SAROJ MOHAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(DIP. DIV.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: CIVIL ENGINEERING LAB III

NAME OF EXPERIMENT: VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLIS

THEOREM

NAME OF STUDENT:

YEAR: SEMESTER:

REGISTRATION NO.:

ROLL: NO.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

PAGE NO. ...

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: Verification of Bernoullis Theorem

OBJECTIVE: To verify the Bernoullis theorem.

THEORY:

When an incompressible fluid is flowing through a closed conduit, it may be subjected to various forces,
which may cause change of velocity, acceleration or energies involved. The major forces involved are
pressure and body forces. Due to elevation of conduit, pressure may change or due to change of cross-
section, velocity of fluid may change. But though there is change of velocity, pressure also changes
accordingly. In other words, if velocity energy of fluid raised, its pressure will drop, i.e. total energy of
fluid is constant at any two points in the path of flow. The theorem is known as Bernoullis Theorem.

Mathematically,
P V2
+ +Z=C
w 2g

Where, P= pressure
V = velocity
Z = Potential Head from datum

APPARATUS:

1. A supply tank of water

2. A tapered inclined pipe fitted with No. Of piezometer tubes point
3. Measuring Tank
4. Scale
5. Stop watch

PAGE NO. ...

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the inlet valve slowly and allow the water to flow from the supply tank.
2. Now adjust the flow to get a constant head in the supply tank to make flow in and out flow equal.
3. Under this condition the pressure head will become constant in the piezometer tubes.
4. Note down the quantity of water collected in the measuring tank for a given interval of time.
5. Compute the area of cross-section under the piezometer tube.
6. Change the inlet and outlet supply and note the reading.
7. Take at least three readings as described in the above steps.

CALCULATION:
Volume of the measuring tank, =

Time taken to fill water upto 10 cm height, t =

Volume
Discharge, Q = = m3/sec
t

Q
Velocity V = =
Area

PAGE NO. ...

 OBSERVATION TABLE:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Reading of piezometric
Tube
Area of cross section
under the foot of each
point
Velocity of water under
foot of each point

V2/2g

P/w

E = V2/2g + P/w

DISCUSSION:

PAGE NO. ...

 SAROJ MOHAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(DIP. DIV.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: CIVIL ENGINEERING LAB III

NAME OF EXPERIMENT: DETERMINATION OF

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
FOR A GIVEN TRIANGULAR
NOTCH

NAME OF STUDENT:

YEAR: SEMESTER:

REGISTRATION NO.:

ROLL: NO.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
PAGE NO. ...
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: Determination of Co-efficient of Discharge for A Given
Triangular Notch

OBJECTIVE: To determine the coefficient of discharge through a triangular notch (V-notch).

THEORY:

A notch may be defined as a sharp-edged obstruction over which flow of liquids occurs. The sheet of
water discharged by a notch is called Nappe or vein. Notches are used for measuring the flow of water
from reservoirs, open channel and are generally rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular in shape. The basic
principle is that discharge is directly related to the water depth above the crotch (bottom) of the V-
notch, this distance is called the head(h). The V-notch design causes small changes in discharge to have
a large change in depth allowing more accurate head measurement than with a rectangular weir. The V-
notch is especially good for measuring a low flow rate, because the flow area decreases rapidly as the
head over the notch gets small.

The flow through a Venturimeter and hence through the pipe is given by,
Q
Cd = act.
Qth

Qact.
Cd = 5
8
15
2gtan(2 )H2

Where, Qact. = Actual Discharge in m3/sec

Qth. = Theoretical discharge in m3/sec
H = Height of water above crest level
= Angle of Notch
B = Width of Notch

APPARATUS:

1. A supply tank of water

2. A channel with Triangular Notch
3. Collecting Tank
4. Scale
5. Stop watch
6. Pointer

PAGE NO. ...

 PROCEDURE:
1. The Notch under test is positioned at the end of tank with vertical sharp edge on the upstream side.
2. Open the inlet valve and fill water until the crest of notch.
3. Note down the height of crest level by pointer gauge.
4. Change the inlet supply and note down the height of this level in the tank.
5. Note the volume of water collected in collecting tank for a particular time and find out the discharge.
6. Height and discharge readings for different flow rate are noted.

CALCULATION:
Volume of the measuring tank, V=

Time taken to fill water upto 10 cm height, t =

V
Discharge, Qact. = = m3 /sec
t

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Point Gauge Reading Discharge Measurement

SL. Initial Final Qth. .
Difference t =
NO. Reading Reading Qact.=
(H in cm) (sec) = ()
(cm) (cm)

DISCUSSION:

PAGE NO. ...

 SAROJ MOHAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(DIP. DIV.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: CIVIL ENGINEERING LAB III

NAME OF EXPERIMENT: DETERMINATION OF

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
FOR A GIVEN VENTURIMETER

NAME OF STUDENT:

YEAR: SEMESTER:

REGISTRATION NO.:

ROLL: NO.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

PAGE NO. ...

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: Determination of Coefficient of Discharge for A Given
Venturimeter

OBJECTIVE: To determine the coefficient of discharge of a venturimeter.

THEORY:

Venturimeter is the most widely used device to measure the discharge through a pipe. it consists of an
inlet section, the diameter of it is same as the pipe diameter. A converging cone of about 20 cone angle,
a cylindrical Throat, a diverging cone of about 7 cone angle and a cylindrical exit section. It can be
installed in any position horizontal, Vertical or inclined, but is generally kept horizontal. The Reduction in
diameter between inlet and throat causes the velocity of the fluid to increase correspondingly, a pressure
difference is established between the inlet and throat. This pressure difference is measured with a
differential U-tube manometer.

The flow through a Venturimeter and hence through the pipe is given by

1 2 2
Q=
1 2 +2 2

Where, Q= Theoretical Discharge in m3/sec

a1= Area of Venturimeter at inlet in m2
a2 = Area of Throat in m2
g = Acceleration due to gravity in m/sec2
H = Differential pressure head of liquid in m
= R(S-1)
R = Differential Manometer reading in m

APPARATUS:

1. A supply tank of water

2. A tapered inclined pipe fitted with No. of piezometer tubes point
3. Measuring Tank
4. Scale
5. Stop watch

PAGE NO. ...

 PROCEDURE:
1. Open the inlet valve slowly and allow the water to flow from the supply tank.
2. Now adjust the flow to get a constant head in the supply tank to make flow in and out flow equal.
3. Under this condition the pressure head will become constant in the piezometer tubes.
4. Note down the quantity of water collected in the measuring tank for a given interval of time.
5. Compute the area of cross-section under the piezometer tube.
6. Change the inlet and outlet supply and note the reading.
7. Take at least three readings as described in the above steps.

CALCULATION:
1. Volume of the measuring tank, V=

2. Time taken to fill water upto 10 cm height, t =

V
3. Discharge, Q = = m3/sec
t

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Manometer Reading Discharge Measurement

=
SL. No.

Left Limb Right Limb Difference Qth.=

t Qact.= .
Reading Reading (R = h2-h1
(sec) ( ) .
(h1 in cm) (h2 in cm) in cm)

DISCUSSION:

PAGE NO. ...

 SAROJ MOHAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(DIP. DIV.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: CIVIL ENGINEERING LAB III

NAME OF EXPERIMENT: DEMONSTRATION AND USE OF

PITOT TUBE

NAME OF STUDENT:

YEAR: SEMESTER:

REGISTRATION NO.:

ROLL: NO.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

PAGE NO. ...

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: Demonstration and Use of Pitot Tube

OBJECTIVE: To Demonstrate and write use of pitot tube.

THEORY:

Pitot probe, is a pressure measurement instrument used to measure fluid flow velocity. The pitot tube is
used to measure the local flow velocity at a given point in the flow stream and not the average flow
velocity in the pipe or conduit.

The pitot tube is used to measure the velocity of flow of air or any fluid. Let us consider a horizontal pipe
through which air flows. A manometer filled with mercury of density m is connected to the pipe as
shown in fig. 12. One end of the manometer is connected such that the circular area of cross section 'a'
is parallel to the flow of air and the end 'q' is connected such that 'a' is perpendicular to the flow.

The Bernoulli's theorem for the present problem can be written as,

1
P +2 v2 = Constant

The pressure due to elevation is constant in the horizontal flow of fluid.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

1. If the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero, the pressure increased there due to the conversion of
the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
2. The point at which the velocity becomes zero is called stagnant point.
3. The pressure at stagnant point is called total pressure or head or stagnation pressure.

PAGE NO. ...

APPARATUS:

Pitot tube

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the flow of water in the pipe line. By operating the screw assembly lifts the Pitot tube to the
maximum top level.
2. Then connect the open end of pitot tube to the manometer. The liquid in the manometer will be
displaced due to pressure head in the Pitot tube.
3. Note down the reading or deflection of manometer. Operate the screw assembly & slowly lower the
Pitot tube & note down the deflection on manometer.
4. Enter the readings in observation table.

USE:
1. Pitot tube is used in wind tunnel and on airplanes to measure flow speed.
2. Pitot tubes are used on aircraft as speedometer.
3. Pitot tube is commonly used for measuring fluid flow velocity.
4. It is widely used to determine the airspeed of an aircraft, water speed of a boat, and to measure
liquid, air and gas flow velocities in certain industrial applications.

PAGE NO. ...

 SAROJ MOHAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(DIP. DIV.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: CIVIL ENGINEERING LAB III

NAME OF EXPERIMENT: DEMONSTRATION OF

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

NAME OF STUDENT:

YEAR: SEMESTER:

REGISTRATION NO.:

ROLL: NO.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

PAGE NO. ...

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: Demonstration of Centrifugal Pump

OBJECTIVE: To Demonstrate Centrifugal pump.

THEORY:

Centrifugal pumps are used to transport liquids/fluids by the conversion of the rotational kinetic energy
to the hydro dynamics energy of the liquid flow. The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or
electric motor or turbine. In the typical simple case, the fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to
the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute
chamber (casing), from where it exits. commonly used as metering pumps to pump precise volumes of
liquid for treating water (e.g., drinking water, waste water, boiler water, swimming pool water, etc.).
They are used in process applications where very high pressures are required, where metering of fluids
is needed.

CONTRUCTION DETAILS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:

Centrifugal pump is classified as the following:-

1. Stationary components
2. Rotating components

Stationary components of the centrifugal pump are the following:

Casing: It is an air tight passage surrounding the impeller. It is designed in such a way that the
kinetic energy of the water discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure
energy before the water leaves the casing and enters the delivery pipe. Types of casing:

a) Volute casing: It is spiral type of casing in which area of flow increase gradually. The increase
in area of flow decreases the velocity of flow and increases the pressure of water.

b) Vortex casing: if a circular chamber is introduced between casing and the impeller, the casing
is known as vortex casing.

c) Casing with guide blades: the impeller is surrounded by a series of guide blades mounted on
a ring know as diffuser.

Suction pipe: a pipe whose one ends is connected to the inlet of the pump and other end dip into
water in a pump.

Delivery pipe: a pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other end is
involved in delivering the water at a required height.

PAGE NO. ...

 Rotating component of the centrifugal pump is Impeller:

Impeller: It is the main rotating part that provides the centrifugal acceleration to the fluid.

Classification of impeller:

a) Based on direction of flow:

i. Axial-flow: the fluid maintains significant axial-flow direction components from the
inlet to outlet of the rotor.
ii. Radial-flow: the flow across the blades involves a substantial radial-flow component at
the rotor inlet, outlet and both.
iii. Mixed-flow: there may be significant axial and radial flow velocity components for the
flow through the rotor row.

b) Based on suction type:

i. Single suction: liquid inlet on one side.
ii. Double suction: liquid inlet to the impeller symmetrically from both sides.

c) Based on mechanical construction:

i. Closed: shrouds or sidewall is enclosing the vanes.
ii. Open: no shrouds or wall to enclose the vanes.
iii. Semi-open or vortex type.

PAGE NO. ...

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
If the liquid is rotated with sufficient high velocity so as to enable it to rise beyond the walls of the
container and if more liquid is constantly supplied at the centre by suitable means, the tendency of the
liquid would be flow out. Such a system in principle is a centrifugal pump.

The first step in the operation of a pump is priming i.e. the suction pipe and casing are filled with water
so that no air pocket is left. Now the revolution of the pump impeller inside a casing full of water
produces at the centre. This causes the water in the suction pipe to rush into the eye. The speed of the
pump high enough to produce centrifugal head sufficient to initiate discharge against delivery end.

Mechanical action of the pump is to impart a velocity to the water. A water particle with a given velocity
will rise to the same vertical height through which any particle should fall freely under gravity in order to
attain the same velocity starting from rest. The required relation therefore is
v2
v = 2 or, H =
2g
Thus if the outlet velocity of water in the pump is v, the pump can theoretically deliver against a head of
v2
.
2g

PAGE NO. ...

 SAROJ MOHAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(DIP. DIV.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: CIVIL ENGINEERING LAB III

NAME OF EXPERIMENT: DEMONSTRATION OF

RECIPROCATING PUMP

NAME OF STUDENT:

YEAR: SEMESTER:

REGISTRATION NO.:

ROLL: NO.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

PAGE NO. ...

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: Demonstration of Reciprocating Pump

OBJECTIVE: To Demonstrate Reciprocating pump.

THEORY:

A reciprocating pump is a class of positive-displacement pumps which includes the piston pump, plunger
pump and diaphragm pump. Reciprocating pumps are self priming and are suitable for very high heads
at low flows. When well maintained, reciprocating pumps will last for years or even decades; however,
left untouched, they can undergo rigorous wear and tear. It is often used where a relatively small quantity
of liquid is to be handled and where delivery pressure is quite large. In reciprocating pumps, the chamber
in which the liquid is trapped, is a stationary cylinder that contains the piston or plunger. Reciprocating
pump operates on the principle of pushing of liquid by a piston that executes a reciprocating motion in
a closed fitting cylinder. a) Piston or plunger: a piston or plunger that reciprocates in a closely fitted
cylinder.

PARTS OF RECIPROCATING PUMP:

A Cylinder in which Piston works. The movement of Piston is obtained by a Connecting Rod, which
connects the Piston and the Rotating Crank.
A Suction Pipe, connecting the source of Water and the Cylinder.
A Delivery Pipe, into which the Water is discharged from the Cylinder.
A Suction Valve, which admits the flow from the Suction Pipe into the Cylinder.
A Delivery Valve, which admits the flow from the Cylinder into the Delivery Pipe

PAGE NO. ...

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
Operation of reciprocating motion is done by the power source (i.e. electric motor or i.e. engine, etc.).
Power source gives rotary motion to crank; with the help of connecting rod we translate reciprocating
motion to piston in the cylinder (i.e. intermediate link between connecting rod and piston). When crank
moves from inner dead centre to outer dead centre vacuum will create in the cylinder. When piston
moves outer dead centre to inner dead centre and piston force the water at outlet or delivery value.

1. Suction Stroke

When the crank rotates from IDC (Inner Dead Centre) to ODC (Outer Dead Centre) the piston moves
towards right in the cylinder. This is called suction stroke.

Now, the volume covered by the piston within the cylinder increases. On the free surface of water in
the sump, atmospheric pressure acts. Thus there is a pressure different at the two ends of the suction
pipe which connects the sump and the cylinder. This pressure difference between the free surface
and inside of the cylinder causes the flow of water from the sump into the cylinder through the
suction valve, which is kept open.

During this stroke, the non-return valve at the delivery side will be closed by the atmospheric
pressure existing in the delivery pipe. At the end of this stroke, the cylinder will be full of water, the
piston reaches the right end, which is called outer dead centre since, the water is continuously sucked
into the cylinder, this stroke is called suction stroke. At the end of this stroke, since the pressure in
the cylinder is atmospheric, the suction valve is closed.

2. Return stroke or Delivery Stroke

When the crank rotates, the piston from its extreme right position starts moving towards left in the
cylinder. This is known as Return or Delivery Stroke. The movement of piston towards left increases
the pressure of the liquid inside the cylinder to a pressure more than atmospheric pressure.
Therefore, the Suction valve closes the delivery valve opens. The liquid inside the cylinder is forced
into the delivery pipe through the delivery valve. Consequently, the liquid is raised to the required
height. The liquid is discharged at every alternate stroke.
PAGE NO. ...
EXPRESSION FOR DISCHARGE OF THE PUMP:
ALN
Q=
60
Where,

Q = discharge in m3/sec
A = cross-section of piston or cylinder in m2
L = length of stroke in meter
N = speed of crank in r. p. m.

PAGE NO. ...