2.

Explain all types of river diversion methods

for dam construction
River Diversion
Before the dam can be constructed, diversion
of the river is necessary
Satisfactory handling of the stream flow during
construction is vital to the success of the work
cost of river diversion must be compared with the risk
of all or parts of the new dam in peak flood
conditions
types of diversion
tunnel, flume, concrete or steel pipeline and
open channel .
River Diversion During Construction
In order to build a dam, one major temporary or
semi temporary (but essential and hardly
avoidable) activity is required. That is river
diversion
I.Provision of diversion tunnel or Channel
Diversion tunnel or diversion channel U/S coffer
dam D/S coffer dam Costruction zone D/S U/S
Construction area diverted flow Coffer dam U/S
D/S overtopped flow Construction zone on the
2nd stage U/S D/S Completed portion of the dam
I . 1st stage diversion
Ii .2nd stage diversion
II. Two stage construction Applicable for
Concrete dam
III. Through culverts in the body of the dam
Example: Gilgel Gibe Hydroelectric project.
3. What factors you will keep in mind while
selecting a suitable site for a dam reservoir?

It is almost impossible to select a perfect aidial

reservoir site, but its selection is gided by the
following factors
1, a suitable dam site is available the cost of the
dam is generally a controlling factor in the
selection of a reservoir site .
2; the geological formation for the reservoir bank
walls etc..should be such as to entail minimum
lakege .
3,the geology of the catchment area should be
such as to entail minimum water losses through
absorption and percolation .
4, the site should be such that a deep reservoir if
formed . a deep reservoir is prefered to a shallow
one because of lower land cost per unit of
capacity less evaporation loss and less possibility
of weed growth .
5 , the reservoir site have adequate capacity .
6; Too mach silt laiden tributories should be
avoided as for as possible.
7; the reservoir basin should have a deep narrow
opening in the valley, so that the length of the
dam is minimum.
11. How do you classify dams according to:
a. their use
b. hydraulic design
c. material of construction
Classification of Dams
Based on Function Served
1. STORAGE DAM
Stores water excess supply
Behind dam reservoir
 Water irrigation, power etc
Stone type, concrete, earth fill, rock fill types
2. DETENTION DAM
Store water floods releases after flood
Two types one type stored water released
outlet
Second no outlet water seeps lift irrigation
is possible This type also called water
spreading dam
Also used to trap and release sediments called
debris dam
3. DIVERSION DAMS
Rises the water level
Water to canals, ditches
Small height
No reservoir
Eg : Weir, Barrages
 Flood water diverted to
Diversion structures
Normal flow diverted to s
canal
USES - Irrigation, Industrial uses
Debris dams
Coffer dams - a temporary dam constructed
for facilitating construction.It is an enclosure
constructed around a site to exclude water so
that the construction can be done in dry.
Based on Hydraulic Design
1. OVER FLOW DAMS
Surplus discharge carried
crest
Crest level lower non over
flow dams
Water glides down- strong
material usage
Generally concrete or masonry
Overflow dam called
spillway
At times non overflow and
overflow types are combined

2.NON OVER FLOW DAMS

Top of dam higher level

than high flood level
Water not permitted to
overtop the dam
Materials rock fill, earth
fill, masonry, concrete

Based on Materials of Construction

Riged and non-Rigid dam
RIGID DAMS
Solid masonry or concrete gravity dam
Arched masonry or concrete dam
Concrete buttress dam
Steel dam
Timber dam
GRAVITY DAM
External forces resisted by the weight of the
dam itself.
it may be Constructed either of masonry or
concrete
Masonry Gravity dams are now a days
constructed of only small height
a gravity dam may be either straight and
curved in plan.
ARCH DAMS
Curved in plan
 Carries its part load to the abutments by arch
action
Water load amount of curvature
Balance water load to foundation
BUTTRESS DAM
A number of piers divide space number of
spans
To hold water panels placed between piers
Panels flat or arched

TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to
40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to
underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
Direct strut type load directly to foundation
through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into
foundation

NON RIGID DAMS

EARTH DAMS
locally available materials
Moderate height
Materials used in natural state
With modern machinery height greater
ROCK FILL DAM
Rocks of various sizes
Rock fill dam has rock fill at the downstream,
impervious
membrane, upstream cut off to check seepage
12. Discuss the various factors which govern the selection of a particular type
of dam for a particular project ?

Following are the factors affecting selection of

dam site by dam type.
Topography.
Geology and Foundation Conditions.
Availability of materials.
Spillway size and location.
Earth quake zone.
Height of the Dam.
Road way
Life of the dam
Other factors such as cost of construction and
maintenance, life of dam, aesthetics etc
1. Topography
Low rolling plains land Earth dam with separate
spillway
A low narrow V shaped valley Arch dam
 A narrow stream between high rocky walls
Concrete overflow dam
2. Geology and Foundation Conditions
Foundation of Sound Rock Any dam type
Granite, Gneiss, Schist good for gravity dam
Poor rock Earth dam, rock fill , low concrete
gravity dam
Silt, fine sand foundations problems of settlement
used as foundations for earth dams, low gravity
dams but not rock fill dams
Clay soils problems of settlement earth dams
No gravity or rock fill dams
3. Materials of construction
Cost availability of materials nearby
transportation charges reduced
Sand, Gravel, Crushed stone Concrete Gravity
dam is suitable
Coarse , fine grained soils Earth dam
4. Spillway size and location
 If large spillway area needed Overflow concrete
gravity dam
Small spillway capacity earth dam
Large discharges during construction Concrete
gravity dam
No site for spillway Concrete gravity dam having
overflow section
5. Roadway
If roadway needed Earth dam or Gravity dam
6. Length and Height of Dam
Length long, height low earth dam
Small length, height more gravity dam
7. Life of the dam
Concrete and masonry dams very long life
Earth, Rock fill dams Intermediate life
Timber Dams Temporary life
14. Explain briefly with neat sketches the
different forces that may act on a gravity dam.
Indicate their magnitudes, directions and
locations

Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam

These forces fall into two categories as:

a) Forces, such as weight of the dam and water
pressure, which are directly calculable from the
unit weights of the materials
and properties of fluid pressures; and
b) Forces, such as uplift, earthquake loads, silt
pressure and ice
pressure, which can only be assumed on the basis
of
assumption of varying degree of reliability.
It is in the estimating of the second category
of the forces
that special care has to be taken and reliance
placed on
availaible data, experience, and judgment.
It is convenient to compute all the forces per
unit length of the dam.
Weight of Dam
Main stabilizing force in a gravity dam
Dead load = weight of concrete or masonry or
both + weight of such appurtenances as piers,
gates and bridges.
Weight of the dam per unit length is equal to
the product
of the area of cross-section of the dam and the
specific
weight (or unit weight) of the material.
Unit weight of concrete (24 kN/m3) and
masonry (23
kN/m3) varies considerably depending upon the
various
materials that go to make them.
For convenience, the cross-section of the dam
is divided
into simple geometrical shapes, such as
rectangles and
triangles, for the computation of weights.
The areas and controids of these shapes can
be easily
determined. Thus the weight components
W1,W2,W3 etc.
can be found along with their lines of action. The
total weightWof the dam acts at the C.G.of
Water Pressure (Reservoir and Tail Water
Loads)
 Water pressure on the upstream face is the
main
destabilizing (or overturning) force acting on a
gravity dam.
Tail water pressure helps in the stability.
Although the weight of water varies slightly
with temp.,
the variation is usually ignored. Unit Mass of
water is taken as
1000 kg/m3 and specific weight = 10 kN/m3
instead of 9.81
kN/m3.
The water pressure always acts normal to the
face of dam.
It is convenient to determine the components of
the forces in the horizontal and vertical
directions instead of the total force on the
inclined surfacedirectly

Uplift Pressure
Water has a tendency to seep through the
pores and
fissures of the material in the body of the dam
and
foundation material, and through the joints
between the
body of the dam and its foundation at the base.
The seeping
water exerts pressure.

The uplift pressure is defined as the upward

pressure of
water as it flows or seeps through the body of
dam or its
foundation.
Aportion of the weight of the dam will be
supported on
the upward pressure of water; hence net
foundation
reaction due to vertical force will reduce.
 The area over which the uplift pressure acts
has been a
question of investigation from the early part of
this century.
One school of thought recommends that a
value one third to two-thirds of the area should
be considered as
effective over which the uplift acts.
Earth and Silt Pressure
Gravity dams are subjected to earth
pressures on the
downstream and upstream faces where the
foundation
trench is to be backfilled.
Except in the abutment sections in specific
cases, earth
pressures have usually a minor effect on the
stability of the
structure and may be ignored.
 Silt is treated as a saturated cohesionless soil
having full
uplift and whose value of internal friction is not
materially
changed on account of submergence.

Ice Pressure
Ice expands and contracts with changes in
temperature.
In a reservoir completely frozen over, a drop
in the air
temperature or in the level of the reservoir water
may cause
the opening up of cracks which subsequently fill
with water
and freezed solid.When the next rise in
temperature occurs,
the ice expands and, if restrained, it exerts
pressure on the
dam.
Good analytical procedures exist for
computing ice
pressures, but the accuracy of results is
dependent upon
certain physical data which have not been
adequately
determined.
Ice pressure may be provided for at the rate
of 250 kPa
applied to the face of dam over the anticipated
area of
contact of ice with the face of dam.
The problem of ice pressure in the design of
dam is not
encountered in India except, perhaps, in a few
localities
Wave Pressure
The upper portions of dams are subject to
the
impact of waves.
Wave pressure against massive dams of
appreciable height is usually of little
consequence.
The force and dimensions of waves depend
mainly
on the extent and configuration of the water
surface,
the velocity of wind and the depth of reservoir
water.
The height of wave is generally more
important in
the determination of the free board requirements
of
dams to prevent overtopping by wave splash.
An empirical method has been recommended
by T.
Saville for computation of wave height hw (m),
which
takes into account the effect of the shape of
reservoir
and wind velocity over water surface rather than
on
Earthquake Forces
An earthquake sets random vibrations
(waves) in the
earth's crust, which can be resolved in any three
mutually
perpendicular directions. This motion causes the
structure
to vibrate.
The waves impart accelerations to the
foundations
under the dam and causes its movement.
 Acceleration introduces an inertia force in
the body of
dam and sets up stresses initially in lower layers
and
gradually in the whole body of the dam.
The vibration intensity of ground expected at
any
location depends upon the magnitude of
earthquake, the
depth of focus, distance from the epicentre and
the strata
on which the structure stands