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ANALYSIS OF DAMPING EFFECT ON BEAM

VIBRATION

Article January 2006

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Molecular and Quantum Acoustics vol. 27, (2006) 79

ANALYSIS OF DAMPING EFFECT ON BEAM VIBRATION

Jerzy FILIPIAK1, Lech SOLARZ2, Konrad ZUBKO3

1
Institute of Electronic and Control Systems, Technical University of Czestochowa,
17 Armii Krajowej Str., 02-240 Czestochowa, Poland

2
Department of Civil Engineering, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str.,
00-908 Warsaw, Poland, lechsolarz@interia.pl

3
Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str.,00-908
Warsaw, Poland, kzubko@wat.edu.pl

The paper presents analysis of damping effect on beam vibration forced by impact.
The air-related value of damping is researched. All the considerations are based on
the assumption that the particular mount does not produce damping. Furthermore,
they are true only for the researched range of the variability of the beams
geometry and the resultant resonance frequencies. Two applied methods of
modelling produce results, which differ by one order of magnitude, but both of them
are sufficiently small to be regarded as negligible.

Keywords: acceleration sensor, acceleration meters, air damping, vibration

damping

1. INTRODUCTION
The cantilever beams are significant elements of the SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave)
acceleration sensors.
80 Filipiak J., Solarz L., Zubko K.

Rys.1. SAW acceleration sensors produced in Physical Acoustic Research Unit of MUT
(Warsaw)

They are made of anisotropic materials, such as quartz. In the calculations [1], the
effective material constants are used.

Rys.2. Quartz plates with SAW delay lines and resonators. These plates are mounted in the
SAW acceleration sensors seen in Fig. 1.

The measured resonance frequencies and vibration damping decrements enable

computation of the constants. To analyze the vibrations of the cantilever beam in the frequency
domain below the second eigenfrequency, the following approximation can be used, e.g.:
Molecular and Quantum Acoustics vol. 27, (2006) 81

Krylov model, where the Young modulus and the vibration damping decrement are
described by the following formula:

l l ( ) 2
2 2

E = 12 2 1 +

(1.1)
k0 h 4

2
= 1 +
2 (1.2)

where:
- measured frequency of damped vibrations
- density of the medium
l - length of the beam
b - width of the beam
h - height of the beam
m - aggregated mass
- damping characteristic (relaxation) time
and
1,8754
k0 =
3,9689m (1.3)
4 1+
bhl
Raleigh model, where the Young modulus is described by the formulae:

( ) 2
2
l2
E = 0,9626 1 + (1.4)

h 4
These two approaches produce similar results of damping characteristic time ( ) and Young
modulus (E) calculations for specific cuts, whereas the Raleigh method involves a lesser
workload.
On the basis of the measured parameters, the changes in the eigenfrequency can be
modelled, taking into account changes of the beam geometry or the aggregated mass at the end
of the beam. This enables the description of dynamics of the cantilever beams in meters or
sensors, which are usually made of mechanically anisotropic materials. The experiments
described in [2] have demonstrated a small impact of damping on the beams vibrations insofar
as the measured parameters are concerned. Experiments were performed for the beams with the
following dimensions: width: 3-5 mm, height: 0.5-1 mm, length 30-70 mm.
The sensors operating frequency is up to some kHz. Exemplary deflections, velocities
and accelerations of the sensor plate end are seen in table 1.
82 Filipiak J., Solarz L., Zubko K.

Table 1.

Frequency [ Hz ] Deflection [ mm] Velocity [m/s] Acceleration [m/s2]

100 1 1 40

10000 0,1 10 250

We use simple models of interaction between air and plates because it is well grounded
for the range of velocity mentioned above. We try to discuss a model of the dumping effect
caused by air surrounding beam seen in the Fig.3.
y

x
aggregated
mass - m

h - height

b - width

w(x,t)
l- length
casing

Fig.3. The schematic view of cantilever beam.

2. DAMPING EFFECT OF WAVES RADIATED INTO THE AIR.

2.1. EIGENFUNCTIONS
We know the eigenfunctions (normal, modal functions) of the beam cylindrically bent.

The eigenfunctions Wn ( X ) are solutions to the boundary problem for the equation:

Wn' ' ' ' ( X ) k n4 Wn ( X ) = 0 , x= Xl (2.1)

where k n is linked with the n-th circular frequency of free vibrations, which are not damped by
the relation:

h a E
n = k n2 a=
l l 12 (1 2 ) ,
. (2.2)

where a is for the velocity of the longitudinal wave in the rod made of the same material.
Molecular and Quantum Acoustics vol. 27, (2006) 83

We are looking for the Wn(x) functions, which fulfil the boundary conditions:
d Wn
for x = 0 Wn = 0, = 0, (2.3)
dx

d 2 Wn d 3 Wn
for x = l = 0; = 0, (2.4)
d x2 d x3
The eigenfunctions (2.1), (2.3), (2.4) form the orthogonal, normalized set.
1

W ( X ) W ( X ) dX =
0
k l kl . (2.5)

The eigenfunctions are described by the formula:

S ( kn )
Wn ( X ) = Fn U ( k n X ) V ( kn X ) k1 =1.8750 (2.6)
T ( kn )

where S( ), T( ), U( ), V( ) are Krylov functions [3].

2.2 FORMULATION OF THE SIMPLIFIED MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM OF

AIRWAVES DAMPING EFFECT.

We examine a flat problem, i.e. = 0 . The equation describing the vibrations of the beam
y
with air influence taken into account has the form:

2 w E h3 b 4 w
hb + + 2 b p ( x, z = 0, t ) = 0
12 (1 2 ) x 4
(2.7)
t2

Function w( x, t ) fulfils the boundary conditions equivalent to (2.3), (2.4). In the gas, acoustic
phenomena occur which can be described using the linear wave equation:

2 ( x, z, t ) 2 ( x, z, t ) 1 2 ( x, z, t )
+ 2 =0 z>0 (2.8)
z2 x2 a0 t2

Where

p0 ( x, z, t )
a0 = and p ( x, z, t ) = 0 (2.9)
0 t

The kinematical compatibility condition has the form:

( x, z = 0, t ) w( x, t )
= . (2.10)
z t
84 Filipiak J., Solarz L., Zubko K.

2.3 SOLUTION TO THE SIMPLIFIED PROBLEM

We seek the potential fulfilling the condition of emission or decreasing. We will try to
solve a simplified problem: with installing not mutually affecting layers of gas which can be
portrayed as pistons with walls having a zero thickness, placed directly above the beam. As a

2 ( x, z, t )
result, in equation (2.8) the part is omitted. We are looking for a solution, which is
x2
a sum with regard to the eigenfunctions of the undamped system:
N N
x x
w( x , t ) = S ( t ) W l ,
n n ( x, z, t ) = ( z, t ) W l .
n n (2.11)
n =1 n =1

From the simplified equation (2.8), we get:

z
n ( z, t ) = n t . (2.12)
a0

Considering the kinematical condition (2.10), we get:

n ( t ) = a0 S n ( t ) , (2.13)

therefore, the pressure is equal to:

N
z x
p ( x, z, t ) = 0 a0 S n t Wn . (2.14)
n =1 a0 l

When we take into account (2.14) and (2.5) in (2.8), we get

Sn ( t ) + 2 S n ( t ) + n2 Sn ( t ) = 0 (2.15)

where is equal to
0 a0
= (2.16)
h

in addition, n is determined by (2.2).

When we define the logarithmic decrement as a natural logarithm from the ratio between the
amplitude of the former half-period to the amplitude ofthe current half-period we will get
2
a
= 2 0 0 12 (1 2 ) k n 2
h
= Thn 2 (2.17)
n a l

For small damping values, the following approximation is possible:

Molecular and Quantum Acoustics vol. 27, (2006) 85

2 a
air = 0 02 (2.18)
h

24 0 a0 l 4
air = 3 (2.18a)
k04 Eh

3. VISCOUS INTERACTION MODELLING.

The air interaction is modelled by force distributed over the plate. The force is
proportional to the velocity of the plate in the point x . The constant of proportionality depends
on the coefficient of air viscosity 1 and parameters of the plate.

Fig. 4 Qualitative view of air-damping force distribution on the plate

The internal damping is described by Voight model [4]. The deduction of the equivalent
coefficient of damping by the Rayleigh method [4] gives us the formula

E bd3 12 l 4
ceq = 3.2 + 0 . 256 (3.1)
12 l 3 3.2 E b h3
int 1

Constitutive relation

= E + int E . (3.2)
t

defines material constant int .

Total characteristic damping time tot is the sum of material constant int and the part caused by

viscous interaction of the air air

86 Filipiak J., Solarz L., Zubko K.

tot = int + air (3.3)

Where

0.961 l 4
air = 3 (3.4)
b Eh

4. RESULTS OF AIR DAMPING MODELLING

If we do not apply the simplification (2.18), we will only be able to obtain numerical
solutions. Below (Table 2), we present two cases of modelling of a quartz beam based on
(2.18).

Table 2.
Case I Case II
Data: Data:
E=73 GPa, =2650 kg/m3, = 0.2, E=73 GPa, =2650 kg/m3, = 0.2,
= 1.4, 0= 1.25 kg/m3, p0=101.135 kPa, = 1.4, 0= 1.25 kg/m3, p0=101.135 kPa,
h=0.8 mm, l=50 mm, h=5.0 mm, l=50 mm,
Calculated: Calculated:
k1=1.8751, a=5248.5 m/s, a0=336.5 m/s k1=1.8751, a=5248.5 m/s, a0 = 336.5 m/s
Results: Results:
Resonance frequency f =27.7 Hz Resonance frequency f =173Hz
Period T=3.61133e-002 s Period T=5.77812e-003 s
Logarithmic decrement of damping Logarithmic decrement of damping
=0.00716639 =0.00018346

The quartz beams differ in thickness (h): the first (I) is 0.8 mm thick, and the second (II)
5 mm. Their lengths (l) are the same.
In the above-mentioned modelling, damping is characterized by logarithmic decrement .
This parameter is defined in [4] e.g. However, the comparison of damping between these two
cases can be more conveniently done based on the parameter . Its relation with the parameter
is shown below:

2

= 1 (4.1)
2
Molecular and Quantum Acoustics vol. 27, (2006) 87

Now we can compare the results of the damping modelling for the above examples using the
relation (2.18) and (3.4). The comparison is shown in the Table 3 below. The experiments [2],
[5] conducted for the beam with a thickness of 0.8 mm allow us to determine aggregated
damping time (material, mounting, air) =30 s.

Table 3.

Parameters of the beam Air damping (2.18) Air damping (3.3)

Height [mm] 0.8 5.0 0.8 5.0

Frequency [Hz] 27 .7 173 27.7 173

[ns] 13 0.06 8 0.04

5. CONCLUSIONS
The modelling confirmed a minimal influence of the air on the researched beams damping
time. The air-related values of damping time are identified using the method described in paper.
These values are several times smaller than aggregated damping. A significant change in the
thickness of the beam does not affect in a measurable way the air-related volume of damping
characteristic time. Two methods of modelling produce results, which differ by one order of
magnitude but both of them, are sufficiently small to be regarded as negligible. This is
consistent with the results of the experiments described in [2], [5] where it was assumed that the
impact of the beams damping related to the air is negligible.
It is not possible to confirm the value of the damping experimentally, with the apparatus
available to the authors.
The theoretical considerations are based on the assumption that the particular mount does
not produce damping. Furthermore, they are true for the researched range of the variability of
the beams geometry and the resultant resonance frequencies.

REFERENCES

1. J. Filipiak, L. Solarz, K. Zubko, Analysis of Acceleration Sensor by the discrete model

Molecular & Quantum Acoustics 25, 89-99, (2004).
2. J. Filipiak, K. Zubko, Determination of damping in piezoelectric crystals,
Molecular&Quantum Acoustics 26, 75-80, (2005).
3. S. Kaliski, and all, Vibrations and Waves, PWN Elsevier, NY, Amsterdam, Warsaw 1992.
4. Z. Dygado, S. Kaliski, L. Solarz, E. Wodarczyk, Vibration and Waves in Solids, Library
of Applied Mechanics, PWN, Warsaw, 1966 (in Polish)
 88 Filipiak J., Solarz L., Zubko K.

5. K. Zubko, Determination of elastic and viscoelastic parameters of piezoelectric crystals by

Rayleigh method, PhD thesis (in Polish), Military University of Technology, Warsaw 2006.

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