic functions then f g , fg , f / g are analytic if
g ( z) 0
ii. If f ( z ) is analytic then its continuous. (analytic Differentiability
continuity)

Problems:
Let f ( z ) u iv be an analytic function, then S.T
2 2
1. ( ) | f ( z) |2 4 | f '( z) |2
x y
2 2

2. ( | f ( z ) |)2 ( | f ( z) |) 2 | f '( z) |2
x y
2 2
3. ( )log | f ( z ) | 0
x 2 y 2
Solution:
f ( z ) u iv

Let | f ( z ) |2 u 2 v 2
 u v
f '( z ) i
x x

u 2 v 2 v u
| f '( z ) |2 ( ) ( ) ( )2 ( )2
x x y y

u v
2u 2v
x x x

2
u 2 2u v 2 2v
2( ) 2u 2( ) 2 v
x 2 x x 2 x x 2

= 2 | f '( z ) |2
2
Similarly 2 2 | f '( z ) |2
y

2 2
Adding we get ( ) | f ( z) |2 4 | f '( z) |2
x 2 y 2

4. Show that V ( x, y) sin x sinh y is harmonic. Find the harmonic conjugate

of V
Solution:
Vx cos x sinh y;Vy sin x cosh y;
Vxx sin x sinh y;Vyy sin x cosh y;
Vxx Vyy 0 V ( x, y ) is harmonic

u
Vx cos x sinh y
y

u ( x, y ) cos x cosh y g ( x)
u v
sin x cosh y g '( x)
x y
Thus u ( x, y ) cos x cosh y C

5. Find the analytic function f ( z ) u iv where

u e x ( x cos y y sin y) 2sin x sinh y x3 3xy 2 y
Solution:
 u x e x (cos y x cos y y sin y ) 2cos x sinh y 3x 2 3 y 2
u y e x ( x sin y y cos y sin y ) 2sin x cosh y 6 xy 1
vx u y e x ( x sin y y cos y sin y ) 2sin x cosh y 6 xy 1
f '( z ) u x ivx e z (1 z ) 3 z 2 i (2sin z 1)
Thus f ( z) ze z z 3 2i cos z iz C

6. If u xy then find v and hence f(z)

Solution:
u v
y
x y
y2
v ( x, y ) g ( x)
2
v
g '( x) x
x
x2
g ( x) C
2
v v
dv dx dy
x y
u u
dx dy
y x
xdx ydy
x2 y 2
v ( x, y ) C
2 2
x2 y 2 z2
f ( z ) xy i ( C ) i ( C )
2 2 2
Exercises:
1
7. Show that u log( x 2 y 2 ) is harmonic. Find the conjugate harmonic
2
function and the corresponding analytic function f ( z ) u iv
8. Find the analytic function f ( z ) u iv . Given that u v e x (cos y sin y)
9. Find the analytic function f(z) as a function of z, given that the sum of its
real and imaginary part is x3 y3 3xy( x y)
10. Find the analytic function f ( z ) u iv such that
1 1
i. u (cos sin ) iv. v (r )sin
r r
 cos 2
ii. u ,r 0 v. u r 2 cos 2 r sin
r2
cos
iii. v r sin vi. v r 2 cos 2 r cos 2
r

Solution:
1
i. Given that u (cos sin )
r
1 1 v
ur 2 (cos sin )
r r
1
v (cos sin )
r
1
v(r , ) (cos sin ) g ( r )
r
v 1 1
2 (sin cos ) g '( r ) (sin cos )
r r r

x
11. Let v x 2 y 2 . Find u and hence f ( z ) u iv
x y2
2

12.Find an analytic function f(z) s.t Re f '( z) 3x 2 4 y 3 y 2 and f (1 i ) 0

Solution:
Let f '( z ) U iV , then U 3x 2 4 y 3 y 2
U x Vy 6 x
U y Vx 4 6 y Vx 4 6 y (*)
V ( x, y ) 6 xy g ( x) (1)
Vx 6 y g '( x)
from(*) g '( x) 4
g ( x) 4 x C
V ( x, y ) 6 xy 4 x C
Therefore f '( z ) 3x 2 4 y 3 y 2 i(6 xy 4 x C )
By Milne Thomson method f '( z ) 3z 2 i(4 z C )

On integration f ( z ) z 3 i(2 z 2 Cz ) C 1

But f (1 i ) 0
 f (1 i) (1 i)3 i(2(1 i) 2 C (1 i)) C1 0
1 i 3i 3 i(4i C Ci) C1 0
2i 2 4i 2 Ci C C1 0

Comparing real and imaginary parts,

2C 0 6 C C1 0
C 2 C1 4

f ( z ) z 3 i (2 z 2 2 z ) 4 z 3 4 2i ( z 2 z )
Therefore

13. Find f(z) if u e x y cos 2 xy

2 2

Solution:
u x e x y ( sin 2 xy )(2 y ) (2 x)e x y cos 2 xy
2 2 2 2

u x v y 2e x y ( y sin 2 xy x cos 2 xy )
2 2

u y e x y ( sin 2 xy )(2 x) (2 y )e x y2
2 2 2
cos 2 xy
u y 2e x y ( x sin 2 xy y cos 2 xy ) vx
2 2

vx 2e x y ( x sin 2 xy y cos 2 xy )
2 2

Therefore f '( z ) ux ivx e x y (2 y sin 2 xy 2 x cos 2 xy 2 x sin 2 xy 2 y cos 2 xy)

2 2

By M.T rule
f '( z ) 2 ze z
2

dt
On integrating f ( z ) 2 ze z dz 2et et C e z C
2 2

14. u v ( x y)( x 2 4 xy y 2 )
Solution:
ux vx x 2 4 xy y 2 ( x y )(2 x 4 y )
x 2 4 xy y 2 2 x 2 4 xy 2 xy 4 y 2
3x 2 6 xy 3 y 2
u y vy x2 4 xy y 2 ( x y)(4 x 2 y)
x 2 4 xy y 2 4 x 2 2 xy 4 xy 2 y 2
=
3x 2 3 y 2 6 xy
But u x v y and u y vx
 u x u y 3x 2 6 xy 3 y 2
Therefore
u y u x 3x 2 6 xy 3 y 2
Adding, we get 2u y 6x2 6 y 2 u y 3x2 3 y 2
Substituting, We get 2ux 12 xy ux 6 xy
6x2 y
u ( x, y )
g ( y)
Therefore 2
u y 3x 2 g '( y )
From (*) g '( y) 3 y 2
On integration, we get g ( y) y3 C
Therefore u( x, y) 3x 2 y y 3 C
Now v x3 4 x2 y y 2 x x 2 y 4 y 2 x y 3 3x 2 y y 3 C
= x3 3 y 2 x C
v 3xy 2 x3 C
Therefore f ( z) u iv 3x 2 y y 3 C i(3xy 2 x3 C )
= iz 3 C
Or ux 6 xy , u y 3x2 3 y 2 vx

f ' ( z ) u x ivx 6 xy i(3 y 2 3 x 2 )

0 i(3z 2 )

f ( z ) iz 3 c

3) u v e x (cos y sin y)
ux vx e x (cos y sin y) u y ux e x cos y e x sin y

u y vy e x ( sin y cos y) u y ux e x cos y e x sin y

Adding, 2u y 2e x sin y Subtract, 2u x 2e x cos y

u y e x sin y u x e x cos y

But f ' ( z ) u x ivx

ux iu y e x cos y ie x sin y
 e x [cos y i sin y]

e x .eiy e x iy e z
f ( z) ez c

4) u v ( x y)( x 2 4 xy y 2 )
u x vx x 2 4 xy y 2 ( x y )(2 x 4 y )

3x2 6 xy 3 y 2 ux u y

u y vy 3x2 6 xy 3 y 2 u y ux

Adding, 2ux 6( x 2 y 2 ) 2u y 12 xy

ux 3x 2 3 y 2 u y 6 xy vx

f ' ( z ) u x ivx 3 x 2 3 y 2 i6 xy

3z 2

f ( z) z3 c

1
5) u (cos sin )
r
1 1
ur (cos sin ) and u ( sin cos )
r2 r
1 1
ur v and vr u
r r
1 1 1
vr [ (sin cos )] 2 (sin cos )
r r r
1
f ' ( z ) e i [ur ivr ] e i (sin cos i sin i cos )
r2

1
e i [(cos i sin ) i(cos i sin )]
r2
 1 i 1 (1 i)
2
e [i 1]e i 2 2i (1 i)
r r e z2
1 (1 i)
f ( z ) (1 i)( ) c c
z z

cos
6) v r sin
r
cos 1 cos
vr sin 2
u and u rvr r sin
r r r
sin 1 sin
v r cos rur and ur v cos 2
r r r
sin
u (r , ) r cos g (r ) g ' (r ) 0
r
sin
ur r cos g ' (r ) g (r ) c
r2
sin
u (r , ) r cos
r
sin cos
f ( z ) r cos i[r sin ]
r r
i
r[cos i sin ] [cos i sin ]
r
i i i
rei e i rei i z
r re z
cos 2
7) u ,r 0
r2
2 cos 2 1 2sin 2 1
ur v u [ u vr ]
r3 r r 2
r
2 cos 2 1 2sin 2 2sin 2
v rur vr [ ]
r2 r r 2
r3
2 sin 2
v(r , ) g (r ) g ' (r ) 0
r2 2
 2
vr sin 2 g ' ( r ) g (r ) c
r3
sin 2
v(r , ) c
r2
f ( z ) u iv

1 1
2
(cos 2 i sin 2 ) 2
r z

8) u r 2 cos 2 r sin

1
ur 2r cos 2 sin v u 2r 2 sin 2 r cos rvr
r

v 2r 2 cos 2 r sin vr 2sin 2 cos

v(r , ) r 2 sin 2 r cos g (r ) g ' (r ) 0

vr 2r sin 2 cos g ' ( r ) g (r ) c

v(r , ) r 2 sin 2 r cos c

f ( z ) u iv r 2 (cos 2 i sin 2 ) ir (cos i sin ) ic

r 2 ei 2 irei ic

z 2 i ( z c)

1
9) v (r ) sin
r
1 1
vr (1 ) sin v (r ) cos
r2 r
1
u rvr ur v
r
1 1
(r ) sin (1 ) cos
r r2
1
u (r , ) (r ) cos g ( r )
r
 1
ur (1 ) cos g ' ( r ) g ' (r ) 0, g (r ) c
r2
1 1
f ( z ) u iv (r ) cos c i (r ) sin
r r
1
r (cos i sin ) (cos i sin ) c
r
1
rei e i c
r
1
z c
z

10) u v x3 y3 3xy( x y) x3 y 3 3x 2 y 3xy 2 \

u x vx 3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2 and u y vy 3 y 2 3x2 6 xy

ux u y 3x2 6 xy 3 y 2 u y ux 3x2 6 xy 3 y 2

f ( z) z3 c

1
11) u log( x 2 y 2 )
2

1 1 x
ux 2x 2 vy
2x y
2 2
x y2

y
uy vx
x y2
2

x iy z 1
f ' ( z ) ux ivx 2
x y
2 2
z z

x y
v ( x, y ) dy tan 1 g ( x)
x y
2 2
x

1 1 y
vx y 2 2 g ' ( x)
x x x y
2 2
1 y

v( x, y ) tan 1 y x c
 x
12) v x2 y 2
x y2
2

( x2 y 2 ) 2 x2 y 2 x2
vx 2 x 2 x u y
( x 2 y 2 )2 ( x 2 y 2 )2

( x 2 y 2 )0 2 xy 2 xy
v y 2 y 2 y 2 ux
(x y )
2 2 2
( x y 2 )2

f ' ( z ) u x ivx

0 i (2 z ) z 4
2

f ( z) i z 2 1 c
z

13) Show that differentiability implies continuity but the converse is not true.
Solution: Let f ( z ) be a differentiable function at z a and f ' (a) be its
derivative at z a.
f ( z ) f (a)
i.e, f ' (a) lim , if f (a ) exists
z a za

Consider lim f ( z ) lim{ f ( z ) f (a) f (a)}

z a z a

f ( z ) f (a )
lim f ( z ) lim ( z a) lim f ( a)
z a z a za z a

f ' (a)lim( z a) f (a)

z a

f (a)

f ( z) is continuous at z a .
Differentiability Continuity
Consider f ( z ) z then f (0) 0
Now lim f ( z) lim z 0 lim ( x iy)
z a z 0 x , y 0

f ( z) is continuous at z 0
But f ( z ) z is not differentiable.
Continuity Differentiability
Hence the above.

14) f ( z) z n

Put z rei
Then, f ( z ) r nein r n (cos n i sin n )
u r n cos n and v r n sin n

u u
nr n 1 cos n and nr n sin n
r
v v
nr n 1 sin n and nr n cos n
r
u 1 v v 1 u
CR Equations are, and are satisfied.
r r r r

u v
f ' ( z ) i e i
r r

(nr n1 cos n inr n1 sin n )ei

nr n1 (cos n i sin n )ei

nr n 1ein e i

nr n 1ei ( n 1)

n(rei )n1 nz n1

15) f ( z ) cosh z

f ' ( z ) sinh x cos y i cosh x sin y

 e x e x e x e x
cos y i sin y
2 2

e x cos y i sinh y e x (cos y i sinh y)

2

e x eiy e x eiy e z e z
sinh z
2 2

Problems:
sin2 x
1. Find f ( z ) where u
cosh2 y cos 2 x

u (cosh2 y cos 2 x)(2cos 2 x) sin2 x(2sin2 x)

Sol:
x (cosh2 y cos 2 x)2

2cosh2 ycos 2 x

(cosh2 y cos 2 x) 2

u 2sinh2 ysin2 x

y (cosh2 y cos 2 x) 2

Since f ( z ) is analytic u and v satisfy CR equations.

u u 2(cosh2 ycos 2 x 1 isin2 xsinh2 y
Therefore f ( z ) i =
x x (cosh2 y cos 2 x)2

2(cos 2 z 1) 2 2
By MT method, f ( z ) cosec 2 z
(cos 2 z 1)
2
cos 2 z 1 2sin z
2

Integrating we get, f ( z ) cotz C.

y
2. Given u
x y2
2

u 2 xy
2
x ( x y 2 ) 2
Sol:
u x2 y2
2
y ( x y 2 ) 2
 u u 2 xy ix 2 iy 2 i
Therefore, f ( z ) i 2
x y ( x 2 y 2 )2 z

i
Integrating we get, f ( z ) C.
z

3. Given u e2 x ( xcos 2 y -ysin2 y)

u
Sol: e 2 x (2 xcos 2 y -2 ysin2 y cos 2 y )
x
u
e2 x (2 xsin2 y sin2 y 2 ycos 2 y )
y

u u
Therefore, f ( z ) i e2 z (2 z 1)
x y

e2 z e2 z
Integrating we get, f ( z ) (2 z 1) 2 2 C ze2 z C.
2 z

4. u y e x cosy

u u
Sol: e x cosy and 1 e x siny
x y

u u
Therefore, f ( z ) i ez i
x y

Integrating we get, f ( z) e z iz
x y
5. Given v
x2 y 2

v x 2 y 2 ( x y )2 x x 2 y 2 2 xy

x ( x 2 y 2 )2 ( x 2 y 2 )2
Sol:
v ( x 2 y 2 ) ( x y )(2 y ) x 2 2 xy y 2

y ( x 2 y 2 )2 ( x 2 y 2 )2

v v
f ( z ) i
y x
Therefore,
y 2 x 2 2 xy iy 2 ix 2 2ixy

( x 2 y 2 )2
 (1 i)
By MT method, f ( z )
z2
1 i
Integrating we get, f ( z ) C.
z

6. Given v e x ( xcosy ysiny)

v
Sol: e x ( xcosy -ysiny cosy )
x

v
e x ( x sin y +siny ycosy )
y

v v
f ( z ) i
Therefore, y x
x
e ( xsiny siny ycosy ixcosy iysiny icosy )

By MT method, f ( z ) e z i(1 z )
Integrating, f ( z) ize z ie z ie z C ize z C.
7. Given v e x siny

v
Sol: e x sin y
x

v
e x cosy
y

v v
f ( z ) i
y x
Therefore,
e x (i sin y cos y )
ez

Integrating, f ( z) e z C.
8. Given v e x ( x sin y y cos y)

v
Sol: e x ( x sin y +y cos y sin y )
x

v
e x ( x cos y +y sin y cos y )
y
 v v
f ( z ) i
Therefore, y x
x
e ( x cos y y sin y cos y ix sin y iy cos y i sin y )

By MT method, f ( z) e z ( z 1)
Integrating, f ( z ) ze z C.
x y
9. Given u v
x 4 xy y 2
2

x 2 4 xy y 2 ( x y)(2 x 4 y) x 2 2 xy 5 y 2
Sol: u x vx 2 -------(1)
( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2 ( x 4 xy y 2 )2

(1)( x 2 4 xy y 2 ) ( x y)(4 x 2 y) 5 x 2 2 xy y 2
Similarly, u y vy 2
( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2 ( x 4 xy y 2 )2

5x 2 2 xy y 2
-vx ux
( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2 --------(2)
(1)+(2) gives,
3( x 2 y 2 ) 2 x 2 2 y 2 2 xy
vx and u
( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2 ( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2
x

u u 2 x 2 2 y 2 2 xy i3( x 2 y 2 )
Therefore, f ( z ) i
x x ( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2

2 3i
By MT method, f ( z )
z2
(2 3i )
Integrating, f ( z ) C.
z

10.Given 2u v e x (cosy siny)

Sol: 2u x vx e x (cosy siny ) -----(1)

2u y vy e x (cosy siny) 2vx ux -----(2)

Gives, 5vx e x (3cosy siny )

ex
vx (3cosy siny )
5
 ex
From (1), ux (cosy 3siny)
5

u u e x
Therefore, f ( z ) i (cosy 3siny i3cosy isiny )
x x 5

ez
By MT method, f ( z ) (1 3i)
5

ez
Integrating, f ( z ) (1 3i ) C.
5

11.If f ( z ) u iv is an analytic function of z , Show that

2 2 p
( )u p( p 1)u p 2 | f ( z ) |2
x y
2 2

p u 2 u 2u
Sol: u pu p 1 and 2 u p p( p 1)u p 2 ( )2 p( p 1) 2
x x x x x

2 p p 2 u 2 2u
Similarly, 2 u p( p 1)u ( ) p( p 1) 2
y y y

2 2 p u u
Therefore, ( 2 2 )u p( p 1)u p 2 (( )2 ( )2 ) p( p 1)u p 2 | f ( z ) |2 .
y x y x