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Course File
II B. Tech-I SEM
Sub : Analog Electronics
Code : EC302ES
1
Vision and Mission
Vision
The Electronics and Communication Engineering Department strives to be
recognized globally through quality education producing well-qualified Engineers who are
innovative in research, possessing modern skills, ethically strong, empire-building with
goal.
Mission
To create professional leaders for the society with research attitudes in the core areas of
Mission#2
electronics and communication with collaborations to impact quality of academics,
industry and social needs.
To create competent technical man power with ethical values, leadership qualities
Mission#3
serving the professional and societal problems.
2
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) :
To possess lifelong learning process and augment their engineering skills for new
PEO#2
challenges with sustainability.
4
Program Specific Objectives (PSOs) :
5
ANALOG ELECTRONICS
Course Objectives:
1.To introduce circuit realizations with components such as diodes, BJTs and transistors
studied earlier.
2.To give understanding of various types of amplifier circuits such as small signals ,
Course Outcomes:
1.Design and analyze small signal amplifier circuits applying the biasing techniques learnt
earlier.
2.Cascade different amplifier configurations to obtain the required overall specifications like
Gain, Bandwidth, Input and Output interfacing Impedances.
3.Design and realize different classes of Power Amplifiers and tuned amplifiers useable for
audio and Radio applications.
4.Utilize the Concepts of negative feedback to improve the stability of amplifiers and positive
feedback to generate sustained oscillations.
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UNIT-I
UNIT II
The Hybrid- pi ( ) Common Emitter transistor model, CE short circuit current gain, current
gain with resistive load, single stage CE transistor amplifier response, Gain-bandwidth
product.
UNIT III
FET Amplifiers:
UNIT IV
7
UNIT V
TEXT BOOKS:
REFERENCES:
2.Electronic Devices and Circuits theory Robert L. Boylestead, Louis Nashelsky, 11th
Edition, 2009, Pearson.
8
NARSIMHA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Maisammaguda, Dhullapally,Secunderabad. 500100
LESSON PLAN
Branch: ECE Class: B.Tech II/I Subject: AE
Faculty Name: K.Lakshmi Academic Year: 2017-18
Method of
Topic as per Teaching
S. Tentative Topic Actually Suggested Page
JNTUH
No Date Covered Book No Black Board /
Syllabus
PPT
UNIT-I
UNIT-II
BJT ampifiers- BJT ampifiers- P.418-
1 23-Dec-16 Frequency Frequency R5 22
Response:
Response: Logarithms, Logarithms,
Decibels, Decibels,
General freq General freq P.422-
2 24-Dec-16 considerations considerations R5 23 BB
Frequency response
Frequency response of of
BJT amplifiers, BJT amplifiers,
Analysis at low Analysis at low P.424-
3 27-Dec-16 frequencies frequencies R5 27 BB
Analysis at high Analysis at high
frequencies frequencies
Effect of coupling P.430-
4 28-Dec-16 Effect of coupling and and R5 35 BB
bypass capacitors, bypass capacitors,
the hybrid common the hybrid common P.435-
5 30-Dec-16 emitter emitter R5 43 BB
transistor model transistor model
CE short circuit current CE short circuit
gain, current gain,
current gain with current gain with P.444-
6 31-Dec-16 resistive load resistive load R5 46 BB
single stage CE single stage CE P.303-
7 2-Jan-17 transistor transistor R5 05 BB
amplifier response , amplifier response ,
gain Bandwidth gain Bandwidth
product, product,
emitter follower at emitter follower at P.450-
9 3-Jan-17 higher higher R5 52 BB
frequencies. frequencies.
P.346-
10 4-Jan-17 Basic concepts, Basic concepts, R5 47 BB
MOS Small signal MOS Small signal
model , model ,
Common source Common source P.340-
11 6-Jan-17 amplifier amplifier R5 41 BB
with resistive load with resistive load
UNIT-III
Concepts of Concepts of P.530-
1 10-Jan-17 feedback, feedback, R5 38 BB
classification of classification of
feedback amps feedback amps
10
general general
characteristics of characteristics of
negative feedback negative feedback
amplifiers amplifiers
effect of feedback on effect of feedback P-545-
2 11-Jan-17 amps on amps R5 47 BB
characteristics, voltage characteristics,
series, voltage series,
voltage shunt voltage shunt
current series and current series and P.548-
3 17-Jan-17 current current R5 52 BB
shunt feedback shunt feedback
configurations configurations
iiustrative problems iiustrative P.553-
4 20-Jan-17 problems R5 74
Classification of Classification of P.578-
5 20-Feb-17 oscillators oscillators R5 80 BB
condition for condition for
oscillators, oscillators,
RC phase shift RC phase shift P.593-
6 22-Feb-17 oscillator oscillator R5 95 BB
generalized analysis generalized P.580-
7 24-Feb-17 of LC analysis of LC R5 82 BB
oscillators, oscillators,
Hartley and Colpitts Hartley and P.582-
8 3-Mar-17 oscillators, Colpitts oscillators R5 87 BB
Wein bridge &
9 6-Mar-17 Wein bridge & Crystal Crystal
Oscilllators oscilllators
stability of stability of
10 7-Mar-17 oscillators. oscillators. R5 P.613 BB
UNIT-IV
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Integrated Electronics - by J. Millman and C.C. Halkias, -1991 ed 2008 TMH. (Tl)
2. Electronic Devices and Circuits - by B.P. Singh, Rekha Singh, pearson,2013 (T2)
3. Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits- Behzad Razavi,2008,TMH. (T3)
REFERENCE BOOKS:
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TIME TABLE (2017-2018) -I SEM
Faculty Name: Ms. P. Surekha
1 2 3 4 5 6
FRI II ECA-B
SAT II ECA-B
HOD
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Short Answer Questions
UNIT-I
1 .Reason out the causes and results of Phase & Frequency distortions in transistor
amplifiers.
2. Analyze what the output voltage should be if the DC power supply given to a CE amplifier is
shorted to ground.
4. What is non-linear distortion? List the causes for this type of distortion in amplifiers.
5.Draw the circuit diagram of a common collector amplifier along with its equivalent circuit.
Derive expressions of its ckt parameters.
7. Compare a single stage emitter follower and Darlington emitter follower ckt
8. With the help of a neat circuit diagram, derive the expressions of performance parameters
of a CE-CC amplifier ckt.
9. A transistor in CB circuit has the following set of `h' parameters. hib = 20, hfb = 0.98, hrb =
3*10-4, hob = 0.5*10-6. Find the values the ckt parameters if Rs = 600 and RL= 1.5 k.
10.With the help of a neat circuit diagram, describe the working of a darlington emitter follower
circuit.
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UNIT-II
3. Explain the significance of two capacitors in hybrid- model giving their typical values.
5..The hybrid - parameters of the transistor at room temperature & for Ic = 1.3mA are gm = 50
mA/V, rbe = 1K, rbb = 100 , rbc = 4 M, rce = 80K, Cc= 3PF & Ce = 100 PF. Using Miller's theorem
and the approximate analysis compute the upper 3dB frequency of the current gain and magnitude of
the voltage gain at that frequency.
UNIT- III
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UNIT-IV
1. If negative feedback with a feedback factor, of 0.01 is introduced into an amplifier with a
a gain of 200 and bandwidth of 6 MHz, obtain the resulting bandwidth of the feedback amp
2. With the help of a suitable BJT based voltage series feedback amplifier diagram, explain
the features and benefits of negative feedback in amplifiers.
3. If the non-linear distortion in a negative feedback amplifier with an open loop gain of 100
is reduced from 40% to 10%with feedback, compute the feedback factor, of the amplifier.
4. The and the open loop gain of an amplifier are -10% and -80 respectively. By how much
% the closed loop gain changes if the open loop gain increases by 25%?
6. Reason out why 2 stages are required to implement current shunt feedback.
7. a)An amplifier has a gain of 50 with negative feedback. For a specified output voltage, if
the input required is 0.1V without feedback and 0.8V with feedback, Compute and open
loop gain.
8. Through the block schematics, show four types of negative feedback in amplifiers.
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UNIT-V
2.With the help of neat diagram and graphical representation explain the operation of
class-A power amplifier (transformer load).
3. With the help of neat diagram and graphical representation explain the operation of
Class A power amplifier resistive load
4.With the help of neat diagram and graphical representation explain the operation of
Class B power amplifier push pull configuration
5. With the help of neat diagram and graphical representation explain the operation of
Class B power amplifier complementary symmetry
6. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of class-A (resistive load) and class-A
(transformer load) power amplifiers
7. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of class-B push pull and class-B
complementary symmetry power amplifiers
11. State the functions and frequency ranges of operation of tuned amplifiers with
Relevant reasons
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UNIT-V
TUNED AMPLIFIERS
. 3.Compare single tuned capacitive coupled, tapped tuned, and inductive coupled
Amplifiers
6. Explain why tuned amplifiers cannot be used for amplification of low frequencies?
7. State the functions and frequency ranges of operation of tuned amplifiers with
Relevant reasons
8. With neat diagram, explain the operation of single tuned inductive coupled amplifier
9. With neat diagram, explain the operation of single tapped tuned amplifier
10. With neat diagram, explain the operation of double tuned amplifier
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Long Answer Questions
UNIT-I
1.For the circuit shown in figure , estimate the circuit parameters. All capacitors have
negligible reactance at the test frequency, hie = 1k, hfe = 99, hre , hoe are
negligible
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3. a) State Millers theoremExplain its signficance in transistor circuit analysis.
b) What is non-linear distortion? List the causes for this type of distortion in
amplifiers
4.Draw the circuit diagram of a common collector amplifier along with its equivalent
circuit. Derive expressions of its ckt parameters.
5. For the amplifier shown, calculate the ckt parameters. The h- parameter values are
hfe = 50, hie = 1.1K, hre = 2.5x10 - 4, hoe = 24 A/V.
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6. Derive expressions for performance parameters of a two-stage RC coupled amplifier
using both simplified and exact hybrid model.
9. With the help of a neat circuit diagram, describe the working of a darlington emitter follower
circuit. Derive expressions for performance parameters of a Darlington emitter
follower circuit.
10.Discuss the effect on gain and bandwidth when n-identical amplifiers are cascaded
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UNIT-II
1.(a) Explain in detail, why a low frequency h-parameter model cannot be used for high
frequencies analysis.
(b) Draw the high frequency CE model of a transistor and explain the validity and
importance of each element present in the hybrid- model.
(c) Explain the significance of two capacitors in hybrid- model giving their typical values.
2. Derive the expressions for all the elements present in the hybrid- model.
4.Derive the expression for the Current gain with resistive load
5. Explain in detail the frequency response of a CE amplifier considering the low frequency
and high frequency analysis.
6. Discuss the effect of coupling and bypass capacitors on the frequency response of the CE
amplifier.
7. Explain in detail the frequency response single stage CE transistor amplifier(voltage and
current gain).
8. Explain the term gain bandwidth product (voltage and current gain band width product )
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UNIT-IV
1. With the help of a suitable BJT based voltage series feedback amplifier diagram, explain
the features and benefits of negative feedback in amplifiers.
2. Draw the circuit diagram of a current series feedback amplifier, Derive expressions to
show the effect of negative feedback on input & output impedances, bandwidth, distortion
of the amplifier.
3.(a)An amplifier has a gain of 50 with negative feedback. For a specified output voltage, if
the input required is 0.1V without feedback and 0.8V with feedback, Compute and
open loop gain.
b) Through the block schematics, show four types of negative feedback in amplifiers.
c) List the advantages of negative feedback in amplifiers.
4. Draw the circuit of a voltage series feedback circuit and explain it.
5. Draw a feedback amplifiers in block diagram form and explain each block giving its
function.
6. Deduce the Barkausen Criterion for the generation of sustained oscillations. How are the
oscillations initiated?
7. Derive the expression for the frequency of Hartely & Colpitt oscillators.
9. Draw the circuit and explain the principle of operation of RC phase-shift oscillator circuit..
What is the frequency range of generation of oscillations? Derive the expression for the
frequency of oscillations
10. A Hartley oscillator is designed with L = 20H and a variable capacitance. Find the
Range of capacitance values if the frequency of oscillation is varied between 950 KHz to
2050 KHz.
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UNIT-V
1.With the help of neat diagram and graphical representation explain the operation of class-A
power amplifier (resistive load). Derive the expression for efficiency and calculate the
value of maximum efficiency.
2.With the help of neat diagram and graphical representation explain the operation of class-A
power amplifier (transformer load). Derive the expression for efficiency and calculate the
value of maximum efficiency.
3.With the help of neat diagram and graphical representation explain the operation of class-B
power amplifier (push-pull configuration). Derive the expression for efficiency and calculate
the value of maximum efficiency.
4.With the help of neat diagram and graphical representation explain the operation of class-B
power amplifier (complementary-symmetry). Derive the expression for efficiency and
calculate the value of maximum efficiency
5. a) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of class-A (resistive load) and class-A
(transformer load)power amplifiers.
b) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of class-B push pull and class-B
complementary symmetry power amplifiers.
6. a) Discuss about the distortion present in power amplifiers. Derive the expression for the
total amount of distortion present in the amplifiers.
b) Explain how even harmonic distortion can be reduced in a Class B push-pull configured
amplifier
7. Explain the origin of crossover distortion. Describe various methods to minimize this
distortion.
8. A single stage class A amplifier Vcc=20V, VCEQ =10V, ICQ =600mA, RL=16 . The ac
output current varies by 300mA, with the ac input signal. Calculate
i) The power supplied by the dc source to the amplifier circuit.
ii) AC power consumed by the load resistor.
iii) AC power developed across the load resistor.
iv) DC power wasted in transistor collector.
v) Overall efficiency
vi) Collector efficiency.
9. A single ended class A amplifier has a transformer coupled load of 8 . If the transformer
turns ration is 10, find the maximum power output delivered to the load. Take the zero signal
collector current of 500mA.
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10.a) classify tuned amplifiers
b) Mention the characteristics of tuned amplifiers.
11. With neat diagram, explain the operation of single tuned capacitive coupled amplifier
and derive expressions for voltage gain bandwidth. Make necessary assumptions and
mention them.
12. With neat diagram, explain the operation of single tapped tuned amplifier and derive
expressions for voltage gain bandwidth. Make necessary assumptions and mention
them.
13.With neat diagram, explain the operation of single tuned inductive coupled amplifier
and derive expressions for voltage gain bandwidth. Make necessary assumptions and
mention them.
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Unit -1
Assignment Questions
1.(a) A transistor in CB circuit has the following set of `h' parameters. hib = 20,
hfb = 0.98, hrb = 3*10-4, hob = 0.5*10-6. Find the values the ckt parameters
if Rs = 600 and RL =1.5K
( b) Draw the CE amplifier with unby passed emitter resistance and derive expression
for its ckt parameters
2.For the circuit shown in figure , estimate the ckt parameters. All capacitors
have negligible reactance at the test frequency, hie = 1k, hfe = 99, hre , hoe
are negligible
3.Draw the circuit diagram of a common collector amplifier along with its equivalent
circuit. Derive expressions of its ckt parameters.
4.a) Explain various types of coupling mechanism used to couple multiple stages of
amplifiers.
b) Compare all the three types of coupling mechanisms
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5.With the help of a neat circuit diagram, describe the working of a darlington emitter
follower circuit. Derive expressions for performance parameters of a Darlington emitter
follower circuit.
Unit -2
Assignment Questions
1. 1.Derive the expressions for all the elements present in the hybrid- model.
4. Discuss the effect of coupling and bypass capacitors on the frequency response of the CE
amplifier. .
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.
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Unit -4
Assignment Questions
1. (a)An amplifier has a gain of 50 with negative feedback. For a specified output voltage, if
the input required is 0.1V without feedback and 0.8V with feedback, Compute and
open loop gain.
(b) Through the block schematics, show four types of negative feedback in amplifiers.
(c) List the advantages of negative feedback in amplifiers.
2.Draw the circuit and explain the principle of operation of RC phase-shift oscillator circuit.
What is the frequency range of generation of oscillations? Derive the expression for the
frequency of oscillations.
4. (a)Draw the circuit of a voltage series feedback circuit and explain it.
(b) What are the possible amplifiers circuits in any feedback system?
Discuss.
5. (a) Draw a feedback amplifiers in block diagram form and explain each block giving its function.
(b) Distinguish between regenerative and degenerative feedback in amplifiers.
Unit -5
Assignment Questions
1.With the help of neat diagram and graphical representation explain the operation of class-
B power amplifier (complementary-symmetry). Derive the expression for efficiency and calculate
the value of maximum efficiency.
2.a) Discuss about the distortion present in power amplifiers. Derive the expression for the total
amount of distortion present in the amplifiers.
b) Explain how even harmonic distortion can be reduced in a Class B push-pull configured
amplifier
3. a) A single stage class A amplifier Vcc=20V, VCEQ =10V, ICQ =600mA, RL=16 . The
ac output current varies by 300mA, with the ac input signal. Calculate
i) The power supplied by the dc source to the amplifier circuit.
ii) AC power consumed by the load resistor.
iii) AC power developed across the load resistor.
iv) DC power wasted in transistor collector.
v) Overall efficiency
vi) Collector efficiency.
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4. a) classify tuned amplifiers
b) Mention the characteristics of tuned amplifiers.
5.With neat diagram, explain the operation of single tuned capacitive coupled amplifier and derive
expressions for voltage gain bandwidth. Make necessary assumptions and mention them.
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Objective questions
UNIT-I
1. The voltage gain of well designed single stage CB amplifier is essentially determined by ac
collector load and [ ]
A.Emitter resistor R
B. ac alpha
C. Input resistance emitter diode
D.ac beta.
4. The alpha () cut off frequency of a transistor is _________ than is beta () cut-off
frequency.
11. If Z is the impedance connected between two nodes, node1 and node2, it can be replaced
by two separate impedances Z1 and Z2, where Z1 is connected between node1 and ground
and Z2 is connected between node2 and ground. This is called _________ theorem. [ ]
(a)Miller (b)Reciprocity (c)Superposition (d)Compensation
12.In Millers theorem the individual impedances Z1 and Z2 are given by _____________.
13. When the gain provided by a single stage amplifier is not sufficient, it is to cascade the
number of stages of the amplifier. It becomes important to stabilize the voltage amplification
30
of each stage which is not desired. The simple and effective way to obtain voltage gain
stabilization is to add __________________ to a CE stage.
14. For the emitter follower circuit with Rs =0.5K and RL=5K, assume hfe=50,
hie=1K, hoe=25A/V. The current gain is ___________.
16. For matching a circuit of output impedance 200 with a load of 8 the turn ratio of
the two winding transformer should be [ ]
A. 25 B.1/25 C.1/5 D.5
17. Direct coupled amplifiers are especially suited for amplifying extremely
______ frequency signals.
23. The input impedance of the circuit can be improved by direct coupling of two stages
of emitter follower amplifier. This is called as _________________ connection.
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UNIT-II
3. The main reason for the variation of amplifier gain with frequency is [ ]
A. the presence of capacitance internal and external B. due to interstage transformation
C. the logarithmic increase in its output power D. miller effect
9. As signal frequencies decrease, the capacitor reactances increase, the current gain
_______.
10. Mid frequency gain of a certain amplifier is 100 then voltage gain in dB is
______________
11. The bandwidth of a single stage amplifier is ___ that of a multi stage amplifier. [ ]
(a)more than (b) less than (c) same as (d) none
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Unit III
1. For the operation of enhancement only N- Channel MOSFET, value of gate voltage has
to be[ ]
A.High positive B. high negative C. low positive D. zero
8 In the MOS amplifier, source follower analysis the output resistance is given by
__________ .
9. In the MOS amplifiers, the output signal is taken off the source with respect to the ground
and the drain is connected directly to VDD. VDD becomes signal ground in the ac equivalent
circuit; we have the name common gain. This is also called as ________________.
10. A source follower using FET usually has a voltage gain of _____. [ ]
(a) -1 (b) >100 (c) about -10 (d) less than 1 but positive CC
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UNIT-IV
10. In the case of voltage shunt feedback amplifier, expression for input impedance with
feedback is Zif= ______________
11. For generating a sinusoidal wave of 1KHz frequency, the most suitable oscillator is __[ ]
(a) Hartley (b) Colpitts (c) Wien bridge (d) None of the above
14. An oscillator using LC tuned circuit has L= 58.6H & C=300pF, then the frequency of
oscillations will be _______________.
15. In a RC phase shift oscillator, each RC section provides a phase shift of ____________.
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16. Oscillator circuits employ _______ type of feed back [ ] (a)positive (b)no
feed back (c)negative (d)none
17. The range of frequencies over which RC phase shift oscillator circuit is used is
_________________.
18. In the feedback network if two inductors and one capacitor elements are used the
oscillator circuit is
called ____________ oscillator.
20. Expression for frequency of oscillations in the case of Wien Bridge Oscillator is
__________.
a. 32KHZ b. 10KHZ c. 20KHZ d. 15KHZ
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UNIT-V
1. With transformer connection to load the maximum efficiency of the class A amplifier
will go up to a maximum of [ ]
a. 78.5% b.25% c.50% d.66%
2. In ____ power amplifier, the output signal varies for a full 3600 of the cycle. [ ]
(a)Class A (b) Class B (c) Class AB (d) None of the above
5. If output power=20W and the input dc power=60W,then the efficiency of power amplifier
is
____________.
8. Due to input signal swing, if the operating point shifts into cutoff and saturation regions,
that amplifier is classified as _________ amplifier. [ ]
(a)small signal (b)large signal (c)both a and b (d)not an amplifier
10. Due to input signal swing, if the operating point shifts into cutoff and saturation regions,
that amplifier is classified as _________ amplifier. [ ]
(a)small signal (b)large signal (c)both a and b (d)not an amplifier
11. The maximum theoretical efficiency of class B push pull amplifier is ________.
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16. Parallel tuned circuit is also known as ____________.
19. Two resonant circuits tuned to different frequencies is called __________ tuning.
20.In tuned amplifiers equivalent circuits, the model used for transistor is
________________.
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Question paper
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